野生扁穗牛鞭草无性系构件组成及生物量结构变异性

对60份野生扁穗牛鞭草的无性系种群构件数量、质量性状及生物量结构进行比较分析,结果说明：不同种群构件性状与数量呈现出变异性,叶长、叶宽、单蘖叶片数、无性系叶片数的变异系数分别为24．95％、20．00％、14．12％、43．56％;茎直径、节直径、节间长、单蘖节数、直立茎长度、匍匐茎长度、直立茎数、匍匐茎数的变异系数分别为21．11％、22．42％、20．10％、12．14％、46．73％、20．14％、72．76％、37．97％;根系深度、根系分布范围、分蘖面积的变异系数分别为19．81％、37．65％、33．68％;花序长、花序宽、花序厚、单蘖花序数、直立茎生殖蘖比例、匍匐茎生殖蘖比例的变异系数分别为13．33％、13．42％、14．80％、36.10％、118．96％、81．44％。不同种群构件生物量结构变异性丰富,叶生物量、茎生物量、根生物量、花序生物量变异系数分别为78．51％、91．66％、45．64％、192．24％;构件的数量差异高于性状差异,无性系种群差异主要体现在分蘖能力与空间拓展能力上。野生资源生态型变异性和对环境的适应性,为优异性状选择、品种选育、资源开发利用提供了丰富的物质基础。     

克隆植物扁穗牛鞭草（Hemarthria compressa）有性生殖投入差异性分析

通过测定有性生殖投入持续时间、投入频度与强度、投入分配表现、投入量、投入收益等指标,对60份野生扁穗牛鞭草有性生殖投入进行了比较分析,同时对生殖投入量与茎叶生物量、海拔高度进行相关性分析,结果表明:生殖投入开始时间差异达25d,投入持续时间变异范围为32～116d;匍匐茎投入频度变异范围为0～100%,投入强度变异范围为0～6.20,直立茎投入频度变异范围为0～95.56%,投入强度变异范围为0～5.60,变异系数都在75%以上;投入表现分配差异的顺序为:花序柄长＞花序厚＞花序宽＞花序轴长＞小花数/花序;绝对投入量变异范围为0～450g,变异系数高达192.24%,相对投入量变异范围为0～20.12%,变异系数高达327.48%;绝对投入量与茎叶生物量呈一定的正相关(r=0.12),而相对投入量与茎叶生物量则呈一定的负相关(r=-0.03);来自高海拔地区的材料绝对投入量较低(r=-0.07),而相对投入量较高(r=0.25);所有材料的投入收益为零.     

扁穗牛鞭草草地高效饲草生产系统研究

秋季在'广益'扁穗牛鞭草(Hemarthia compressa'Guangyi')草地上分别补播'中饲828'小黑麦、'冬牧70'黑麦、'长江2号'多花黑麦草等冷季型牧草,对补播系统牧草产量、质量进行比较研究.结果表明:补播'中饲828'小黑麦、'长江2号'多花黑麦草均能显著增加'广益'扁穗牛鞭草草地牧草产量和质量,其中补播'长江2号'多花黑麦草的处理干物质和粗蛋白(CP)产量比不补播分别提高12.3%、15.6%;补播'中饲828'小黑麦的处理分别提高11.3%、10.4%;但补播'冬牧70'黑麦的处理增效作用不明显.'长江2号'多花黑麦草的补播效果最好,是较优的冬季补播草种.     

草坪型扁穗牛鞭草种质资源的坪用价值初步评价

采用景观-性能-应用适合度的综合评价体系,以暖季型狗牙根和冷季型高羊茅为对照,分春季、夏季、秋冬季对西南地区扁穗牛鞭草坪用性状和使用性能进行评价,结果表明：春季草坪景观质量H050、H049的坪用性状好于对照;夏季H036、H049、H011坪用性状好于对照;秋冬季H036、H049表现好于对照;综合一年的表现进行指标权重分析,H036、H049得分分别为17．60和18．08,可作为过渡性气候区建植观赏草坪、游憩草坪、运动草坪、保土草坪的优质材料进行开发利用。     

