Structural basis of the LOV1 dimerization of Arabidopsis phototropins 1 and 2

Phototropin (phot) is a blue-light receptor protein that triggers phototropic responses, chloroplast relocation, and stomata opening to maximize the efficiency of photosynthesis in higher plants. Phot is composed of three functional domains. The N-terminal half folds into two light-oxygen-voltage-sensing domains called LOV1 and LOV2, each binding a flavin mononucleotide to absorb blue light. The C-terminal half is a serine/threonine kinase domain that causes light-dependent autophosphorylation leading to cellular signaling cascades. LOV2 domain is primarily responsible for activation of the kinase, and LOV1 domain is thought to act as a dimerization site and to regulate sensitivity to activation by blue light. Here we show the crystal structures of LOV1 domains of Arabidopsis phot1 and phot2 in the dark at resolutions of 2.1 Å and 2.0 Å, respectively. Either LOV1 domain forms a dimer through face-to-face association of β-scaffolds in the crystallographic asymmetric unit. Three types of interactions stabilizing the dimer structures found are as follows: contacts of side chains in their β-scaffolds, hydrophobic interactions of a short helix found in the N-terminus of a subunit with the β-scaffolds of both subunits, and hydrogen bonds mediated by hydration water molecules filling the dimer interface. The critical residues for dimerization are Cys261, forming a disulfide bridge between subunits in phot1-LOV1 domain, and Thr217 and Met232 in phot2-LOV1. The topology in homodimeric associations of the LOV1 domains is discussed when referring to those of homodimers or heterodimers of light-oxygen-voltage-sensing or Per-ARNT-Sim domains. The present results also provide clues to understanding structural basis in dimeric interactions of Per-ARNT-Sim protein modules in cellular signaling.     

Crystallographic and Biochemical Analysis of the Ran-binding Zinc Finger Domain

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) resides in circular openings within the nuclear envelope and serves as the sole conduit to facilitate nucleocytoplasmic transport in eukaryotes. The asymmetric distribution of the small G protein Ran across the nuclear envelope regulates directionality of protein transport. Ran interacts with the NPC of metazoa via two asymmetrically localized components, Nup153 at the nuclear face and Nup358 at the cytoplasmic face. Both nucleoporins contain a stretch of distinct, Ran-binding zinc finger domains. Here, we present six crystal structures of Nup153-zinc fingers in complex with Ran and a 1.48 Å crystal structure of RanGDP. Crystal engineering allowed us to obtain well diffracting crystals so that all ZnF-Ran complex structures are refined to high resolution. Each of the four zinc finger modules of Nup153 binds one Ran molecule in apparently non-allosteric fashion. The affinity is measurably higher for RanGDP than for RanGTP and varies modestly between the individual zinc fingers. By microcalorimetric and mutational analysis, we determined that one specific hydrogen bond accounts for most of the differences in the binding affinity of individual zinc fingers. Genomic analysis reveals that only in animals do NPCs contain Ran-binding zinc fingers. We speculate that these organisms evolved a mechanism to maintain a high local concentration of Ran at the vicinity of the NPC, using this zinc finger domain as a sink.     

Crystal Structure of the Mycoplasma arthritidis-Derived Mitogen in Apo Form Reveals a 3D Domain-Swapped Dimer

Mycoplasma arthritidis-derived mitogen (MAM) is a superantigen that can activate large fractions of T cells bearing particular Vβ elements of T cell receptor. Here, we report the crystal structure of a MAM mutant K201A in apo form (unliganded) at 2.8-Å resolutions. We also partially refined the crystal structures of the MAM wild type and another MAM mutant L50A in apo forms at low resolutions. Unexpectedly, the structures of these apo MAM molecules display a three-dimensional domain-swapped dimer. The entire C-terminal domains of these MAM molecules are involved in the domain swapping. Functional analyses demonstrated that the K201A and L50A mutants do not show altered ability to bind to their host receptors and that they stimulate the activation of T cells as efficiently as does the wild type. Structural comparisons indicated that the “reconstituted” MAM monomer from the domain-swapped dimer displays large differences at the hinge regions from the MAM_wt molecule in the receptor-bound form. Further comparison indicated that MAM has a flexible N-terminal loop, implying that conformational changes could occur upon receptor binding.     

