绿色荧光蛋白的发光机制

从多管水母（Ａｅｑｕｏｒｅａｖｉｃｔｏｒｉａ）中分离纯化的绿色荧光蛋白（ＧＦＰ）是由２３８个氨基酸残基组成的单链多肽,分子量约２７ｋＤ,１９９２年其ｃＤＮＡ被克隆［１］。１９９４年重组野生型ＧＦＰ（ＷｔＧＦＰ）在异源细胞中表达［２］。野生型ＧＦＰ被紫外光和蓝光激发后能发出绿色荧光,最大荧光吸收／激发峰在３９５ｎｍ,在４７５ｎｍ有一个肩峰,荧光发射峰为５０８ｎｍ。ＧＦＰ的结构和光致荧光非常稳定,而且因ＧＦＰ生色团的形成是自催化的,检测ＧＦＰ的光致荧光不需要外加底物和辅因子,便于活体观察［２］。如今…     

油菜素内酯促进绿豆上胚轴伸长与蛋白质和核酸合成的关系

用饲喂蛋白质和核酸合成的放射性前体［３ Ｈ］－Ｐｈｅ、［３ Ｈ］－尿嘧啶和［３ Ｈ］－胸腺嘧啶证实了油菜素内酯（ＢＲ）能促进绿豆上胚轴的生长和蛋白质、ＲＮＡ 及ＤＮＡ 的合成。用蛋白质和核酸合成抑制剂（ＣＨ、Ａｃｔ．Ｄ、５－Ｆｕ）进一步探讨它们对上胚轴伸长的抑制作用与蛋白质、ＲＮＡ、ＤＮＡ 和ｍ ＲＮＡ 合成之间的关系。证明了上胚轴的伸长依赖于蛋白质和核酸的合成,尤其是依赖于ｍ ＲＮＡ 的合成。说明ＢＲ是在转录水平上调节基因的表达,进而促进上胚轴的伸长     

重组I型cAMP依赖的蛋白激酶调节亚基的表达,纯化和鉴定

Ｉ型蛋白激酶的调节亚基（ＲＩ）具有两个ｃＡＭＰ结合位点,对ｃＡＭＰ具有很高亲和力和特异性,我们从人神经细胞中克隆人ＲＩ亚基ｃＤＮＡ片段（编码氨基酸残基９３－３８１）并将其亚克隆至ｐＥＴ３０ａ原核表达载体,实验表明该表达质粒在大肠杆菌ＢＬ２１中,在ＩＰＴＧ诱导下,表达产生大量带聚组氨酸标记的重组ＲＩ亚基。这些蛋白质以可溶性蛋白形式存在,经组氨酸结合金属螯合树脂亲和柱层析纯化后,每０．１升培养菌可制备     

人骨形成蛋白2A活性片段在大肠杆菌中的高效表达

将编码人骨形成蛋白２Ａ（ＢＭＰ２Ａ）Ｃ端１７３个氨基酸（ＢＭＰ２３）和１３４个氨基酸（ＢＭＰ２４）的ＤＮＡ基因片段分别重组克隆进入ＰＬ启动子控制下的表达载体,构建了表达质粒ｐＢＬＢＭＰ２３和ｐＢＬＢＭＰ２４,分别转化大肠杆菌进行表达研究．ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析温敏诱导的表达菌,可以分别观察到分子量为２０ｋＤ和１５．５ｋＤ的高表达条带,与理论计算的分子量一致,表达量分别占细菌蛋白质总量的１０％和２０％左右。表达产物经包含体制备达到８０％以上纯度。Ｎ端序列测定的１５个氨基酸,与重组ｃＤＮＡ基因编码的序列相同．ＢＭＰ２３和ＢＭＰ２４包含体经复性处理后,得到二聚体分子蛋白质条带,与骨基质胶原重组后在大鼠体内测活,观察到ＢＭＰ２３诱导软骨细胞生成,ＢＭＰ２４刺激丰富的骨样胶原组织合成．     

文摘

文摘基因工程９８００４１用于检测原核和真核细胞中蛋白质表达的表位标记抗体重组［英］／Ｒｅｕｄｉｇｅｒ,Ｍ．…∥ＢｉｏＴｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓ．－１９９７,２３（１）．－９６～９７［译自ＤＢＡ,１９９７,１６（１９）,９７－０９７３５］建立了用于利用表位...     

