哺乳动物病毒共受体的特征研究

为了探究哺乳动物病毒共受体间的共性特征,本研究基于ViralReceptor数据库中收集的哺乳动物病毒-受体相互作用关系,共收集277对病毒共受体组合,从结构、功能、进化和组织表达等方面对这些病毒共受体进行系统分析,并与来源于不同哺乳动物的病毒受体组合以及随机挑选的人类蛋白组合进行比较。结果显示,哺乳动物病毒共受体相较于其他蛋白组合,彼此间有更高的功能相似性,在宿主蛋白相互作用网络中相互作用的比例更高,在人体常见组织中的共表达水平更高。研究表明,哺乳动物病毒共受体具有功能、表达和互作等共性特征。期望此结果能为病毒受体的发现和鉴定等研究提供参考。     

昆虫血清素受体蛋白的生物信息学分析

【目的】昆虫血清素(5-羟色胺)受体已知有5个亚型。本文旨在系统分析昆虫5-羟色胺受体亚型蛋白的结构和进化关系。【方法】首先对文献报道已明确亚型7种昆虫的5-羟色胺受体(23个亚型序列)进行生物信息学分析,然后采用多序列比对和进化树构建的方法对NCBI数据库中推测可能为昆虫5-羟色胺受体蛋白序列进行分析。【结果】发现47个推测是昆虫5-羟色胺受体的蛋白序列中,有40个蛋白序列属于昆虫5-羟色胺受体,其余7个未能确认的昆虫5-羟色胺受体的蛋白序列都具有7个跨膜区域,属于G蛋白偶联受体家族,但不一定为5-羟色胺受体。【结论】本文对昆虫5-羟色胺受体蛋白的系统进化树分析,间接地证明了本文确认的昆虫5-羟色胺受体亚型注释信息的准确性,发现分类上同属一个目的昆虫5-HT受体序列的亲缘性较近。本研究为昆虫5-羟色胺受体的结构和功能分析提供基础。     

生物信息学分析人类病毒互作广谱蛋白的特征

了解病毒与人类蛋白的相互作用对于理解病毒感染宿主机制非常重要,已有研究主要集中在病毒如何进入宿主细胞、复制、扩散和致病等方向上,对病毒与人类蛋白的相互作用模式缺乏系统研究。本研究中我们构建了迄今为止最全面的病毒与人类之间的蛋白相互作用网络,涵盖来自218种病毒的1 674种蛋白与来自人类的13 724种蛋白的108 832对蛋白相互作用;在此基础上鉴定出109个至少与12种病毒家族存在蛋白相互作用的人类蛋白,定义为人类的病毒互作广谱蛋白（简称广谱蛋白）;从结构、功能、蛋白互作网络以及组织表达量等四个方面系统地分析了广谱蛋白的特征,发现广谱蛋白相较于非广谱蛋白以及其它人类蛋白具有更密集的转角结构、更多的结构域、更高的网络中心度和组织表达量,表明它们可能在病毒感染宿主过程中起着重要作用。本研究有助于加深我们对于病毒感染人类模式的理解,同时也对进一步探究病毒与疾病之间的关联有一定的帮助。     

大熊猫嗅觉受体基因家族的生物信息学分析

嗅觉受体(OR)在嗅觉系统识别气味的过程中起关键作用,哺乳动物OR蛋白由其最大的多基因家族编码。本研究深入分析了大熊猫Ailuropoda melanoleuca的OR基因家族,结果显示大熊猫有1 048个OR基因,包括645个完整基因、219个假基因和184个片段基因。大熊猫的OR基因根据序列相似性可划分为22个家族、240个亚家族,平均每个亚家族的成员不足5个,表明大熊猫的OR基因家族具有丰富的序列多样性。基于大熊猫、北极熊Ursus maritimus、家犬Canis lupus familiaris和小鼠Mus musculus的OR蛋白序列的多物种聚类分析显示它们具有267个直系同源基因簇,而大熊猫没有特有的OR基因,表明其嗅觉特异性不明显。大熊猫OR基因的数量明显比其近亲北极熊的少,显示其在进化过程中丢失了大量OR基因,这可能与其食性的显著改变有关。     

