Klasea serratuloides subsp. karamanica subsp. nov. (Asteraceae), from the central and south Anatolia transition zone,Turkey

A new subspecies, Klasea serratuloides (DC.) Greuter & Wagenitz subsp. karamanica B. Dogan & A. Duran (Asteraceae), is described and illustrated from Anatolia, Turkey. The subspecies grows on stony places in the Ayranc? and Ermenek district (C4 Karaman Province), Ere?li district (C5 Konya province) and Uluk??la (C5 Ni?de province) in the central and south Anatolia transition zone. It is morphologically similar to K. serratuloides subsp. serratuloides. Diagnostic morphological characters from closely similar taxa are discussed and arranged in a key. Ecology and conservation status of the subspecies is also presented. In addition, the geographical distribution of the new subspecies and other related species is mapped. The pollen morphology and achene surface of K. serratuloides subsp. karamanica and K. serratuloides subsp. serratuloides were examined by SEM.     

Comparative analysis of C-band karyotypes inCrepis praemorsa subsp.praemorsa and subsp.dinarica

Crepis incarnata subsp.dinarica (G. Beck)Hayek is nowadays considered as a subspecies ofC. praemorsa (L.)Tausch. Comparative analyses of Feulgen karyotypes demonstrate great similarities, but remarkable differences in the presence and the distribution of the constitutive heterochromatin in the two taxa are detected by using the Giemsa differential staining technique (C-banding). This favours their specific distinctness.     

RAD sequencing,morphometry and synecology clarify the taxonomy of the Melica ciliata (Poaceae) complex in France and Poland

Melica (Poaceae) consist of about 92 species distributed across temperate regions of the world. Within section Dalycum, Melica ciliata sensu lato forms a taxonomic complex of several species and subspecies with clinal morphological variation causing conflicting identifications. To resolve taxonomic confusion, we used three complementary approaches, through molecular, morphological, and phytoecological analyses. The double-digest restriction-associated DNA markers significantly support the monophyly of three taxa: (i) the Mediterranean Melica magnolii, (ii) the Eurasian Melica transsilvanica subsp. transsilvanica, and (iii) the west-European M. ciliata subsp. glauca. This differentiation is corroborated by the analysis of 22 morphometric variables. Furthermore, phytoecological analysis of 221 floristic inventories revealed habitat distinctions among these taxa. Our approach of integrative taxonomy argues for a specific distinction for these three taxa, and we include a key to separate these forms. These new molecular data on the section Dalycum, subsection Ciliatae, call for further phylogenetic analyses including samples of M. ciliata subsp. ciliata and other East-Mediterranean and South African taxa.     

亚沉茶渍亚洲亚种Lecanora subimmersa subsp.asiatica Zahlbr.的订正研究北大核心CSCD

亚沉茶渍亚洲亚种Lecanora subimmersa subsp.asiatica Zahlbr.曾被基于文献研究转隶至平茶渍属(Aspicilia)或处理为亚沉茶渍原亚种L.subimmersa(Fée)Vain.subsp.subimmersa的异名,但模式标本的研究缺乏仍使该变种的概念不清。利用形态学、解剖学和化学等方法对L.subimmersa subsp.asiatica Zahlbr.的模式标本进行了综合研究,发现L.subimmersa subsp.asiatica与滇茶渍[L.oreinoides(Körb.)Hertel&Rambold]的形态特征及次生代谢产物一致,故将L.subimmersa subsp.asiatica作为L.oreinoides的异名处理。依据研究标本,对滇茶渍进行了形态学描述,同时提供了相关形态学图片,澄清了亚沉茶渍亚洲亚种的概念。     

Bacterial (Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis and B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki) Entomocidal Preparations Decrease Chlorophyll Accumulation in Larch Needles

Chlorophyll a plus b content and absorption spectra of the homogenates from the cotyledonary leaves of 30-day-old seedlings of two larch species, Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr. and L. sibirica Ldb. were studied. The seedlings were grown on Perlite containing aqueous solutions of entomocidal biopreparations isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis (bitoxybacillin) and B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (lepidocide) at various final concentrations (2, 6, and 12 g/l). Changes in the form of chlorophyll absorption spectra induced by biopreparations were established. A marked inhibition of pigment accumulation in the needles dependent on the biopreparation concentration was noted. At a low concentration (2 g/l), the biopreparations virtually did not affect the chlorophyll content; an increase in their concentrations resulted in a decrease in chlorophyll content in leaves by 20% (at 6 g/l) and 40% (at 12 g/l). It is concluded that bitoxybacillin and lepidocide inhibited the chlorophyll accumulation in larch needles to a similar extent.     