蝮蛇毒碱性磷脂酶A_2基因的克隆

从蝮蛇毒腺中抽提总ＲＮＡ．利用人工合成寡核苷酸引物作逆转录,以ｃＤＮＡ为模板进行体外扩增,获得磷脂酶Ａ２（简称ＰＬＡ２）基因,克隆至ｐＢＳ－ｋｓ载体中。通过对３个碱性ＰＬＡ２（简称ＢＰＬＡ２）基因单独克隆分别作ＤＮＡ全序列分析,推导ｐｒｏ－ＢＰＬＡ２由１３８个氨基酸残基构成,与已测定的部分氨基酸序列比较,基本相符。该基因成功的克隆,不仅推导出ＢＰＬＡ２的蛋白质全序列,也为进一步开展蛇毒功能肽蛋白质工程的研究工作打下了良好的基础。     

酵母生产的HBsAg的化学结构及其免疫原性

酵母生产的ＨＢｓＡｇ的化学结构及其免疫原性汪恩浩（深圳康泰生物制品有限公司深圳,５１８０５７）用重组ＤＮＡ技术生产有用蛋白质,不仅要求多肽应正确表达,而且多肽应有正确的三维结构。对于多聚体蛋白,如干扰素、胰岛素、免疫球蛋白、乙肝表面抗原（ＨＢｓＡｇ）等,其三维结构通过链间和链内二硫键维持。虽然重组酵母细胞可以忠实地表达ＨＢｓＡｇ,酵母生产和纯化后的ＨＢｓＡｇ具有２０ｎｍ颗粒形式,但其中的亚单位是通过非共价键结合在一起,其免疫原性很差。     

编码天麻抗真菌蛋白cDNA的分子克隆

用重组ＤＮＡ 技术研究了编码天麻抗真菌蛋白（ＧＡＦＰ）的基因,从天麻（Ｇａｓｔｒｏｄｉａ ｅｌａｔａＢｌ．）块茎中提取Ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ） ｍ ＲＮＡ 后合成ｃＤＮＡ,构建成表达型ｃＤＮＡ 文库,用纯化的蛋白质探针通过免疫筛选找出对应的ｃＤＮＡ 克隆。在进一步证明所选用的ｃＤＮＡ 克隆含有重组的λ－ｐｈａｇｅ ＤＮＡ 后,提取和纯化含有插入片段重组子的ＤＮＡ,用Ｅｃｏ ＲＩ酶切分析可见插入片段。已分离出编码天麻抗真菌蛋白的基因     

A_（8—10）替换的胰岛素类似物的合成及生物活性

本文报道了用Ｆｍｏｃ固相法合成３种胰岛素Ａ链小环（Ａ８－１０）被不同碱性氨基酸取代的Ａ链类似物,并分别与天然胰岛素Ｂ链重组成相应胰岛素类似物;经受体结合,整体活性及抗体结合实验,均表现出相应的活性。从中可以推测出：Ａ链小环区域不是胰岛素表现生物活性的重要部位,而是胰岛素与其抗体结合较重要的区域。     

人乳铁蛋白基因在昆虫细胞中的表达

将人乳铁蛋白ｃＤＮＡ（ｈＬＦｃ）克隆在质粒ｐＢａｃＰＡＫ８的ＢａｍＨＩ和ＳａｃＩ位点,构建成转移质粒８ｈＬＦｃ。该质粒ＤＮＡ与ＡｃＮＰＶ ＢａｃＰＡＫ６病毒株基因组ＤＮＡ经共转染草地夜峨培养细胞Ｓｆ２１,在培养的贴壁细胞中挑出空斑,经过３轮纯化,结合斑点杂交筛选,获得重组病毒。用蛋白质免疫印迹法检测到在重组病毒感染的Ｓｆ－２１细胞中存在乳铁蛋白基因的表达产物。酶联免疫检测结果表明：重组人乳铁蛋白在     