锦鲤浮肿病毒热休克蛋白的生物信息学分析

锦鲤浮肿病毒（carp edema virus,CEV）的热休克蛋白70(heat shock protein 70,HSP70)是一种结构上高度保守的多肽,能够通过易化变性蛋白的修复、帮助多肽键进行折叠和伸展、纠正折叠错误的多肽链等方式来恢复细胞功能和结构,具有“分子伴侣”的功能。HSP70存在于生物界各种生物之中,对其进行进化树分析及序列多重比对分析,结果表明,在HSP70进化的过程中,产生了许多亚种,其编码的氨基酸数量各有不同,具有一定差异。此研究结果为CEV HSP70的生物信息学分析提供了参考。     

中国EV71病毒VP1蛋白生物信息学分析

以肠道病毒71型(Enterovirus71,EV71)VP1蛋白基因序列为基础,利用生物软件对EV71病毒中国分离株VP1蛋白进行进化树、N-糖基化位点、二级结构及抗原位点的预测和分析。结果显示国内分离株多为C4亚型,有3株湖南分离株为A型,提示疫苗的研发应着重于预防C4b亚型EV71疫苗的研发。     

生物信息学在孤儿G蛋白偶联受体配基筛选中的应用

生物信息学的飞速发展为孤儿G蛋白偶联受体(orphan G protein—coupled receptors,oGPCRs)配基的筛选提供了重要的信息资源。利用生物信息学数据库和工具对oGPCRs的核酸和蛋白质序列进行运算、分析、注释和预测,获得足够的生物信息,辅助实验研究,以尽可能快速、准确地筛选出oGPCRs的特异性配基。本介绍有关生物信息学在oGPCRs配基筛选研究中的应用。     

呼吸道合胞病毒包膜糖蛋白的抗体反应及临床意义

随着病毒免疫学研究的不断深入,呼吸道合胞病毒（ＲＳＶ）包膜糖蛋白的抗体反应在ＲＳＶ发病中的作用越来越引人们的重视。动物实验已证明体液免疫具有一定的保护作用,但在人类材料较少。本文综述了Ａ、Ｂ两亚型ＲＳＶ外膜Ｇ、Ｆ糖蛋白的特异抗原组分,抗体反应的相互联系和在抗ＲＳＶ感染的作用。     

包膜病毒样颗粒疫苗研究进展

病毒样颗粒(VLPs)是指由病毒一个或几个结构蛋白自行组装成不含病毒基因组且不能复制、不具有感染能力的病毒样蛋白颗粒,形态结构上类似完整病毒,具有与完整病毒相似的免疫原性。VLPs可以分为两大类:无包膜VLPs和包膜VLPs,包膜VLPs被源于宿主细胞的脂质包膜包裹,包膜表面含有保护性抗原纤突。主要就包膜病毒样颗粒疫苗的结构、重组表达及免疫原性等方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

Differential Effect of Phenethyl Alcohol on Mycoplasmas and Enveloped Viruses

Mycoplasmas are totally inactivated by a 20-min treatment with 1% phenethyl alcohol, whereas suspensions of enveloped viruses resist the same treatment. This treatment has proved successful in eliminating mycoplasma contamination of a virus suspension.     

囊膜病毒膜融合分子机制研究进展

囊膜病毒通过病毒与宿主细胞膜融合的方式感染宿主,病毒囊膜蛋白介导了膜融合过程。根据这些囊膜蛋白在病毒囊膜表面的排列、蛋白结构及其在融合肽中的位置不同,可将囊膜病毒分为三类,其利用这些囊膜特殊的蛋白分子与受体相互作用完成膜融合。在分子水平上研究这一过程有助于认识病毒侵染的本质和发现关键环节,达到预防与治疗病毒病的目的。     

Effects of Filipin on the Structure and Biological Activity of Enveloped Viruses

The interaction of the polyene antibiotic filipin with membrane-bound cholesterol in vesicular stomatitis (VS), influenza, and Rauscher leukemia virions was studied. Exposure of virions to filipin resulted in a series of depressions and ridges in the envelope of VS virions, with a periodicity of 15 to 20 nm perpendicular to the long axis of the particle; similar morphological alterations were observed in negatively stained preparations, in thin-sectioned virions, and in protease-treated virions that lack surface glycoproteins. This morphological effect was specific for filipin, since the envelopes of VS virions that had been treated with another polyene antibiotic, amphotericin B, exhibited markedly different morphology. Morphological alterations induced by filipin in influenza and Rauscher leukemia virions differed from those seen in VS virions. The infectivity of filipin-treated VS virions was reduced up to 500-fold, whereas influenza virions were resistant to filipin treatment. Incorporation of filipin into the virions was demonstrated, and no release of either lipids or proteins from virions was detected after filipin treatment. A stoichiometry of approximately 1 mol of bound filipin per mol of cholesterol was found in both intact and protease-treated VS virions. The equilibrium dissociation constant for filipin-cholesterol interaction was approximately 74-fold larger in intact than in protease-treated VS virions. The initial rate of association of filipin with cholesterol in intact virions was slower than that in protease-treated particles. The fluidity of lipids in VS viral membranes, as probed by a stearic acid derivative spin label, was markedly reduced when either intact or protease-treated virions were treated with filipin.     