中国西南区扁穗牛鞭草种质遗传多样性的SRAP分析

本研究采用SRAP标记对主要来自中国西南地区(四川,重庆,贵州和云南)的43份扁穗牛鞭草种质资源的遗传多样性进行了分析。试验筛选出了11对引物组合对43份供试材料进行扩增,共获得153条带,其中多态性条带140条,多态性条带比率为91.50%,平均每对引物扩增出条带13.91,多态性条带12.73。实验数据结果表明,43份扁穗牛鞭草材料间的遗传相似系数(GS)为0.565～0.992,平均值为0.723,表现出了丰富的遗传多样性。聚类分析结果表明,各供试材料间的聚类与其地理来源以及形态特征类型具有一定的相关性。同时,主成分分析结果能够直观的反映了各种质间的遗传关系。5个扁穗牛鞭草地理类群间的分子方差分析(AMOVA)揭示了供试的扁穗牛鞭草总遗传变异的85.99%存在于类群内,仅有14.01%的变异存在于类群之间,类群间的分化系数ΦST=0.140。本研究结果为扁穗牛鞭草种质的收集、利用及育种提供了理论依据。     

短穗兔耳草基株大小对其克隆生长特征的影响

对采自青藏高原5个不同海拔高度上的短穗兔儿草基株干重与匍匐茎数量、单位长度匍匐茎干重和无性系分株干重之间的相关性,以及匍匐茎与无性系分株总干重与基株干重的比值进行了分析.结果表明,除人为干扰比较严重的生境外,基株大小与匍匐茎数量、单位长度匍匐茎干重之间存在极显著的正线形相关(P<0.01),基株大小对分株的影响可能与匍匐茎数量有关;匍匐茎与分株总干重与基株干重的比值在海拔最高和最低两个样地中最大.短穗兔儿草基株干重对克隆生长有明显的影响,但在不同海拔高度影响作用的大小和方式表现出一定的差异.     

施肥对台湾桤木-扁穗牛鞭草复合模式下桤木细根形态特征、生物量及组织碳氮含量的影响

细根具有良好的可塑性, 不同根序等级的细根会表现不同的策略来适应土壤资源有效性的改变, 了解各级细根对土壤资源有效性的可塑性反应对认识细根的养分和水分吸收规律、预测碳(C)在地下的分配特点具有重要意义。该文以四川省丹陵县台湾桤木(Alnus formosana)-扁穗牛鞭草(Hemarthria compressa)复合模式为研究对象, 采用施肥处理, 应用土柱法采样, 探讨了施肥对台湾桤木-扁穗牛鞭草模式土壤表层(0-10 cm)和亚表层(10-20 cm)台湾桤木1-5级细根的生物量、形态特征(直径、比根长)、全C和全氮(N)含量的影响。结果表明: (1)台湾桤木1-5级细根直径随根序的增大而增加, 施肥降低土壤表层台湾桤木各级细根直径而增加了土壤亚表层台湾桤木各级细根直径; 台湾桤木1-5级细根比根长则随根序的增加而减小, 施肥增加了台湾桤木各级细根的比根长, 且施肥极显著增加了表层和亚表层台湾桤木前三级细根的比根长(p < 0.01)。(2)台湾桤木1-5级细根生物量均随土层深度的增加而减小, 施肥减少了台湾桤木各个土层各级细根生物量, 且显著降低了台湾桤木前三级细根生物量占总生物量的比例(p < 0.05), 而增加了4、5级细根生物量。(3)台湾桤木3级细根全C最大, 1级根最小, 且土壤表层台湾桤木各级细根全C含量大于亚表层; 施肥降低了台湾桤木各级细根全C含量, 但影响并不显著(p > 0.05)。台湾桤木细根全N含量随根序的增加而降低, 且土壤表层1-5级细根全N含量均高于亚表层; 施肥极显著(p < 0.01)增加了土壤表层1级细根及亚表层1、2级细根的全N含量, 而对于3-5级细根全N含量则影响不显著(p > 0.05)。以上结果显示, 当土壤资源有效性变化时, 各级根序细根会作出不同的可塑性反应, 且施肥对各级细根的影响主要表现在低级根上。     

扁稈藨草的生物学特性及防治研究

研究表明,扁秆藨草生育节律明显,有性繁殖对季节要求严,无性繁殖对季节要求宽,在“半遮光”条件下不能抽穗结实,无性繁殖受到抑制。扁秆藨草的阶段发育与叶龄相关显著,用主茎叶龄预测再生苗的线性回归方程式:(?)_α=-36.74+6.24x(1983)和(?)_α=-32.42+6.28x(1984年);预测块茎发生量的线性回归方程式:(?)_t=-67.97+10.12x(1983年)和(?)_t=-33.91+80.4x(1984年)。机械和人工除草可抑制块茎的形成和阻止抽穗结实,但能促进再生苗的蔓延。大田防治必须在扁秆藨草块茎形成之前用药,并做到株株受药,才能起到“斩草除根”的作用。扁秆藨草的发生分布与耕作栽培制度关系密切,实生苗萌发迟而集中,再生苗萌发早而分散,是防除的主要对象。实验表明,只有运用农业、生物、化学等综合防治手段,才能有效地控制扁秆藨草的为害。     