Temperature-induced production of recombinant human insulin in high-cell density cultures of recombinant Escherichia coli

The construction of expression vectors encoding either the human insulin A- or B-chains fused to a synthetic peptide and the temperature-induced expression of the recombinant genes in Escherichia coli are reported. Using this two-chain approach we also describe the separate isolation of the insulin A- and B-chains from inclusion bodies and their subsequent assembly into native human insulin. The production of the insulin fusion proteins were carried out in high-cell density fed-batch cultures using a synthetic medium with glucose as sole carbon and energy source. The expression of the recombinant genes by temperature-shift in high-cell density cultures of recombinant E. coli resulted in product yields of grams per litre of culture broth, e.g. 4.5 g of insulin B-chain fusion protein per litre of culture broth. This translates into an expression yield of about 800 mg of the insulin B-chain per litre of culture. Under similar cultivation conditions the expression yield of the insulin A-chain corresponds to approximately 600 mg per litre of culture. The metabolic burden imposed on the recombinant cells during temperature-induced production of insulin fusion proteins in high-cell density cultures is reflected in an increased respiratory activity and a reduction of the biomass yield coefficient with respect to glucose.     

Adiponectin decreases plasma glucose and improves insulin sensitivity in diabetic Swine

To investigate the effects of recombinant human adiponectin on the metabolism of diabeticswine induced by feeding a high-fat/high-sucrose diet (HFSD),diabetic animal models were constructedby feeding swine with HFSD for 6 months.The effects of recombinant adiponectin were assessed bydetecting the change of plasma glucose levels by commercially available enzymatic method test kits andevaluating the insulin sensitivity by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). About 1.5 g purified recombinantadiponectin was produced using a 15-liter fermenter.A single injection of purified recombinant humanadiponectin to diabetic swine led to a 2- to 3-fold elevation in circulating adiponectin,which triggered atransient decrease in basal glucose level (P<0.05).This effect on glucose was not associated with anincrease in insulin level.Moreover,after adiponectin injection,swine also showed improved insulin sensitivitycompared with the control (P<0.05).Adiponectin might have the potential to be a glucose-lowering agentfor metabolic disease.Adiponectin as a potent insulin enhancer linking adipose tissue and glucose metabolismcould be useful to treat insulin resistance.     

携胰岛素调控基因系统的载体构建及鉴定

目的：构建受胰岛素、葡萄糖双向调节的胰岛索分泌调控基因的载体。方法：1．用酚氯仿抽提法提取SD大鼠肝脏基因组DNA,用P1、P2为引物。PCR扩增胰岛素生长因子结合蛋白-1启动子(IGFBP-1);2.选用pUC118作为克隆载体,用分子克隆技术亚克隆三倍体葡萄糖反应元件(GLRE)3;3,运用基因重组技术将ICFBP-1启动子定向插入(GLRE)3的下游。结果：1.PCR扩增出420bp的目的DNA片断,与文献IGFBP-1 DNA大小一致;2．重组体序列分析显示,克隆的基因序列和文献报道的(GLRE)3及IGFBP-1基因序列一致。结论：成功构建携胰岛素调控基因系统的载体pUC118(GLRE)3-IGFBP-1。为1型糖尿基因治疗的进一步实验研究奠定了基础。     

Combinatorial insulin secretion dynamics of recombinant hepatic and enteroendocrine cells