Crocus antalyensis subsp. striatus subsp. nov. (Iridaceae) from southwest Anatolia

A new subspecies Crocus antalyensis subsp. striatus subsp. nov. from western Turkey is described. It is characterized by rough papery, light brown corm tunics, leaves that exceed the flower at anthesis and are recurved, distinctly striped inner perianth segments and deeply branched pale yellow or white style. The karyotype of the new subspecies is presented.     

Salinivibrio costicola subsp. alcaliphilus subsp. nov., a haloalkaliphilic aerobe from Campania Region (Italy)

Phenotypic and phylogenetic studies were performed on unidentified Gram-negative staining, haloalkaliphilic aerobe and protease producer Salinivibrio-like organism recovered from a saltish spring with algal mat in the “Pozzo del Sale” site (Salt's Well) in the Campania Region (South Italy). Phylogenetic analysis based on comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences demonstrated that the isolate was related to species of Salinivibrio genus. The DNA–DNA hybridization of the type strain 18AG^T with the most related Salinivibrio costicola subsp. costicola showed a re-association value of 72%. Based on the phenotypic distinctiveness of 18AG^T strain and molecular, chemical and genetic evidence, it is proposed that strain 18AG^T can be classified as S. costicola subsp. alcaliphilus, subsp. nov. The type strain of S. costicola subsp. alcaliphilus, is ATCC BAA-952^T; DSM 16359^T.     

Photorhabdus temperata subsp. stackebrandtii subsp. nov. (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae)

The bacterial symbiont of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora strain GPS11 was characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequence and physiological traits. The phylogenetic tree built upon 16S rRNA gene sequences clustered the GPS11 bacterial isolate with Photorhabdus temperata strains which have been previously isolated from Heterorhabditis species. The phylogenetic tree further identified four subgroups in P. temperata, and the relationships among these subgroups were confirmed by gyrase subunit B (gyrB) gene sequence analysis. The subgroup containing the GPS11 bacterial isolate differs from other subgroups in sequences of 16S rRNA and gyrB gene, physiological traits, nematode host species, and geographic origin. Therefore, the subgroup comprising the GPS11 bacterial isolate is proposed here as a new subspecies: Photorhabdus temperata subsp. stackebrandtii subsp. nov. (type strain GPS11). The type strain has been deposited in ATCC and DSMZ collections.     

Minuartia aksoyi sp. nov. and M. buschiana subsp. artvinica subsp. nov. (Caryophyllaceae) from Turkey

Two new taxa of Minuartia L. (Caryophyllaceae) from Turkey, Minuartia aksoyi M. Koç & Hamzao?lu sp. nov. and Minuartia buschiana Schischk. subsp. artvinica M. Koç & Hamzao?lu subsp. nov. are described and illustrated. Their taxonomic positions are discussed and they are compared with allied taxa. The distributions of the new and closely related taxa are given. Seed structures were examined by SEM.     

Geographical variation and systematics of the tetraploid marsh orchid Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. sphagnicola (Orchidaceae) and closely related taxa

Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. sphagnicola is an allotetraploid marsh orchid derived from parents closely similar to present‐day D. incarnata and the western European form of D. maculata subsp. maculata, suggesting that it has a postglacial origin. It extends from northwestern continental Europe into areas formerly covered by the Weichselian ice sheet in mid‐Scandinavia. Here, we studied the variation at both the plastid and nuclear marker systems to describe the geographical variation in subsp. sphagnicola and its evolutionary history. We investigated whether subsp. sphagnicola is affected by secondary hybridization and gene flow from its parental lineages or from other allotetraploid marsh orchids, and we also compared subsp. sphagnicola with other allotetraploids of similar origins. We analysed 492 plants from 50 populations. Thirty‐seven populations were collected as potential Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. sphagnicola, five as subsp. sesquipedalis (D. elata), one as D. elata subsp. brennensis, one as subsp. calcifugiens, one as subsp. occidentalis and the remaining five as populations with some affinity to subsp. lapponica (including D. traunsteineri). All populations were analysed for plastid haplotypes and nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) allele frequencies, and a subset of 43 populations was analysed for five nuclear microsatellite loci. Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. sphagnicola was dominated by a single plastid haplotype that was also dominant in western European D. maculata subsp. maculata, and most of the alternative haplotypes differed by only one mutation from the dominant one. There was more variation in nuclear microsatellites and ITS, and the variation was geographically structured in these markers. Subspecies occidentalis and calcifugiens shared haplotypes with subsp. sphagnicola, whereas subsp. sesquipedalis and brennensis had other haplotypes. Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. sphagnicola may have a postglacial origin within its present continental distribution. It has incorporated genetic material from D. maculata subsp. maculata by secondary hybridization and introgression, and some northern populations have assimilated strongly divergent haplotypes from the northeastern form of D. maculata subsp. maculata. Subspecies sphagnicola has also evolved morphologically divergent local populations in the north that do not differ from the typical populations in genetic markers. It may form mixed populations with other allotetraploid subspecies of D. majalis and, at least at one site, it has become integrated with subsp. lapponica, demonstrating that independently derived allotetraploids may contribute to a common gene pool. Subspecies calcifugiens seems to be derived from subsp. sphagnicola, and further studies based on a larger sample may confirm that it is better recognized as a variety. The so‐called D. elata subsp. brennensis is of hybrid origin and combines markers from subsp. sesquipedalis with markers from the D. majalis core complex, possibly subsp. majalis. The new combination Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. sesquipedalis (Willd.) H.A.Pedersen & Hedrén comb. nov. is provided. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 168 , 174–193.     

Arabis pumila Jacq. subsp.pumila (4x) und subsp.stettulata (Bertol.)Nyman (2x) als chromosomal und morphologisch verschiedene Taxa

Zusammenfassung Arabis pumila Jacq. subsp.stettulata (Bebtol.)Nyman (2n=16) unterscheidet sich von subsp.pumila (2n=32) außer durch eine geringere Zahl von Stengelblättern und Blüten vor allem durch das Vorherrschen von (3-)4(-5)spaltigen Haaren im Indument insbesondere der Oberseite und des Randes der Grundblätter; bei subsp.pumila überwiegen dort 2spaltige und einfache Haare. Die beiden Unterarten wachsen in den Ostalpen etwa im gleichen Verbreitungsgebiet. Die Entstehung der subsp.pumila und die Nomenklatur beider Taxa werden diskutiert.

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Chromosomal and morphological differences betweenArabis pumila Jacq. subsp.pumila (4x) and subsp.stellulata (Bertol.)Nyman (2x)

Summary Arabis pumila Jacq. subsp.stellulata (Bertol.)Nyman (2n=16) is dinstinct from subsp.pumila (2n=32) by the following characters: subsp.stellulata reveals fewer cauline leaves and flowers than subsp.pumila, in the main the former is characterized by predominating (3-)4(-5)-fid hairs especially on the upper surface and margin of the basal leaves, the latter by mainly 2-fid and unbranched hairs. In the Eastern Alps both the subspecies occur in about the same area. The origin of subsp.pumila and the nomenclature of both taxa are discussed.

     

The allopolyploid origin ofSedum rupestre subsp.rupestre (Crassulaceae)

InSedum rupestre L. a polyploid series (x = 16) occurs in which aneuploid chromosome numbers and odd levels of ploidy prevail. The most common and widely distributed cytotype,S. rupestre subsp.rupestre, is 2n = 112. Plants resemblingS. rupestre subsp.rupestre can be obtained by hybridizing the tetraploid cytotypes ofS. forsterianum Sm. (2n = 48) andS. rupestre subsp.erectum 't Hart (2n = 64). Comparison of these artificial hybrids with their parents and a large number of plants ofS. rupestre subsp.rupestre (2n = 112) from nature showed thatS. rupestre subsp.rupestre and the artificial hybrids are morphologically indistinguishable, and intermediate betweenS. forsterianum andS. rupestre subsp.erectum. MorphologicallyS. rupestre subsp.rupestre is closer to subsp.erectum than toS. forsterianum. Chloroplast DNA restriction patterns ofS. rupestre subsp.rupestre, however, resembleS. forsterianum more closely. The combined results of the hybridization experiments, the analysis of the cpDNA restriction patterns, and the morphological variation indicate the allopolyploid origin ofS. rupestre subsp.rupestre. Natural hybrids inSedum (Crassulaceae) 4.     