扁禾旱 蔗草的生物学特性及防治研究

 研究表明,扁秆藨草生育节律明显,有性繁殖对季节要求严,无性繁殖对季节要求宽,在“半遮光”条件下不能抽穗结实,无性繁殖受到抑制。扁秆藨草的阶段发育与叶龄相关显著,用主茎叶龄预测再生苗的线性回归方程式：Ŷa=-36.74+6.24x(1983)和Ya=-32.42+6.28x(1984年);预测块茎发生量的线性回归方程式：Ŷt= -67.97+10.12x(1983年)和Yt=-33.91+80.4x(1984年)。机械和人工除草可抑制块茎的形成和阻止抽穗结实,但能促进再生苗的蔓延。大田防治必须在扁秆藨草块茎形成之前用药,并做到株株受药,才能起到“斩草除根”的作用。扁秆藨草的发生分布与耕作栽培制度关系密切,实生苗萌发迟而集中,再生苗萌发早而分散,是防除的主要对象。实验表明,只有运用农业、生物、化学等综合防治手段,才能有效地控制扁秆藨草的为害。     

分蘖型克隆植物黍分株和基株对异质养分环境的等级反应

为揭示 1年生分蘖草本黍对异质养分环境的等级反应 ,比较了 4种异质养分环境中黍分株和基株的生长、繁殖特征。在分株水平 ,异质养分环境显著影响源株高度、叶面积、繁殖分配、千粒重和种子数 ,而对生物量无影响 ;异质养分环境显著影响分蘖株的这 6个指标。在基株水平 ,生物量、分蘖数和种子数随环境中养分总量的提高而逐渐增大 ,根重比恰好相反 ;繁殖分配不受异质养分环境的影响 ;除一种处理外 ,其它 3种环境中的千粒重不受养分状况的影响。这些结果指示 :黍分株和基株对异质养分环境的反应具有等级性 ,源株和分蘖株对相同环境的反应存在差异。     

Effect of temperature on the survival of Aconophora compressa Walker (Hemiptera: Membracidae): implications for weed biocontrol

Abstract  In weed biocontrol, similarity of abiotic factors between the native and introduced range of a biocontrol agent is critical to its establishment and effectiveness. This is particularly the case for weeds that have a wide geographical distribution in the native range. For such weeds, the choice of a specialist insect that has narrow tolerance limits to important abiotic factors can diminish its ability to be an effective biocontrol agent. The membracid Aconophora compressa was introduced in Australia from Mexico for biocontrol of Lantana camara , a plant with a wide climatic tolerance. In this study we investigated the effect of constant and alternating temperatures on A. compressa survival. Longevity of adults and nymphs declined with increasing temperatures, and at 39°C individuals survived for less than a day. At lower temperatures, nymphs survived longer than adults. Survival at alternating temperatures was longer than at constant temperatures, but the general trend of lower survival at higher temperatures remained. Spatially and temporally, the climatic tolerance of A. compressa appears to be a subset of that of lantana, thereby limiting its potential impact.     

羊草种群密度与生长动态研究

 通过人为控制种群密度的栽培实验,从基株和构件水平上观察羊草无性系种群的生长动态,分析不同密度水平上羊草种群通过调节种群的生长、发育、增殖以及死亡过程来适应密度制约的途径。研究结果表明：1)羊草种群密度可在不同的构件水平间得到调节。当基株密度得到适当调节后便可减缓构件密度(无性系枝条、根茎芽等)的变化幅度和影响构件的发育进程。2)无性系枝条是羊草种群的主体,常在生长季后期出现大量增长,都处于生长旺盛的幼苗期,为翌年春季的返青积累能量和物质。3)单位面积总生物量随密度增加而提高,虽然尚未出现产量恒值现象,但存活枝条平均单株重(地上生物量)随密度增加呈下降趋势,这已反映出密度制约的作用。4)不同密度下羊草种群的生殖过程表现为：低密度时以无性繁殖为主,根茎芽的存活力较高;高密度时以有性繁殖为主,生殖分配值较大。     

