肌肉生长抑制素对脂肪细胞生长发育和脂代谢的调控

肌肉生长抑制素(MSTN)对骨骼肌生长的抑制作用已得到证实,但其调控脂肪组织的作用还不是十分清楚。本文综述了MSTN调控脂肪细胞生长发育和脂代谢的相关机制和可能研究趋势。     

鱼类肌肉生长抑制素研究进展

肌肉的分化、生长和发育是动物生长发育的重要环节和过程,肌肉也是动物为人类提供的食品的主要成分。肌肉的生长和发育在不同层次受许多因素的影响,如环境(气候、营养等因素) 、激素和分子水平的调控。       

骨骼肌生长调控信号通路

骨骼肌能够根据环境刺激的变化改变其质量,可以通过细胞融合或提高蛋白质水平来增加它的大小。介绍了参与骨骼肌生长发育调控的两个关键性信号通路——胰岛素样生长因子1和肌肉生长抑制素信号通路中新的且重要的研究结果,这对于了解肌肉的发育和成年期肌肉稳态的维持,并寻找肌肉相关疾病潜在的治疗靶点非常有意义。     

内皮细胞抑制素的研究进展

内皮细胞抑制素是一种新发现的特异的血管内皮细胞增殖抑制剂,它可以有效地抑制内皮细胞生长,对肿瘤血管形成具有强烈的抑制作用,在抗实体瘤方面有显著的效果。本文就它的发现、结构、生物学活性、作用机理及研究进展进行综述。     

松江鲈肌肉生长抑制素基因克隆和序列特征分析

肌肉生长抑制素(myostatin)属于转化生长因子β(TGF-β)超家族中的一个成员,是控制骨骼肌生长发育的重要细胞因子.该研究以松江鲈肌肉总RNA为模板,采用RT-PCR、5'-RACE和3'-RACE的方法,获得了松江鲈MSTN基因的3个片段,测序后拼接得到2568 bp全长cDNA序列,其包含了1131个核苷酸的开放性阅读框,翻译编码376个氨基酸.松江鲈MSTN具有MSTN的共同特征,有蛋白酶水解位点RARR和10个保守的半胱氨酸残基:核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分析发现,松江鲈MSTN基因序列与石首鱼、条纹狼鲈、美洲白鲈、金眼石鮨等同源性较高;与哺乳动物和鸟类同源性较低.系统发育分析表明,松江鲈MSTN与石首鱼亲缘关系最近.RT-PCR分析表明,该基因在肌肉表达量最高;在肠中也有较高表达:在脑和肿脏中也能检测到表达.此结果表明,松江鲈MSTN基因除对肌肉生长发育有调控作用以外,可能还有其他功能.     

酵母表达肌肉生长抑制素前肽发酵工艺的优化

突变型肌肉生长抑制素前肽（MMP）在治疗肌肉萎缩症和培育多肌肉牲畜上有着广泛的应用前景。以重组表达MMP的毕赤酵母工程菌为模式,对该工程菌在30L发酵灌中培养与诱导备件进行优化,建立该表达系统大规模发酵的最佳生产条件,以期荻得最短的发酵时间和最低的生产损耗。毕赤酵母发酵过程通常分为3个阶段：分批培养（基础培养）阶段、分批补料培养阶段、诱导阶段。对发酵过程的第2与第3阶段进行了优化。通过分步提高甘油流加速度：以20mL／L·h^-1的速度流加5h、以30mL／L·h^-1的速度流加5h、以50mL／L·h^-1速度流加14h,并通入纯氧气,维持60％的溶氧度,使甘油流加阶段的时间从常规的48h缩短至24h,即只需24h即可达到常规方法48h才能达到的菌体密度。在诱导表达阶段,通过甘油与甲醇的交替流加,同时对发酵液中甲醇含量的实时监测,保持甲醇的浓度不超过0．5％的高限,使诱导的时间从常规的72h缩短至36h,而且表达量提高了约1倍。优化后,整个发酵周期从120～148h缩短至72～80h,显著提高了MMP蛋白的生产效率。     