Zur cytotaxonomie vonVeronica chamaedrys L. agg., II.: subsp.micans M.Fischer,subsp. nova,eine weitere diploide Sippe

Zusammenfassung Veronica chamaedrys L. subsp.micans M.Fischer, unterscheidet sich vonV. chamaedrys L. subsp.chamaedrys hauptsächlich durch die meist hellgrün gefärbten und im Leben oberseits stets schwach glänzenden Laubblätter, deren Blattrand durchschnittlich mehr (9–11) Zähne aufweist, durch die stets drüsenlose Infloreszenzbehaarung, die kleineren Blüten mit schmäleren Sepalen und hellblau (nicht leuchtend-sattblau) gefärbten Corollen sowie durch die diploide Chromosomenzahl (2 n=16). Sie tritt in der mittleren Bergstufe zusammen mit subsp.chamaedrys auf, ersetzt sie jedoch in der oberen Bergstufe und in der Krummholzstufe an±gleichen Standorten fast vollständig (mit Ausnahme der stark eutrophierten Standorte, die ausschließlich von subsp.chamaedrys besiedelt sind). Die neue Sippe ist bisher nur aus den nordöstlichen Alpen bekannt geworden (vgl. S. 77).

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Cytotaxonomy ofveronica chamaedrys L. agg., II.: subsp.micans M.Fischer, a new diploid race

Summary Veronica chamaedrys L. subsp.micans M.Fischer differs fromV. chamaedrys L. subsp.chamaedrys mainly by: leaves bright green, in the living state always slightly but distinctly shining on the upper surface; margins on the average with more (9–11) teeth at each side; indumentum of the inflorescence without any glands; flowers relatively small with bright blue corollas and narrow sepals; chromosome number diploid: 2 n=16. In the upper mountain and subalpine region, where it replaces the common tetraploid subsp.chamaedrys L.; it is known up to now only from the Northeastern Alps (see p. 77).

     

Genetic diversity and phylogeography in two diploid ferns,Asplenium fontanum subsp. fontanum and A. petrarchae subsp. bivalens,in the western Mediterranean

Asplenium fontanum subsp. fontanum and A. petrarchae subsp. bivalens are diploid rock ferns of limestone outcrops of the western Mediterranean region. Asplenium fontanum subsp. fontanum occurs from Valencia through northeastern Spain to the Alpes‐Maritimes and Swiss Jura. Asplenium petrarchae subsp. bivalens occurs only on Majorca, in Valencia and possibly in southern Spain. We analysed allozyme and chloroplast genetic marker diversity in 75 populations of A. fontanum subsp. fontanum and 12 populations of A. petrarchae subsp. bivalens sampled from across their respective ranges. The two species show similar levels of species and population genetic diversity to one another and to other diploid European Asplenium taxa. Both are predominantly outbreeding, as indicated by F_IS = 0.108 and 0.167 respectively. Substantial between‐population differentiation results largely from differentiation between regions. Isolation by distance operates over limited geographic ranges, up to 50 km. In A. fontanum subsp. fontanum, the major geographical differentiation between Valencia and the rest of the taxon range probably represents an ancient range fragmentation. A less pronounced differentiation divides populations in the SW from those in the NE of the range, with evidence for a biogeographic link between the eastern Pyrenees and southeastern France. High diversity in the Pyrenees may either represent ancient population differentiation, or a suture zone. In A. petrarchae subsp. bivalens, populations on Majorca exhibit a subset of the genetic diversity present in Valencia, although the two regions are strongly differentiated by differing allele frequencies. Dispersal from the mainland may have founded Majorcan populations, although a role for in situ island survival cannot be excluded.