长豇豆种皮和种脐的发育

长豇豆的胚珠具内外两层珠被,内珠被在种子发育早期退化消失,种皮仅由外珠被发育而成。外珠被的外表皮细胞径向伸长,外壁和经向壁增厚,形成约占成熟种皮厚度一半的栅栏层;亚表皮细胞发育为骨状石细胞层。第三层细胞类似于亚表皮层但细胞壁增厚不明显,其内方的多层薄壁细胞形成海绵组织。种脐具两层栅栏细胞,外栅栏层及其以外部分由珠柄组织发育而成管胞群。本文还对脐缝和管胞群的作用以及豆科种子的吸水机制进行了讨论。     

豇豆几丁质酶部分酶学特性的研究

该文测定了纯化的豇豆几丁质酶部分酶学特性。结果表明,该酶在pH5-8,温度低于60℃的范围内稳定性较好,酶活力最适pH为65,最适温度为50℃。10mmol/L浓度的Hg2 、Mn2 、Mg2 、Co2 等金属离子对酶活力有一定抑制作用,其中Hg2 离子抑制率最高(6883%)。Km(胶状几丁质)值为1662mg/ml;以SDS-PAGE电泳和SephadexG-100柱层析两种方法分别测得分子量为34kD、325kD;IEF电泳测得等电点为83。     

INTERFERENCE POTENTIAL OF PLUCHEA LANCEOLATA (ASTERACEAE): GROWTH AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF ASPARAGUS BEAN,VIGNA UNGUICULATA VAR. SESQUIPEDALIS

The water-soluble compounds synthesized by the weed, Pluchea lanceolata, and released by it into the soil significantly reduced seed germination, number of nodes, internode length, shoot and root lengths, nodule number and weight, and Chl a and b and Chl a/b ratio of asparagus bean plants. The pattern of accumulation of nutrients in shoot and root of asparagus bean was also affected. In contrast, the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of fully expanded leaves were higher in plants grown with treated soil. The concentrations of Mg⁺⁺, Zn⁺⁺, and PO₄^3- were higher and K⁺ was lower in shoots of plants grown with treated soil as compared to those grown with the control soil. Also, roots of plants grown with treated soil showed greater accumulation of Mg⁺⁺ and NO₃^-. Shoot/root ratio of nutrients in plants grown with control soil were higher for Zn⁺⁺, Na⁺, Ca⁺⁺, and NO₃^-, whereas plants grown with treated soil had higher ratios for PO₄^3-. These results provide evidence for allelopathic interference by P. lanceolata to the growth of asparagus bean.     

长豇豆胚和胚乳的发育及营养物质积累

长豇豆(Vigna sesquipedalis (L.)Fruwirth)开花前7—10小时传粉,开花后8—10小时完成双受精。合子期珠孔端及合点部位胚囊的周界壁有壁内突。胚发育属柳叶菜型。胚柄的基部细胞及基部区域外层细胞的外切向壁发生壁内突。成熟胚中胚柄宿存。开花后9—16天为子叶细胞中淀粉积累期,开花后12—18天为蛋白质积累期。胚乳发育为核型,珠孔端胚乳细胞化,合点端保持游离核状态。胚乳外层细胞为传递型细胞,珠孔端的胚乳细胞形成折叠细胞群,亦有壁内突。心形胚期胚乳开始退化解体,成熟胚期胚乳完全消失。     

长豇豆花药和花粉的发育

长豇豆花药壁的发育为基本型。绒毡层周原质团型,小孢子母细胞减数分裂粗线期至末期Ⅱ,相邻小孢子母细胞间存在胞质通道。四分体多为四面体型,少数为左右对称型。生殖细胞刚形成时,壁呈ＰＡＳ负反应,以后为ＰＡＳ正反应。生殖细胞游离在营养细胞质内后,壁消失。成熟花粉为２细胞型。在小孢子早期,首次观察到在周原质团型绒毡层细胞外切向壁的外方,有很多直径约２－４μｍ,含不溶性多糖、蛋白质和抗乙酰解物质的球形颗粒,以后这些颗粒沿绒毡层细胞的径向壁进入药室,同时在小孢子壁和原生质体之间也出现了同样的颗粒。小孢子外壁增厚的同时,颗粒消失。关于这些颗粒的作用,有待进一步深入探讨。     