真核生物中锌指蛋白的结构与功能

真核生物中的许多蛋白质分子包含锌指结构区,这类蛋白称为锌指蛋白.锌指蛋白因其包含特殊的指状结构,在对DNA、蛋白质和RNA的识别和结合中起重要作用.许多锌指蛋白的锌指结构域包含能与DNA特异结合的区域,并与某些效应结构域（如KRAB、SCAN、BTB/POZ、SNAG、SANT和PLAG等）相连,这类锌指蛋白常作为转录因子起作用,可调控靶基因的转录.一些锌指蛋白包含蛋白质识别结构域（如LIM锌指、MYND锌指、PHD锌指和RING锌指等）,它们能够特异地介导蛋白质之间的相互作用,因此被称作蛋白适配器.此外,某些锌指蛋白还可以结合RNA,起转录后调控作用.本文就锌指蛋白与DNA、RNA以及蛋白质分子间的相互作用作一综述.     

Crystal structure of the C-terminal domain of a flagellar hook-capping protein from Xanthomonas campestris

The crystal structure of the C-terminal domain of a hook-capping protein FlgD from the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris (Xc) has been determined to a resolution of ca 2.5 Å using X-ray crystallography. The monomer of whole FlgD comprises 221 amino acids with a molecular mass of 22.7 kDa, but the flexible N-terminus is cleaved for up to 75 residues during crystallization. The final structure of the C-terminal domain reveals a novel hybrid comprising a tudor-like domain interdigitated with a fibronectin type III domain. The C-terminal domain of XcFlgD forms three types of dimers in the crystal. In agreement with this, analytical ultracentrifugation and gel filtration experiments reveal that they form a stable dimer in solution. From these results, we propose that the Xc flagellar hook cap protein FlgD comprises two individual domains, a flexible N-terminal domain that cannot be detected in the current study and a stable C-terminal domain that forms a stable dimer.     

PLZF与哺乳动物雄性生殖干细胞的发育分化

早幼粒细胞白血病锌指蛋白（promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger,PLZF）,也被称为ZBTB16(zinc finger and BTB domain containing 16,ZBTB16)或锌指蛋白145(zinc finger protein 145,ZFP145),是我国学者发现与人类疾病相关的蛋白质.人类PLZF的是由673个氨基酸残基组成的转录抑制因子,属于蛋白质超家族. 该超家族以N端的BTB/POZ（bric-à-brac, tramtrack, brad complex(BTB)/poxvirus zinc finger (POZ) domain）结构为特征. PLZF蛋白的BTB/POZ结构与个体发育、胚胎发生、染色体的重构等事件相关.近年发现,PLZF在哺乳动物雄性生殖干细胞（male germline stem cells,mGSCs）发育分化过程中也发挥重要作用.探讨PLZF的生物学功能和作用机制,将有助于理解其在mGSCs发育过程中的重要作用. 本文就PLZF在维持mGSCs自我更新和在发育分化调控中的作用给予综述.     

A Structural Basis for the Regulatory Inactivation of DnaA

Regulatory inactivation of DnaA is dependent on Hda (homologous to DnaA), a protein homologous to the AAA+ (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) ATPase region of the replication initiator DnaA. When bound to the sliding clamp loaded onto duplex DNA, Hda can stimulate the transformation of active DnaA-ATP into inactive DnaA-ADP. The crystal structure of Hda from Shewanella amazonensis SB2B at 1.75 Å resolution reveals that Hda resembles typical AAA+ ATPases. The arrangement of the two subdomains in Hda (residues 1-174 and 175-241) differs dramatically from that of DnaA. A CDP molecule anchors the Hda domains in a conformation that promotes dimer formation. The Hda dimer adopts a novel oligomeric assembly for AAA+ proteins in which the arginine finger, crucial for ATP hydrolysis, is fully exposed and available to hydrolyze DnaA-ATP through a typical AAA+ type of mechanism. The sliding clamp binding motifs at the N-terminus of each Hda monomer are partially buried and combine to form an antiparallel β-sheet at the dimer interface. The inaccessibility of the clamp binding motifs in the CDP-bound structure of Hda suggests that conformational changes are required for Hda to form a functional complex with the clamp. Thus, the CDP-bound Hda dimer likely represents an inactive form of Hda.     

