A histological study of the response of the interrenal cells of the goldfish (Carassius auratus) to treatment with sodium lauryl sulphate

Treatment of goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) with sub-lethal concentrations of an anionic detergent sodium lauryl sulphate for 1, 2 or 4 weeks produced histological changes in the interrenal (steroidogenic) cells of the head kidney which are indicative of a cellular activation. Significant increases in both the nuclear diameter of these cells and the number of nucleoli contained in the nuclei occurred after 1 week's treatment, although these effects were more pronounced after 2 and 4 weeks. There were little associated alterations in chromaffin cell activity. Preliminary experiments with another pollutant, zinc sulphate, suggest that it exerts a similar action to sodium lauryl sulphate on the interrenal cells. It is suggested the increases in corticosteroid production which occur after exposure of fish to sub-lethal concentrations of pollutants may be important in the development of a generalized disease syndrome and to the long-term success of fish populations.     

Effect of copper ions on hematological and cytogenetic parameters of freshwater fishes <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carassius auratus gibelio</Emphasis>

The effect of copper ions on the characteristics of white blood cells in Carassius auratus gibelio was studied. Changes in characteristics of cytogenetic instability in erythrocytes and in gill epithelial cells as a response to the effect of copper solutions were evaluated. The frequency of appearance of gill epithelial apoptotic cells was analyzed. The possibility of complex use of hematological indices and characteristics of cytogenetic instability to evaluate the effect of xenobiotics on fish organisms was shown.     

Molecular Characterization and Functional Commonality of Nucleophosmin/Nucleoplasmin in Two Cyprinid Fish

Nucleophosmin/nucleoplasmin has been studied mostly in mammals and amphibians. To clarify the characteristics and function of nucleophosmin/nucleoplasmin in teleost fish, we cloned a full-length cDNA sequence from two cyprinid fish, Carassius auratus gibelio and Carassius auratus. Molecular characterization and multiple sequence alignments suggested that they are the homologs of nucleophosmin. RT-PCR and Western blot detected a specific expression in gonads, and immunofluorescence localization revealed their distribution in oogenic and spermatogenic cells. Furthermore, a sperm decondensation function was demonstrated by immunodepletion and in vitro sperm decondensation experiments. The data suggest that the cloned nucleophosmin should share expressional and functional characterization with nucleoplasmin and therefore provide novel evidence for a functional commonality of nucleophosmin and nucleoplasmin in fish.     

Peculiarities of mitosis and nucleolar characteristics of the birch plantlets under antropogenous pollution

A study was made of some cytogenetic characteristics (mitotic activity, the level and spectrum of pathological mitosis, nucleolar features in root tip cells) in birch plantlets. The seeds were collected in four districts of Voronezh and in the ecologically clean territory. The index of mitotic activity has a considerable resistance to anthropogenous pollution. In the experimental areas, the level and spectrum of pathological mitosis increase. In contaminated areas we observed changes of nucleolar characteristics (the increased surface area of nucleoli and their higher number in cells, the increased number of cells with highly active types of nucleoli, the appearance of residual nucleoli). These changes can be considered as possible mechanisms of adaptation to stress due to antropogenous pollution. It is suggested that the use of such indices as single nucleolar surface area or the level of pathological mitosis may be perspective for cytogenetic monitoring of the environment, and for prognostification of environmental conditions suitable or unsuitable for the human health.     

表面活性剂对鱼体内铅的蓄积、分布和清除的影响

研究了重金属铅在鲫鱼体内蓄积、分布和清除规律以及阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠对鱼体内铅的蓄积、分布和清除的影响。结果表明,铅进入鲫鱼体内后,在不同部位中的分布有差异,铅的含量从高到低依次为内脏,头部,腹肌,背肌。鱼体内铅的含量随着暴露时间的延长而增大;表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠能延缓铅在鱼体内的蓄积,加快鱼体内铅的清除。鱼体内铅的清除速度比蓄积慢。     