激素对水稻分蘖芽生长和分蘖相关基因表达的调控效应

以水稻品种‘南粳44＇为材料,研究了植物激素对水稻分蘖芽生长及OsTB1、OsD3、OsD10和OsD27等基因表达的调控。结果表明,水稻分蘖芽生长的调控至少存在两条途径,一条通过调控分蘖芽中CTK含量进而调控OsTB1等基因表达来实现,另一条通过调控OsD3、OsD10和OsD27等系列基因表达来实现。外源IAA和GA_3对水稻分蘖芽生长的调控是通过这两条途径共同实现的。     

Tiller dynamics of Spartina maritima in successional and non-successional mediterranean salt marsh

Tiller demography was compared in two populations of Spartina maritima present at similar elevations in the coastal saltmarshes of Odiel (Huelva, S.W. Spain). The successional population consisted of colonizing tussocks in a littoral lagoon, and the non-successional population comprised a stable sward that had fringed a major channel for 40 years. At both sites S. maritima was replaced by Arthrocnemum perenne at higher elevation, where sediments were less reducing. Rapid, consistent sediment accretion confirmed the successional nature of the lagoon site but there was little net accretion in the stable sward.Census of permanent quadrats at the successional site chronicled moving concentric waves of high tiller density as tussocks expanded. Initially high densities declined after one year to low values at the end of the second year but they had almost recovered after 3 years. The decline represented a combination of reduced numbers of births and increased numbers of deaths. Tiller densities were substantially higher in the stable sward and showed relatively small fluctuations with time. The underlying risk of tiller mortality was similar in the two populations for much of the time but after two years there was increased mortality, mainly associated with flowering, at the successional site; very few tillers flowered in the sward. This mortality contributed to a shift to a younger age structure in the successional population.Data aggregated over consecutive 3-monthly periods were examined for density dependence. None was found in the successional population. In the sward population there was evidence of density-dependent adult and juvenile mortality of tillers, particularly over the first 18 months of the study, when there were compensatory responses to subtle variations in density. The lack of density dependence and relatively low peak density of about 2000 m^-2 near to the leading edges of the expanding tussocks at the successional site suggest that tiller placement there was regulated mainly by physiological mechanisms affecting rhizome growth and bud development in well integrated clones.     

Growth and cell cycle of Ulva compressa (Ulvophyceae) under LED illumination

The cell‐cycle progression of Ulva compressa is diurnally gated at the G₁ phase in accordance with light–dark cycles. The present study was designed to examine the spectral sensitivity of the G₁ gating system. When blue, red, and green light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) were used for illumination either alone or in combination, the cells divided under all illumination conditions, suggesting that all colors of light were able to open the G₁ gate. Although blue light was most effective to open the G₁ gate, red light alone or green light alone was also able to open the G₁ gate even at irradiance levels lower than the light compensation point of each color. Occurrence of a period of no cell division in the course of a day suggested that the G₁ gating system normally functioned as under ordinary illumination by cool‐white fluorescent lamps. The rise of the proportion of blue light to green light resulted in increased growth rate. On the other hand, the growth rates did not vary regardless of the proportion of blue light to red light. These results indicate that the difference in growth rate due to light color resulted from the difference in photosynthetic efficiency of the colors of light. However, the growth rates significantly decreased under conditions without blue light. This result suggests that blue light mediates cell elongation and because the spectral sensitivity of the cell elongation regulating system was different from that of the G₁ gating system, distinct photoreceptors are likely to mediate the two systems.     

大型绿藻浒苔藻段及组织块的生长和发育特征

通过将浒苔叶状体分为基部、中部和顶端三部分分别进行切段和切碎处理,在实验室条件下,用液体浅层培养的方法,系统地研究了其组织和细胞的生长和发育特性。显微观察的结果显示：切段培养条件下,基部和中部的藻段均可在其形态学下端形成假根,在形态学上端产生类似叶状体的突起。藻段的发育具极性,但是其极性并不绝对的,在1.0 mm的基部藻段两端都观察到了假根的形成。虽然顶端的藻段和组织块全都形成和释放了孢子,未见明显的营养生长,但是在培养早期,其下端仍然具有形成假根的能力。浒苔各部位藻段和组织块释放的和滞留于孢子囊内的孢子都可以立即萌发成苗。快速生长的中基部藻段形成了气囊,致使其漂浮于培养基上。有很多藻段和组织块形成和释放了生殖细胞,释放到外界以及滞留于孢子囊内的孢子均可立即附着萌发。数据分析表明：藻段的生长具有极性,不同部位相同长度的藻段生长率差异明显,基部藻段的生长率高于中部藻段,顶部藻段无明显的营养生长。藻段的生长与其原始长度和在藻体中所处的位置有密切关系;藻段和组织块的再生与藻体的完整性及其在藻体中所处的位置有关。