One of the most promising cell-based therapies for combating insulin-dependent diabetes entails the use of genetically engineered non-β cells that secrete insulin in response to physiologic stimuli. A normal pancreatic β cell secretes insulin in a biphasic manner in response to glucose. The first phase is characterized by a transient stimulation of insulin to rapidly lower the blood glucose levels, which is followed by a second phase of insulin secretion to sustain the lowered blood glucose levels over a longer period of time. Previous studies have demonstrated hepatic and enteroendocrine cells to be appropriate hosts for recombinant insulin expression. Due to different insulin secretion kinetics from these cells, we hypothesized that a combination of the two cell types would mimic the biphasic insulin secretion of normal β cells with higher fidelity than either cell type alone. In this study, insulin secretion experiments were conducted with two hepatic cell lines (HepG2 and H4IIE) transduced with 1 of 3 adenoviruses expressing the insulin transgene and with a stably transfected recombinant intestinal cell line (GLUTag-INS). Insulin secretion was stimulated by exposing the cells to glucose only (hepatic cells), meat hydrolysate only (GLUTag-INS), or to a cocktail of the two secretagogues. It was found experimentally that the recombinant hepatic cells secreted insulin in a more sustained manner, whereas the recombinant intestinal cell line exhibited rapid insulin secretion kinetics upon stimulation. The insulin secretion profiles were computationally combined at different cell ratios to arrive at the combinatorial kinetics. Results indicate that combinations of these two cell types allow for tuning the first and second phase of insulin secretion better than either cell type alone. This work provides the basic framework in understanding the secretion kinetics of the combined system and advances it towards preclinical studies.     

Recombinant human insulin.

Insulin is a well-characterized peptide that can be produced by recombinant DNA technology for human therapeutic use. A brief overview of insulin production from both traditional mammalian pancreatic extraction and recombinant bacterial and yeast systems is presented, and detection techniques, including electrophoresis, are reviewed. Analytical systems for insulin separation are principally based on reversed-phase chromatography, which resolves the deamidation product(s) (desamido insulin) of insulin, proinsulin, and insulin. Process-scale separation is a multistep process and includes ion exchange, reversed-phase, and size exclusion chromatography. Advantages and/or disadvantages of various separation approaches, as described by the numerous literature references on insulin purification, are presented.     

Development of genetically engineered human intestinal cells for regulated insulin secretion using rAAV-mediated gene transfer

Cell-based therapies for treating insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD) can provide a more physiologic regulation of blood glucose levels in a less invasive fashion than daily insulin injections. Promising cells include intestinal enteroendocrine cells genetically engineered to secrete insulin in response to physiologic stimuli; responsiveness occurs at the exocytosis level to regulate the acute release of recombinant insulin. In this work, we established a human cellular model to demonstrate that meat hydrolysate can simultaneously stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1, an enteroendocrine cell-derived incretin hormone) and recombinant insulin secretion from the engineered human NCI-H716 intestinal cell line. Cells were genetically modified using the recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated insulin gene transfer. Recombinant cells were then differentiated to display endocrine features, in particular the formation of granule-like compartments. A fusion protein of insulin and enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) was designed to reveal the compartments of localization of the fusion protein and assess its co-localization with endogenous GLP-1. Our work provides a unique human cellular model for regulated insulin release through genetic engineering of GLP-1-secreting intestinal cells, which is expected to be useful for cell-based therapies of IDD.     

Effects of beta-mercaptoethanol and hydrogen peroxide on enzymatic conversion of human proinsulin to insulin

Human insulin is a hormone well-known to regulate the blood glucose level. Recombinant preproinsulin, a precursor of authentic insulin, is typically produced in E. coli as an inactive inclusion body, the solubilization of which needs the addition of reducing agents such as beta-mercaptoethanol. To make authentic insulin, recombinant preproinsulin is modified enzymatically by trypsin and carboxypeptidase B. The effects of beta-mercaptoethanol on the formation of human insulin derivatives were investigated in the enzymatic modification by using commercially available human proinsulin as a substrate. Addition of 1 mM beta-mercaptoethanol induced the formation of various insulin derivatives. Among them, the second major one, impurity 3, was found to be identical to the insulin B chain fragment from Phe1 to Glu21. Minimization of the formation of insulin derivatives and concomitant improvement of the production yield of human insulin were achieved by the addition of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide bound with beta-mercaptoethanol and thereby reduced the negative effects of beta-mercaptoethanol considerably. Elimination of the impurity 3 and other derivatives by the addition of over 10 mM hydrogen peroxide in the presence of beta-mercaptoethanol led to a 1.3-fold increase in the recovery efficiency of insulin, compared with those for the case without hydrogen peroxide. The positive effects of hydrogen peroxide were also confirmed with recombinant human preproinsulin expressed in recombinant E. coli as an inclusion body.     