铜镉联合胁迫处理对鲫体内重金属和组织病理的影响

采用半静态铜镉联合胁迫处理鲫(Carassius auratus), 研究铜和镉在鱼体各组织的富集以及对各组织的病理损伤。结果表明, 在鲫的肝脏、鳃丝、肠道和肌肉中均可富集铜和镉, 且铜的蓄积比镉显著。在鲫各组织中镉含量随着铜、镉浓度的增加逐渐增加, 而铜含量则呈下降趋势, 可能是镉抑制了机体对铜的吸收。在0.15 mg/L铜联合0.20 mg/L镉处理鲫14d后, 其肌肉中镉含量为0.13 mg/kg, 超出了行业标准的阈值(0.10 mg/kg)。在铜镉联合处理鲫后, 其肝组织出现血细胞聚集、脂沉积、细胞空化等症状; 鳃丝组织上皮增生、水肿和黏膜肿胀; 在肠组织中杯状细胞肿胀、柱状细胞增生、固有层出现液泡、肠黏膜糜烂、肠绒毛脱落坏死; 在肌组织中肌纤维断裂、聚集、崩溃、溶解, 同时肌纤维间隙增大。研究结果表明, 铜和镉不仅能在鲫体内富集, 而且能够对鲫各组织产生病理损伤, 且浓度越高、损伤越严重, 这主要是由于鲫体内镉浓度的升高所导致。研究可为重金属污染对鲫生长状况和食用安全性的影响分析提供数据支撑。     

Activity of nucleoli in cells of different type in early embryogenesis of Pinus sylvestris L

Early embryogeny of Pinus silvestris L. is characterized by suspensory system formation consisting of several cell generation formed by apical cell fissions. A comparative analysis was made of quantitative characteristics of nucleoli of two functionally different cell types: the apical cells of meristematic nature, and specialized cells resulting from mitotic cycle of suspensory cells. We determined the number of nucleoli and their diameters, the character of distribution and variability of these indices for cells of different types. It has been shown that in the cell cycle, changes of qualitative parameters of nucleoli in cells of secondary suspensors are most dynamic. A conclusion is made that in P. sylvestris L. early embryogeny differences in nucleolar activity and mechanisms of its regulation occur in suspensory cells of different generations. On the basis of differences in nucleolar activity observed in suspensory cells of the same generation, certain mechanisms of competition between cleavage polyembryos of this species are suggested.     

海口地区集贸市场淡水鱼华枝睾吸虫囊蚴感染调查

用直接压片法和人工消化法检查了海口集贸市场上5种淡水色(鲫色、罗非鱼、鲤鱼、土鲮色、白鲳)感染华枝睾吸虫囊蚴情况。结果表明：5种淡水色的总感染率为53．66％。其中,鲤鱼、土鲮色、鲫鱼、罗非鱼、白鲳的感染率分别为68．75％、58．82％、58．06％、48．57％和36．67％;平均每克鱼肉含囊蚴数最高的是鲫鱼(9．47个／g),平均每尾阳性鱼含囊蚴数最高的是土鲮鱼(43个／尾)。     

一种新的异育银鲫病原———腐败希瓦氏菌

【目的】江苏盐城一家养殖场的异育银鲫暴发疾病,通过对病原进行研究,旨在为该病的防治提供理论依据和参考。【方法】从病鱼体表病灶和内脏中分离出优势菌株,经人工感染试验证实为病原菌。采用传统的形态、生理生化表型鉴定与16S rDNA序列分析相结合的方法确定菌株的分类地位。运用K-B琼脂法对病原菌株进行药物敏感性测定。【结果】综合菌株形态、生理生化表型以及16S rDNA序列分析的结果,确定该分离株为腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens)。回接感染试验证实腐败希瓦氏菌即是导致此次异育银鲫发病死亡的致病原,其半数致死量(LD50)为2.1×103cfu/g。该株腐败希瓦氏菌对吡哌酸、萘啶酸、氟哌酸、氟啶酸、氟苯尼考、利福平、美满霉素、氟罗沙星、恩诺沙星、复达欣、菌必治、先锋Ⅳ、罗红霉素和左氟沙星等抗生素敏感。【结论】首次报道了异育银鲫一种新的病原,说明腐败希瓦氏菌作为一种潜在的新病原也可能会对异育银鲫的养殖造成威胁。     

Surface folds in superficial epidermal cells of three species of teleost fish

Scanning electron microscope studies of fish epidermis demonstrate whorled arrangements of microfolds on the surface of superficial epidermal cells in the following species of teleost fish: the guppyfish Poecilia reticulata (Peters), the goldfish Carassius auratus auratus (L.), and the clown anemone fish Amphiprion percula (Lacépède). The pattern is most pronounced in epidermal cells covering the scales, but is also seen in the epidermal cells of the tail and body fins. The whorled pattern was not present on the gill epithelium or the surface of the eyes. These observations differ from transmission electron microscope studies which have described the skin surface as being composed of microvilli.     