TRANSPORT OF CATIONS FROM COTYLEDON TO SEEDLING OF THE EMBRYONIC PLANTS OF VIGNA SESQUIPEDALIS

Decrease of dry material, water, potassium and divalent cationsin the cotyledon (catabolic organ and accumulation of thesesubstances in the seedling (anabolic organ) were traced duringthe germination stage of Vigna sesquipedalis, cultured at 15°,25° and 30° in the dark on the sand with the supplyof tap water. One half of the divalent cations finally accumulatedin the seedling came from the root, whereas most of the potassiumfrom the cotyledon. Practically all the calcium in the cotyledonremained untransported, while 90% of K stored in the cotyledonwas transported into seedling. As for divalent cations otherthan Ca, 50–60% of the total divalent cations was transportable.The concentration of K, transportable dry material and transportabledivalent cations decreased linearly with the culture age. Fromthe temperature dependency of the rate of this decrease, itwas inferred that the transport of cations from cotyledon toseedling involved at least two component processes having activationenergies of approximately 5 and 16 Kcal, respectively. The rateof transport at 30° was found to be 10–20 times greaterthan that calculated from the simple diffusion model in water.Fractionation of cell inclusions in the cotyledon by the useof a centrifuge (1,500 and 16,000 rpm) suggested that the amountsof ions in the precipitable fractions, being bound to certaincell components, precisely corresponded to the untransportablefraction. ¹Main part of this work was reported at the Annual Meeting ofthe Botanical Society of Japan held at Fukuoka on Oct. 25. 1958. (Received October 16, 1961; )     

EFFECTS OF METABOLIC INHIBITORS ON AMINO ACID METABOLISM IN RAT RETINA: A COMPARISON OF AMINO-OXYACETIC ACID AND ETHANOLAMINE-O-SULPHATE

Abstract— The abilities of AOAA and EOS to modify the utilisation of radioactively labelled glucose, acetate, glutamine and GABA were studied in isolated rat retina. AOAA inhibited the activities of GAD and GABA-T, while EOS inhibited GABA-T but not GAD. AOAA lowered the free amino acid contents of incubated retinae and suppressed the outflow of amino acids into the incubation medium, while EOS had no effect on either parameter. AOAA strongly inhibited the incorporation of ¹⁴C from labelled glucose, acetate and glutamine into GABA, and also suppressed the labelling of glutamate, aspartate and glutamine. These effects were qualitatively similar but quantitatively smaller with EOS. Both compounds markedly decreased the syntheses of aspartate and glutamate from exogenous GABA, while the passage of carbon from GABA to glutamine was much less affected. It is suggested that AOAA and EOS may act predominantly on neurones. It appears that inhibition of GABA-T alone does not cause a profound disturbance of the metabolism of other amino acids. Other metabolic inhibitors such as ouabain, malonate and fluoroacetate did not greatly affect the metabolism of GABA in rat retina.     

脱共生作用对黑豆蚜氨基酸代谢的影响(英文)

为了解共生菌对黑豆蚜蛋白质、氨基酸代谢的影响 ,用利福平处理黑豆蚜以除去其细胞内共生细菌 ,产生脱共生蚜虫。结果表明 ,被脱去共生菌的蚜虫与未经抗生素处理的正常蚜虫相比 ,7日龄时 ,脱共生蚜虫每毫克鲜重的总蛋白含量降低了 2 9% ,每毫克鲜重的游离氨基酸含量提高了 17%。对黑豆蚜取食的蚕豆苗韧皮部组织中必需氨基酸所占的比例进行分析后发现 ,蚕豆苗韧皮部组织中的必需氨基酸含量仅占 2 0 % ,而有共生菌的黑豆蚜组织中必需氨基酸已达到 4 4% ,脱共生后降低到 37% ,这些结果证明了黑豆蚜的胞内共生菌为其寄主提供了部分必需氨基酸。通过对游离氨基酸组成的分析发现 ,在测定的 17种氨基酸中 ,必需氨基酸中的苏氨酸在共生蚜虫中所占的比例为 2 1 6 % ,在脱共生蚜虫中仅为 16 7%。同样 ,非必需氨基酸中的酪氨酸和丝氨酸 ,在共生蚜虫中分别占总游离氨基酸的 8 9%和 5 6 % ,而在脱共生蚜虫中却分别升高到 2 1 1%和 13 6 %。这些结果表明 ,各种氨基酸比例的失调 ,造成了脱共生蚜虫蛋白质合成受阻和部分游离氨基酸的积累 ,并因此导致蚜虫发育和繁殖的失调。     