不同品种猪肌肉生长抑制素基因单核苷酸多态性分析

用PCR-RFLPs和PCR-SSCP分析方法,对"双肌臀”大白猪、大白猪、长白猪、杜洛克、汉普夏、皮特兰、二花脸、东北民猪、湖北白猪和部分杂交猪等不同品种猪肌肉生长抑制素基因3＇编码区、5＇调控区及内含子1区3个单核苷酸多态性位点(SNPs)进行了分析.结果表明,3＇编码区的SNP发生的频率较低,在274头猪中未检出突变纯合体.对5＇调控区的SNP,引进猪种(大白猪、长白猪、杜洛克、汉普夏和皮特兰)及其杂交猪以等位基因T为主,二花脸和湖北白猪则以等位基因A为主,均偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P＜0.01).东北民猪的3种基因型近乎相等,处于Hardy-Weinberg衡状态.对内含子1区的SNP,大白猪及其与长白猪的杂交猪等位基因G占优势,二花脸和湖北白猪则以等位基因A为主,均偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P＜0.01);东北民猪和大二猪的等位基因G和A近乎相等,处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态."双肌臀”大白猪在5＇调控区和内含子1区这两个位点的A等位基因稍高于普通大白猪.5＇调控区和内含子1区SNPs所产生的等位基因表现出连锁遗传现象.     

肌肉生长抑制素基因在哺乳动物中的最新研究进展

肌肉生长抑制素（myostatin,MSTN）,也称为生长分化因子8（GDF8）,是转化生长因子β（TGF-β）超家族成员,主要在骨骼肌中表达,在负向调控肌细胞的生长发育中起关键作用。本文对MSTN研究的最新进展进行了综述,讨论了MSTN信号通路与其他通路之间的相互关系,重点阐述了试验条件下MSTN对肌肉发育相关基因的作用,介绍了通过基因操作或使用抗体的方法抑制MSTN的表达对于提高动物产肉量、治疗肌肉萎缩等疾病以及延缓衰老的重要意义。     

猪肌肉生长抑制素基因侧翼区新微卫星标记的鉴定及分析

提取包含猪肌肉生长抑制素基因的BAC克隆,以EcoRⅠ进行酶切并回收其中大于4kh的酶切产物,连接到pGEM-3zf( )载体后得到了亚克隆。测序分析表明,插入片段不属于猪肌肉生长抑制素基因的一部分,但其中包含13拷贝的(TG)n重复。以该重复序列的侧翼设计引物对猪的基因组进行分析,得到了PCR扩增产物。对一个“双肌臀”大白猪家系进行PCR扩增及非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶分析的结果表明,该位点以并显性方式遗传,是一个新的微卫星标记。对莱芜猪、长白猪、大白猪、杜洛克、皮特兰、民猪和二花脸7个品种的381个无关个体的检测均显示该基因座只有两个等位基因,重复数分别为13和19,是一种多态性较低的微卫星标记。与包含该基因的序列(AY208121)比对分析表明,该微卫星属于肌肉生长抑制素基因(MSTN)侧翼区的一个分子标记,在猪肉用性状QTL的精细定位和MSTN功能分析中将发挥重要作用。     

Sepsis downregulates myostatin mRNA levels without altering myostatin protein levels in skeletal muscle

Myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle mass and has been reported to be upregulated in several conditions characterized by muscle atrophy. The influence of sepsis on myostatin expression and activity is poorly understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that sepsis upregulates the expression and downstream signaling of myostatin in skeletal muscle. Because sepsis‐induced muscle wasting is at least in part regulated by glucocorticoids, we also determined the influence of glucocorticoids on myostatin expression. Sepsis was induced in rats by cecal ligation and puncture and control rats were sham‐operated. In other experiments, rats were injected intraperitoneally with dexamethasone (10 mg/kg) or corresponding volume of vehicle. Surprisingly, myostatin mRNA levels were reduced and myostatin protein levels were unchanged in muscles from septic rats. Muscle levels of activin A, follistatin, and total and phosphorylated Smad2 (p‐Smad2) were not influenced by sepsis, suggesting that myostatin downstream signaling was not altered during sepsis. Interestingly, total and p‐Smad3 levels were increased in septic muscle, possibly reflecting altered signaling through pathways other than myostatin. Similar to sepsis, treatment of rats with dexamethasone reduced myostatin mRNA levels and did not alter myostatin protein levels. Fasting, an additional condition characterized by muscle wasting, reduced myostatin mRNA and activin A protein levels, increased myostatin protein, and did not influence follistatin and p‐Smad2 levels. Of note, total and p‐Smad3 levels were reduced in muscle during fasting. The results suggest that sepsis and glucocorticoids do not upregulate the expression and activity of myostatin in skeletal muscle. The role of myostatin may vary between different conditions characterized by muscle wasting. Downstream signaling through Smad2 and 3 is probably regulated not only by myostatin but by other mechanisms as well. J. Cell. Biochem. 111: 1059–1073, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

组织器官通讯对骨骼肌发育的作用及调控机制研究进展

骨骼肌是动物机体最重要的器官之一,研究骨骼肌发育调控机制对于肌肉相关疾病的诊断以及家畜肉质的改善都有着重要意义。骨骼肌发育调控是一个复杂的过程,受到大量肌肉分泌因子和信号通路的调节。此外,为了维持体内代谢稳态并最大限度地利用能量,机体协调多个组织器官形成了复杂而又精密的代谢调控网络,对于调控骨骼肌发育也发挥着重要的作用。随着组学技术的发展,人们对于组织器官通讯的潜在机制进行了深入研究。本文综述了脂肪组织、神经组织、肠道等组织器官通讯对于骨骼肌发育的影响,以期为靶向调控骨骼肌发育提供理论基础。     

The single nucleotide polymorphisms of the chicken myostatin gene are associated with skeletal muscle and adipose growth

Myostatin, a new member of the TGF-ß superfamily, is predominantly expressed in skeletal muscle cells and functions as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth in animals. Recently, we have reported three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the chicken myostatin gene. Herein, we investigate the association of those SNPs with the production traits in a F₂ chicken line derived from Broilers crossing to Silky with the least square analysis. The results show that the BB and AA genotypes are strongly associated with abdominal fat weight (AFW), abdominal fat percentage (AFP), and birth weight (BW) (P < 0.05). Breast muscle percentage (BMP) of the AA type is higher than that of the AB type. The breast muscle weight and breast muscle percentages of F₂ individuals have significant difference between CC and DD genotypes (P < 0.05). Breast muscle weight (BMW) of EF birds is higher than that of EE birds (P < 0.05). In this report, we present the first genetic evidence to show that chicken myostatin not only plays an important role in controlling skeletal muscle growth and differentiation, but also may be involved in regulation of adipose growth in chicken.     

LncRNA调控骨骼肌发育的分子机制及其在家养动物中的研究进展

骨骼肌是维持机体功能必不可少的组织,与家养动物的产肉率等重要经济性状密切相关。近年来,高通量测序鉴定了大量与骨骼肌生成相关的长链非编码RNA (long non-coding RNA, lncRNA),它们可作为调节因子在表观调控、转录调控以及转录后调控等多个层面调控基因表达。lncRNA通过靶向关键因子参与调控骨骼肌发育的各个环节,包括骨骼肌干细胞增殖、迁移、分化,成肌细胞增殖、分化、肌管融合,肌纤维肥大和纤维类型转换等过程。本文重点归纳了lncRNA在人和小鼠骨骼肌发育中的分子调控机制,介绍了lncRNA的研究方法,综述了lncRNA在家养动物骨骼肌发育中的研究进展,分析了目前家养动物lncRNA研究所面临的困难和挑战,最后展望了未来家养动物lncRNA研究的方向,以期为进一步阐明骨骼肌生长发育的分子调控机制提供参考。     