六种鲤科鱼类耳石形态以及在种类和群体识别中的应用

描述了6种鲤科鱼类的耳石形态特征,并利用耳石形态的测量性状,对其种类特征进行了判别分析。其中,对张氏(卜夕又鱼)、长鳍吻鮈、圆口铜鱼、宜昌鳅（鱼它）和鲫的判别正确率为100％,异鳔鳅（鱼它）的判别正确率为90.91％,6种鱼类的平均判别正确率达到了99.1％,说明了鱼类的耳石形态特征可以用于鉴别种类。三个区域鲫群体的平均判别正确率为68.9％,显示三个区域鲫群体的耳石形态存在一定的差别。     

池养条件下银鲫与鲫鱼的生物学特性比较及其在生产上的意义

银鲫在我国分布于黑龙江流域和新疆额尔齐斯河等水域中。在四川省池养条件下,比较了银鲫与本地鲫的形态、食性、生长、繁殖、含肉量、鱼肉营养成分和起水率等生物学特性。形态差别主要在于银鲫体型较高,头略短,侧线鳞和脊椎骨数稍多。食性相似。银鲫生长较本地鲫约快150%。银鲫在2足龄左右第一次性成熟,产卵盛期较本地鲫略晚1个月,性比为(?)34.1%(体长6.1—14.5厘米)—(?)5.95%(体长15.4—18.5厘米)。银鲫的肥满度,含肉量,鱼肉含脂量以及起水率均较本地鲫高。初步讨论了银鲫的某些生物学特性在其养殖和选育上的经济意义。       

The effects of diet and digestive cycle on the gastrointestinal tract pH values in the goldfish, Carassius auratus L., Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters), and channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)

The digestive tract pH values of the teleost fish Oreochromis mossambicus, Carassius auratus and Ictalurus punctatus were determined in fish that were (1) starved, (2) fed herbivorous, omnivorous and carnivorous diets and (3) fed altered pH diets. The digestive tract pH profile was determined throughout an 8 h cycle. The herbivorous or carnivorous nature of the diet did not affect the pH values in any of the species. Significant differences in gut pH values were observed when the fish ingested diets with altered pHs. There was a difference between the starved and baseline fed values in Carassius auratus which was not observed in the other species. The pH values in the digestive tracts of the three species varied during the digestive cycle.     

河南永城煤矿塌陷区水质对鲫鱼形态性状指标和脏器系数的影响

选择鲫鱼Carassius auratus为研究对象,以相对无煤矿污染的商丘市天沐湖为对照,以煤矿污染较严重的永城煤矿塌陷积水区为研究样地,主要研究了永城煤矿塌陷区水质对鲫鱼形态性状指标和脏器系数的影响.结果 表明,与对照天沐湖相比,永城煤矿塌陷区鲫鱼体重/全长显著减小(P＜0.05),但鲫鱼头长/全长、体长/全长、尾长/全长、体高/全长差异不显著(P＞0.05);脾脏系数显著减小(P＜0.01),头肾系数显著增大(P＜0.01),肝胰脏系数、肾脏系数、生殖腺系数差异不显著(P＞0.05).表明永城煤矿塌陷积水区长期低浓度煤矿污染对鲫鱼形态及其重要内脏器官可能造成了一定的影响.     

淮河淮南段与巢湖水质污染对鲫鱼（Carassius auratus）的毒性效应

研究了枯水期淮河淮南段及巢湖西半湖水质污染对鲫鱼的毒性效应。从淮河淮南段与巢湖采集鱼类样本,并以未受人为污染的安丰塘鱼类为对照,分析了鲫鱼肝脏丙二醛（Malondialdehyde,MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide dismutase,SOD）活性、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（Glutathione S-transferase,GST）活性、7-乙氧基异吩恶唑-O-脱乙基酶（7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase,EROD）活性及DNA单链损伤情况,结果表明,淮河淮南段鲫鱼肝脏MDA含量、SOD活性、GST活性、EROD活性均高于对照组,分别是对照组的2.88、1.48、2.03和3.93倍;巢湖鲫鱼肝脏MDA含量、SOD活性、EROD活性均高于对照组,分别是对照组的2.28、1.85和2.74倍。肝细胞DNA单链断裂的测定显示淮河淮南段与巢湖的水质污染均对鲫鱼有遗传毒性。     