LOCALIZATION OF DEHYDROGENASE AND ACID PHOSPHATASE IN THE ABSCISSION ZONE OF BEAN LEAVES

Leaf abscission in Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. ‘Contender’ is associated with enzymatic changes during and prior to separation. Deblading resulted in a localized increase in dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase in the abscission zone. Increased enzyme activities were observed 24–48 hr after deblading. In debladed plants separation was complete in 6–8 days. At separation, dehydrogenase activity appeared to decrease and localization was specific to the protective layer, while the petiole side had no activity. In contrast, acid phosphatase activity was observed in some layers of cells on the petiole side after separation. Ethylene treatment promoted abscission and separation occurred in 24–48 hr in both debladed and intact plants. No protective layer was formed during ethylene-induced abscission. Enzymatic changes similar to those observed in debladed control plants were observed with ethylene treatment. Ethylene induced an additional abscission layer between the pulvinus and petiole, where an abscission layer normally does not form. In this ethylene-induced abscission layer, similar enzyme activities were detected.     

THE ROLE OF BACTERIAL SYMBIONTS IN AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF BLACK BEAN APHIDS

To evaluate the role of bacterial symbionts (Buchnera spp.) in the black bean aphids (Aphis craccivora Koch), the aphids were treated with the antibiotic, rifampicin, to eliminate their intracellular symbiotic bacteria. Analysis of protein and amino acid concentration in 7‐day‐old of aposymbiotic aphids showed that the total protein content per mg fresh weight was significantly reduced by 29%, but free amino acid titers were increased by 17%. The ratio of the essential amino acids was in general only around 20% essential amino acids in phloem sap of broad bean, whereas it was 44% and 37% in symbiotic and aposymbiotic aphids, respectively, suggesting that the composition of the free amino acids was unbalanced. For example, the essential amino acid, threonine represented 21.6% of essential amino acids in symbiotic aphids, but it was only 16.7% in aposymbiotic aphids. Likewise, two nonessential amino acids, tyrosine and serine, represented 8.9% and 5.6% of total amino acids in symbiontic aphids, respectively, but they enhanced to 21.1% and 13.6% in aposymbiotic aphids. It seems likely that the elevated free amino acid concentration in aposymbiotic aphids was caused by the limited protein anabolism as the result of the unbalanced amino acid composition.     

盟发绿豆子叶衰老期间的呼吸作用与线粒体功能的改变

暗中培养的绿豆幼苗子叶在萌发后3—4天时,外观出现衰老征状,6天后子叶凋落。随子叶日龄的增加,子叶的呼吸强度一直下降,呼吸商始终小于1。当外加L-苹果酸、α-酮戊二酸、琥珀酸和NADH为底物测定离体线粒体氧化活性时,衰老子叶的线粒体对上述四种底物的氧化活性有不同程度的增加;抗氰呼吸也有所升高。子叶衰老时,线粒体的ADP/O和呼吸控制(RC值均降低);线粒体ATPase水解ATP的活性升高。衰老绿豆子叶线粒体氧化磷酸化偶联效率的降低和ATPase水解活性的增强是与线粒体结构改变相联系的一种功能变化,它导致能量亏缺,并进一步加速了衰老的恶化进程。     

COMBINED EFFECT OF 6-BENZYLAMINOPURINE,GIBBERELLIC ACID,AND 3-INDOLEACETIC ACID ON THE EXPANSION OF ISOLATED PUMPKIN COTYLEDONS