逆境相关植物锌指蛋白的研究进展

锌是植物必需的营养元素,锌指蛋白因其具有指状结构特征且能结合Zn2 而得名,植物锌指蛋白包含特有的QALGGH保守结构,可能涉及调控植物特有的生物学功能。人们已经从拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)、矮牵牛(Petunia hybrida Vilm)、水稻(Oryza sativa)、大豆(Glycine max)、棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)等植物中克隆了许多编码锌指蛋白的基因,并对其结构及功能进行了研究。利用转基因技术,将一些与逆境胁迫相关的锌指蛋白基因在目标植物中过量表达后,能对植物起到增强抗逆性的作用,说明锌指蛋白在增强植物逆境抗性方面有着广阔的应用前景。     

新基因水稻 OsLSD1 的克隆及拟南芥和水稻类 LSD1 基因家族的生物信息学分析

类 LSD1 (LSD1-like) 基因家族是一类特殊的 C2C2 型锌指蛋白基因,编码植物特有的转录因子 . 目前已经研究的 2 个成员拟南芥 LSD1 (lesions stimulating disease resistance 1) 和 LOL1 (LSD-One-Like 1) 基因均参与植物细胞程序化死亡 (programmed cell death, PCD) 的调控 . 从水稻 cDNA 文库中克隆到 1 个类 LSD1 基因,命名为 OsLSD1. 该基因长 988 bp ,包含一个 432 bp 的开放阅读框,推导的氨基酸序列 (143 个氨基酸 ) 含有 3 个内部保守的锌指结构域 . DNA 印迹结果表明 OsLSD1 基因在水稻基因组中为单拷贝,且在根、茎和叶中表达 . 借助于生物信息学分析技术,从拟南芥和水稻数据库中各识别出 5 个和 7 个 ( 包括 OsLSD1) 类 LSD1 基因 . 分析了这些类 LSD1 基因的结构,蛋白质结构域组成 . 系统进化分析表明,无论基于编码区的核苷酸或氨基酸序列都可以将这些类 LSD1 基因分为 2 类 . 虽然不存在拟南芥或水稻特有的类 LSD1 蛋白,但有些结构域是水稻所特有的,也有些基因是来源于复制事件 .     

Two structures of a lambda Cro variant highlight dimer flexibility but disfavor major dimer distortions upon specific binding of cognate DNA

Previously reported crystal structures of free and DNA-bound dimers of λ Cro differ strongly (about 4 Å backbone rmsd), suggesting both flexibility of the dimer interface and induced-fit protein structure changes caused by sequence-specific DNA binding. Here, we present two crystal structures, in space groups P3₂21 and C2 at 1.35 and 1.40 Å resolution, respectively, of a variant of λ Cro with three mutations in its recognition helix (Q27P/A29S/K32Q, or PSQ for short). One dimer structure (P3₂21; PSQ form 1) resembles the DNA-bound wild-type Cro dimer (1.0 Å backbone rmsd), while the other (C2; PSQ form 2) resembles neither unbound (3.6 Å) nor bound (2.4 Å) wild-type Cro. Both PSQ form 2 and unbound wild-type dimer crystals have a similar interdimer β-sheet interaction between the β1 strands at the edges of the dimer. In the former, an infinite, open β-structure along one crystal axis results, while in the latter, a closed tetrameric barrel is formed. Neither the DNA-bound wild-type structure nor PSQ form 1 contains these interdimer interactions. We propose that β-sheet superstructures resulting from crystal contact interactions distort Cro dimers from their preferred solution conformation, which actually resembles the DNA-bound structure. These results highlight the remarkable flexibility of λ Cro but also suggest that sequence-specific DNA binding may not induce large changes in the protein structure.     

真菌中锌簇蛋白的结构和功能

锌簇家族蛋白即Zn₂Cys₆类锌指蛋白,是真菌中特有的一类蛋白,它们属于转录因子类,广泛参与真菌中初级和次级代谢、胁迫应答和细胞分裂等生命活动的调控。锌簇蛋白主要包括N端的DNA结合结构域、中间的调节结构域和C端的酸性区域,其中DNA结合结构域包含锌指基序并负责结合靶基因的启动子。目前已经解析了多个锌簇家族转录因子DNA结合结构域的三维结构,并发现该家族中一些蛋白能够参与调控多个基因的表达,但缺乏对其结构、动力学和功能关系的全面分析。本文综合分析了不同锌簇蛋白与DNA结合的结构特征,总结其结构域与功能的关系,指出锌簇蛋白研究的重要方向,旨在为锌簇家族蛋白的深入研究提供思路。