滇池高背鲫和方正银鲫酯酶、乳酸脱氢酶同工酶的比较研究

本研究以方正银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch)普通鲫(Carassius auratus)和滇池高背鲫(Carassius sp.)的各种组织器官为材料,进行酯酶(Esterase)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同工酶电泳图谱的分析比较。结果表明:9种不同组织中酯酶同工酶谱带各不相同,有明显的组织特异性。滇池高背鲫的酯酶谱图有3种表型。方正银鲫和滇池高背鲫同一组织的LDH同工酶酶谱也有明显差异。等电聚焦凝胶电泳(T=7.5％,C=5％)的结果又表明这二种鱼的肝脏、脑、卵的酯酶同工酶酶谱及电泳扫描图亦有差异。这些结果揭示滇池高背鲫与方正银鲫至少在生化水平上已有明显的分化,很可能起源于不同的地区,由不同的祖先,独立演化而形成。滇池高背鲫与云南普通鲫的LDH酶谱较为接近,这说明滇池高背鲫最可能起源于云南本地的普通鲫。     

Correlation of nucleolar activity and nucleolar vacuolation in plant cells

In root meristematic cells nucleolar structure varies with the cell cycle. Apart from normal meristematic nucleoli one finds nucleoli with a big central vacuole surrounded by a loose cortex with individual fibrillar centres [22] clearly visible within it. There are also intermediate structures between both nucleolar types. In Pisum sativum nuclear tissue, the structure of the vacuolated nucleoli is similar and appears in periods of high metabolic activity during megasporogenesis. In both tissues, vacuolated nucleoli incorporate tritiated uridine more actively than 'normal' nucleoli. In this work the structure of spontaneous nucleolar vacuoles is compared with that induced by drugs such as cordycepin, and FUdR. The vacuolated nucleolus with its increased surface corresponds to a transient structure which not only shows higher metabolic activity but also supplies a storing and/or transporting mechanism for nucleolar products.     

抚河源自然保护区鱼类群落结构及主要物种生长特征

基于2018年5月和7月对江西省抚河源自然保护区的鱼类资源调查数据, 研究了该保护区鱼类群落结构及主要物种生长特征。结果显示, 该保护区鱼类共有4目9科18属20种, 其中鲤形目鱼类最多, 占总种数的55%。优势种为侧条光唇鱼(Acrossocheilus parallens)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus)。保护区主要以肉食性和杂食性、底层性、定居性鱼类为主。物种多样性分析显示, 杨溪港鱼类多样性指数和丰富度指数最高(H′=1.52; D=2.07), 天井溪鱼类多样性指数和丰富度指数最低(H′=0.84; D=0.99)。主要鱼类的体长体重线性回归拟合方程式分析显示, 侧条光唇鱼(b=2.903)、鲫(b=3.039)和马口鱼(Opsariichthys bidens)(b=2.994)呈等速增长, 银(Squalidus argentatus, b=2.459)和宽鳍鱲(b=3.398)呈异速增长。β多样性分析显示, 杨溪港与桐斜河(β_r=12.3)、横路河(β_r=10.8)、天井溪(β_r=11.6)间的生境差异较大, 鱼类物种分化较大。相似性分析显示, 洪水坑与桐斜河(C_j=0.09)、天井溪(C_j=0.13)、胡洋溪(C_j=0.14)间的鱼类物种组成相似性较低。研究结果补充了保护区鱼类群落结构和主要鱼类生长特征的基础资料, 为抚河源自然保护区鱼类资源的保护和管理提供理论依据。     

Morphological changes of the nucleolus during oogenesis in oviparous teleost fish, Barbus barbus (L.)

In fishes, like in amphibians, it is well established that variations in rRNA activity occur during oogenesis. Contrary to amphibians, however, little is known about the ultrastructural changes of the nucleolus during fish oogenesis. Evolution of the nucleolus has been followed during oogenesis in the teleost fish Barbus barbus (L.) using light and transmission electron microscopies. We show that the behaviour of the nucleolus during B. barbus oogenesis resembles that reported in amphibians but also presents several peculiarities. The most striking feature is the marked vacuolization of nucleoli occurs at the beginning of the growth during previtellogenesis. The results obtained by means of the in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-immunogold method for detecting DNA seem further to indicate that the chromatin cap becomes integrated into developing nucleoli during previtellogenesis and then segregate at the periphery of nucleoli at the end of glycoproteinic vitellogenesis. Our study also shows that the nucleoli of germ cells, like that of follicle cells, are devoid of fibrillar centre but comprise a fibrillar and a granular component whatever the oogenetic stage. Ultrastructural detection of DNA and nucleolar proteins (AgNOR proteins, fibrillarin, and pp135) supports further the view that the Barbus nucleolus is a bipartite structure.