The effect of 6-benzylaminopurine, gibberellin, and 3-indoleacetic acid, used separately or in combinations, on the expansion of isolated pumpkin cotyledons has been studied. All three types of phytohormones can promote the expansion of isolated cotyledons. The resulting effect depends on the concentration of the particular phytohormone and on its quantitative ratio with the other phytohormones. The optimum combinations of phytohormones introduced externally varied according to the seed. The stimulating effect on the expansion of cotyledons is evidently exerted by those phytohormones which are present in the seeds in minimum amounts. An analysis of the concentration curves of the phytohormone effect indicates that they are not interchangeable as regards their influence on the expansion of isolated pumpkin cotyledons.     

间苯二酚、水杨酸对绿豆下胚轴不定根形成的作用

２０—１００ｍｇＬ（－１）间苯二酚能明显地促进绿豆下胚轴不定根的形成,与２０ｍｇＬ（－１）ＩＢＡ混合处理具加成效应,其作用在于降低生根初期ＩＡＡ氧化酶和多酚氧化酶活性．１０—１００ｍｇＬ（－１）水杨酸抑制下胚轴不定根的形成,随处理浓度的加大,对生根数目、生根范围和根重的抑制作用增加．水杨酸处理后１－３ｄ,能提高ＩＡＡ氧化酶和多酚氧化酶的活性．     

THE ISOCITRIC ACID CONTENT OF CRASSULACEAN PLANTS AND A FEW SUCCULENT SPECIES FROM OTHER FAMILIES

Soderstrom , Thomas R. (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.) The isocitric acid content of crassulacean plants and a few succulent species from other families. Amer. Jour. Bot. 49(8): 850–855. 1962.—The leaves of 58 species of plants were assayed for isocitric acid content by the highly specific enzymatic method of Grafflin and Ochoa (1950). These species included 39 from the family Urassulaceae in addition to 19 species of succulents representing 8 families and 12 genera. With but one exception (Echeveria derenbergii), isocitric acid was found in relatively large concentrations in the leaves of all crassulacean species examined, and was recorded for the first time in 5 genera of this family. Isocitric acid was found in 2 genera of the Liliaceae and in 1 genus of the Piperaceae, families in which it previously had not been known to occur. The presence of substantial concentrations of isocitric acid in the leaves appears to be characteristic of the family Crassulaceae and of certain genera in other widely unrelated families. There is no indication, however, that the concentrations of this acid in the leaves of species and genera of the Crassulaceae is correlated with their affinities based on morphology.     

间苯二酚、水杨酸对绿豆下胚轴不定根形成的作用

２０—１００ｍｇＬ（－１）间苯二酚能明显地促进绿豆下胚轴不定根的形成,与２０ｍｇＬ（－１）ＩＢＡ混合处理具加成效应,其作用在于降低生根初期ＩＡＡ氧化酶和多酚氧化酶活性．１０—１００ｍｇＬ（－１）水杨酸抑制下胚轴不定根的形成,随处理浓度的加大,对生根数目、生根范围和根重的抑制作用增加．水杨酸处理后１－３ｄ,能提高ＩＡＡ氧化酶和多酚氧化酶的活性．     

RESPONSE OF BUSH BEAN EXPOSED TO ACID MIST

Bush bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender) were treated once a week for six weeks with simulated acid mist at five pH levels ranging from 5.5 to 2.0. Leaf injury developed on plants exposed to acid concentrations below pH 3 and many leaves developed a flecking symptom similar to that caused by ozone. An adaxial, interveinal bleached area resembling SO₂ injury also developed on some trifoliate leaves at the low pH treatments. Microscopic observation of injured trifoliates indicated that the palisade cells were plasmolyzed and that the chloroplasts lost structural integrity. Reductions in plant weight and chlorophyll content were detected across the pH gradient. Seed and pod growth were reduced at some intermediate acid depositions even though no visible foliar injury developed. Foliar losses of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and phosphorous increased with decreases in acid mist pH, whereas foliar potassium concentrations were unaffected by acid mist treatment.