猪的骨骼肌生长发育研究进展

瘦肉率对生猪产业来说是一个极其重要的经济指标,而这一指标完全取决于骨骼肌的生长发育。因此,猪骨骼肌生长发育机理的研究是十分必要的。然而,在早期由于各种因素的限制,猪骨骼肌单个基因的研究一直进展缓慢;相反,以小鼠为模型,其骨骼肌单基因的功能研究却取得了较大进展。在这一时期,影响肌决定和肌分化的基因,如MRFs家族和MEF2家族相继被发现,这些基因在猪的肌肉发育中也发挥着同样的作用。然而,这些结果并不能很好地揭示骨骼肌发育过程中复杂的基因间互作关系。随着近年来芯片和测序技术的不断发展,更多人试图从整个转录谱的水平来阐述猪肌肉发育的分子机理,并且也取得了较大的进展。为了对猪骨骼肌生长发育有一个更为清晰的认识,该文将以目前猪骨骼肌生长发育研究结果为基础,同时结合模式动物小鼠骨骼肌单基因的研究成果,对猪的骨骼肌生长发育分子调控机理进行详细的阐述。     

The single nucleotide polymorphisms of the chicken myostatin gene are associated with skeletal muscle and adipose growth

Myostatin, a new member of the TGF-p superfamily, is predominantly expressed in skeletal muscle cells and functions as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth in animals. Recently, we have reported three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the chicken my-ostatin gene. Herein, we investigate the association of those SNPs with the production traits in a F2 chicken line derived from Broilers crossing to Silky with the least square analysis. The results show that the BB and AA genotypes are strongly associated with abdominal fat weight (AFW), abdominal fat percentage (AFP), and birth weight (BW) (P < 0.05). Breast muscle percentage (BMP) of the AA type is higher than that of the AB type. The breast muscle weight and breast muscle percentages of F2 individuals have significant difference between CC and DD genotypes (P< 0.05). Breast muscle weight (BMW) of EF birds is higher than that of EE birds (P< 0.05). In this report, we present the first genetic evidence to show that chicken myostatin not o     

MicroRNA调控哺乳动物骨骼肌发育

MicroRNA (miRNA)是一类长度大约为22 bp的小分子非编码RNA,广泛存在于哺乳动物中,部分miRNA表达具有时空和组织特异性。哺乳动物中miRNA主要通过与靶基因3° UTR区结合抑制其翻译,调控机体生物学功能。miRNA在哺乳动物骨骼肌发育中发挥重要调节作用。哺乳动物骨骼肌发育是一个复杂的生物学过程,包括骨骼肌干细胞增殖、迁移、分化,成肌细胞增殖、分化、肌管融合,肌纤维肥大,能量代谢,纤维类型转换等。miRNA参与骨骼肌发育的各个环节,通过靶向各个时期的关键因子调控骨骼肌发育。本文对miRNA在骨骼肌发育中的调控作用进行了综述,以期为深入理解骨骼肌发育规律提供参考。     

Haploinsufficiency of myostatin protects against aging‐related declines in muscle function and enhances the longevity of mice

The molecular mechanisms behind aging-related declines in muscle function are not well understood, but the growth factor myostatin (MSTN) appears to play an important role in this process. Additionally, epidemiological studies have identified a positive correlation between skeletal muscle mass and longevity. Given the role of myostatin in regulating muscle size, and the correlation between muscle mass and longevity, we tested the hypotheses that the deficiency of myostatin would protect oldest-old mice (28–30 months old) from an aging-related loss in muscle size and contractility, and would extend the maximum lifespan of mice. We found that MSTN^+/− and MSTN^−/− mice were protected from aging-related declines in muscle mass and contractility. While no differences were detected between MSTN^+/+ and MSTN^−/− mice, MSTN^+/− mice had an approximately 15% increase in maximal lifespan. These results suggest that targeting myostatin may protect against aging-related changes in skeletal muscle and contribute to enhanced longevity.