Differential Sensitivity of Bat Cells to Infection by Enveloped RNA Viruses: Coronaviruses,Paramyxoviruses, Filoviruses,and Influenza Viruses

Bats (Chiroptera) host major human pathogenic viruses including corona-, paramyxo, rhabdo- and filoviruses. We analyzed six different cell lines from either Yinpterochiroptera (including African flying foxes and a rhinolophid bat) or Yangochiroptera (genera Carollia and Tadarida) for susceptibility to infection by different enveloped RNA viruses. None of the cells were sensitive to infection by transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), a porcine coronavirus, or to infection mediated by the Spike (S) protein of SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) incorporated into pseudotypes based on vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). The resistance to infection was overcome if cells were transfected to express the respective cellular receptor, porcine aminopeptidase N for TGEV or angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 for SARS-CoV. VSV pseudotypes containing the S proteins of two bat SARS-related CoV (Bg08 and Rp3) were unable to infect any of the six tested bat cell lines. By contrast, viral pseudotypes containing the surface protein GP of Marburg virus from the family Filoviridae infected all six cell lines though at different efficiency. Notably, all cells were sensitive to infection by two paramyxoviruses (Sendai virus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus) and three influenza viruses from different subtypes. These results indicate that bat cells are more resistant to infection by coronaviruses than to infection by paramyxoviruses, filoviruses and influenza viruses. Furthermore, these results show a receptor-dependent restriction of the infection of bat cells by CoV. The implications for the isolation of coronaviruses from bats are discussed.     

Identification of Peptide Inhibitors of Enveloped Viruses Using Support Vector Machine

The peptides derived from envelope proteins have been shown to inhibit the protein-protein interactions in the virus membrane fusion process and thus have a great potential to be developed into effective antiviral therapies. There are three types of envelope proteins each exhibiting distinct structure folds. Although the exact fusion mechanism remains elusive, it was suggested that the three classes of viral fusion proteins share a similar mechanism of membrane fusion. The common mechanism of action makes it possible to correlate the properties of self-derived peptide inhibitors with their activities. Here we developed a support vector machine model using sequence-based statistical scores of self-derived peptide inhibitors as input features to correlate with their activities. The model displayed 92% prediction accuracy with the Matthew’s correlation coefficient of 0.84, obviously superior to those using physicochemical properties and amino acid decomposition as input. The predictive support vector machine model for self- derived peptides of envelope proteins would be useful in development of antiviral peptide inhibitors targeting the virus fusion process.     

TIM-family Proteins Promote Infection of Multiple Enveloped Viruses through Virion-associated Phosphatidylserine

Human T-cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin-domain containing proteins (TIM1, 3, and 4) specifically bind phosphatidylserine (PS). TIM1 has been proposed to serve as a cellular receptor for hepatitis A virus and Ebola virus and as an entry factor for dengue virus. Here we show that TIM1 promotes infection of retroviruses and virus-like particles (VLPs) pseudotyped with a range of viral entry proteins, in particular those from the filovirus, flavivirus, New World arenavirus and alphavirus families. TIM1 also robustly enhanced the infection of replication-competent viruses from the same families, including dengue, Tacaribe, Sindbis and Ross River viruses. All interactions between TIM1 and pseudoviruses or VLPs were PS-mediated, as demonstrated with liposome blocking and TIM1 mutagenesis experiments. In addition, other PS-binding proteins, such as Axl and TIM4, promoted infection similarly to TIM1. Finally, the blocking of PS receptors on macrophages inhibited the entry of Ebola VLPs, suggesting that PS receptors can contribute to infection in physiologically relevant cells. Notably, infection mediated by the entry proteins of Lassa fever virus, influenza A virus and SARS coronavirus was largely unaffected by TIM1 expression. Taken together our data show that TIM1 and related PS-binding proteins promote infection of diverse families of enveloped viruses, and may therefore be useful targets for broad-spectrum antiviral therapies.