重组圆锥芋螺胰岛素G1的原核表达与降糖活性检测

为缩短重组胰岛素起效时间,达到快速降低餐后血糖的作用,以圆锥芋螺胰岛素G1 (cI G1)为研究对象,参照人胰岛素原(hPI)和圆锥芋螺胰岛素G1原(cPI G1)基因设计重组cPI G1的核苷酸序列,按照大肠杆菌Escherichia coli密码子使用频率进行密码子优化后构建pET22b(+)-cPI G1质粒,以E. coli BL21(DE3)菌株为宿主进行原核表达,获得重组cPI G1蛋白,经胰蛋白酶切割及纯化得到重组cI G1,其效价为25.9 IU/mg。空腹血糖测试(FBGT)和葡萄糖耐量实验(OGTT)表明,cI G1可迅速降低正常和链脲佐菌素(STZ)致糖尿病模型小鼠的血糖,但持续时间短,研究结果为重组速效胰岛素的开发提供参考。     

Combinations of palytoxin or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and recombinant human insulin growth factor-I or insulin synergistically stimulate prostaglandin production in cultured rat liver cells and squirrel monkey aorta smooth muscle cells

In the presence of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) or the non-TPA-type tumor promoter, palytoxin, recombinant human insulin growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin synergistically stimulate prostaglandin production in rat liver cells (the C-9 cell line). Combinations of palytoxin or TPA with recombinant human IGF-I or insulin also synergistically stimulate deesterification of cellular lipids in C-9 cells prelabelled with [3H]arachidonic acid. With both types of stimulations, prostaglandin production or deesterification, the synergistic response of the IGF-I and insulin is greater with palytoxin than with TPA. Production of prostaglandin E2 and F2 alpha by squirrel monkey smooth muscle cells incubated in the presence of TPA and insulin also is greater than the sum of the two effects taken independently.     

C-reactive protein suppresses insulin signaling in endothelial cells: role of spleen tyrosine kinase

Although few epidemiological studies have demonstrated that C-reactive protein (CRP) is related to insulin resistance, no study to date has examined the molecular mechanism. Here, we show that recombinant CRP attenuates insulin signaling through the regulation of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) on small G-protein RhoA, jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPK, insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in vascular endothelial cells. Recombinant CRP suppressed insulin-induced NO production, inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and stimulated the phosphorylation of IRS-1 at the Ser307 site in a dose-dependent manner. These events were blocked by treatment with an inhibitor of RhoA-dependent kinase Y27632, or an inhibitor of JNK SP600125, or the transfection of dominant negative RhoA cDNA. Next, anti-CD64 Fcgamma phagocytic receptor I (FcgammaRI), but not anti-CD16 (FcgammaRIIIa) or anti-CD32 (FcgammaRII) antibody, partially blocked the recombinant CRP-induced phosphorylation of JNK and IRS-1 and restored, to a certain extent, the insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt. Furthermore, we identified that recombinant CRP modulates the phosphorylation of Syk tyrosine kinase in endothelial cells. Piceatannol, an inhibitor of Syk tyrosine kinase, or infection of Syk small interference RNA blocked the recombinant CRP-induced RhoA activity and the phosphorylation of JNK and IRS-1. In addition, piceatannol also restrained CRP-induced endothelin-1 production. We conclude that recombinant CRP induces endothelial insulin resistance and dysfunction, and propose a new mechanism by which recombinant CRP induces the phosphorylation of JNK and IRS-1 at the Ser307 site through a Syk tyrosine kinase and RhoA-activation signaling pathway.