SARS-CoV-2入侵细胞相关分子结构与机制的研究进展

新型冠状病毒肺炎(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19)疫情的迅速发展与其病原体新型冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)具有的高传播、高感染能力关系密切.这是一种新型β属冠状病毒,为了探究其高传染...     

新型冠状病毒SARS-CoV-2研究进展

在武汉发生的由新型冠状病毒SARS-CoV-2引发的人类冠状病毒病COVID-19,仅仅2个多月时间在我国及国际上70多个国家出现迅速传播,致病和死亡率高,人类生命受到了极大威胁。一些科学家火速投入研究,对SARS-CoV-2的来源和进化、形态特征和基因结构、感染和致病分子机制开展深入研究,取得了重大进展,为科学防控COVID-19提供了重要依据。根据上述研究的基础,文中对COVID-19病毒疫苗、抗体和抑制剂研发提出了设想,在研究防控COVID-19核心技术上具有一定的参考价值。     

全球新型冠状病毒变异株研究进展

截至2021年5月11日,基于Pango命名法,依据新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)的基因组变异变迁将其划分为1281种亚型或分支.而SARS-CoV-2刺突(spike,S)蛋白的变异直接影响病毒的生物学功能.2020年下半年至今,全球多个国家和地区监测发现SARS-CoV-2的S蛋白发生氨基酸突变,特别是受体结合区或单克隆抗体结合位点氨基酸突变引起病毒的传播力和致病力改变以及部分免疫逃逸等.世界卫生组织将重要变异株划分为"关切变异株(variant of concern,VOC)"和"关注变异株(variant of interest,VOI)".其中,VOC 有4个,分别是 VOC 202012/01、501Y.V2﹑P.1 和 B.1.617;VOI 有6个,分别是 CAL.20C、P.2、B.1.526、B.1.525、B.1.616和P.3.一些氨基酸突变在多个VOC和VOI病毒株中交叉出现或同时出现,E484K/Q等重要氨基酸突变引起的部分免疫逃逸导致全球现有疫苗免疫效力下降,但现有新冠疫苗对VOC和VOI变异株仍然有效.本文通过对SARS-CoV-2变异株流行概况及S蛋白重要氨基酸突变特征进行归纳分析,为新冠病毒变异株的监测、防控和二代疫苗的研制策略提供科学参考.     

AAV介导的RNAi对SARS-CoV-2 S基因表达的抑制作用

旨在研究AAV介导shRNA在体内、体外特异性抑制SARS-CoV-2 S基因的表达,为抑制SARS-CoV-2感染提供参考。设计了7条靶向SARS-CoV-2 S基因的shRNA,分别构建了shRNA1-7的质粒表达载体,与S基因表达载体共同转染体外培养细胞,通过qRT-PCR和Western blot分析其对S基因表达的抑制作用,筛选出抑制效率最高的shRNA1;构建包装表达shRNA1的重组腺相关病毒(rAAV)载体,将rAAV-shRNA1与S基因表达质粒共同转导293T细胞,S基因表达的抑制率为65.6%;两者通过滴鼻或肌肉注射方式共同转导小鼠,qRT-PCR检测其在体内对S基因表达的抑制率分别为36.8%和90.3%。     

从多角度分析SARS-CoV-2和SARS冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)差异

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)在全球范围内持续肆虐,感染人数与日俱增.COVID-19的病毒SARS-CoV-2与2003年发生的严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒(SARS coronavirus,SARS-CoV)同属冠状病毒.本研究就COVID-19与SARS冠状病毒的差异以及两种冠状病毒的中间宿主进行分析和探...     

SARS-CoV-2与SARS-CoV:病原学、流行病学、临床与病理

2019年12月在武汉暴发了由SARS-CoV-2感染引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎(Coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19),并迅速扩散至全国.SARS-CoV-2和SARS冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)都属于套式病毒目、冠状病毒科、冠状病毒属中的SARS相关冠状病毒种,本文总结了两者在来源、病毒结构、流行病学、临床表现和病理学特征等方面的差异,以期更全面认识SARS-CoV和SARS-CoV-2,为COVID-19的防治研究提供帮助.     

新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)的致病过程及疫苗设计策略

2019年12月中国发现了一场由新型冠状病毒(Severe acute respiratory syndromes coronavirus,SARS-CoV-2)感染引发的肺炎疫情,感染者常伴有发热、干咳、呼吸困难等症状,严重情况下会出现急性呼吸窘迫综合征。SARS-CoV-2的致病过程涉及了跨物种传播,侵染宿主细胞以及与免疫系统相互抗争等多个环节,深入了解这一致病过程对于新型治疗药物的研发及病毒疫苗的设计至关重要。因此,本文对SARS-CoV-2的致病过程进行总结,并讨论了针对该病毒的疫苗设计策略。     

对24例宠物临诊病例检测未发现新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）核酸阳性

2019新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)是一种在人体中新发现的冠状病毒,来源于野生动物。SARS-CoV-2属于冠状病毒科β冠状病毒属,而感染宠物犬猫类的冠状病毒主要来自α冠状病毒属。SARS-CoV-2是否感染犬、猫等宠物是当前抗击新冠肺炎疫情的重要公共卫生问题,也是大众关切的热点问题之一。本研究试图通过对有明晰腹泻和呼吸道症状的宠物犬和猫进行病原学检测,来阐明SARS-CoV-2是否感染宠物的科学问题,探究腹泻和呼吸症状宠物感染的普遍病因。本研究采用SARS-CoV-2的荧光定量PCR试剂和已经建立的诊断方法,对SARSCoV-2流行期间北京地区有腹泻和呼吸道症状的(特别是有发烧、严重咳嗽症状)临床宠物猫病例(20例)和宠物犬病例(4例)采集咽拭子,并进行SARS-CoV-2核酸荧光定量PCR检测和犬瘟热病毒(Canine distemper virus,CDV)、犬细小病毒(Canine parvovirus,CPV)、犬腺病毒Ⅱ型(Canine adenoviru-2,CAV-2)、犬副流感病毒(Canine parainfluenza virus,CPIV)、猫疱疹病毒I...     

新型冠状病毒的相关研究进展

2019年12月出现于湖北武汉的一种新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)感染所致肺炎疫情,给人类生命安全造成威胁。迄今为止,对2019年出现的SARS-CoV-2的研究仍处于起步阶段,本文就其相关研究进展进行综述,重点阐述了目前关于SARS-CoV-2的病原学与致病机制方面的研究成果,同时对其流行病学以及该病毒引发的肺炎临床特点加以总结,有助于读者及时了解SARS-CoV-2最新的研究动态,并为今后开展治疗药物及疫苗研发提供方向。     

SARS-CoV-2 Mutations and their Viral Variants

Mutations in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) occur spontaneously during replication. Thousands of mutations have accumulated and continue to since the emergence of the virus. As novel mutations continue appearing at the scene, naturally, new variants are increasingly observed.Since the first occurrence of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, a wide variety of drug compounds affecting the binding sites of the virus have begun to be studied. As the drug and vaccine trials are continuing, it is of utmost importance to take into consideration the SARS-CoV-2 mutations and their respective frequencies since these data could lead the way to multi-drug combinations. The lack of effective therapeutic and preventive strategies against human coronaviruses (hCoVs) necessitates research that is of interest to the clinical applications.The reason why the mutations in glycoprotein S lead to vaccine escape is related to the location of the mutation and the affinity of the protein. At the same time, it can be said that variations should occur in areas such as the receptor-binding domain (RBD), and vaccines and antiviral drugs should be formulated by targeting more than one viral protein.In this review, a literature survey in the scope of the increasing SARS-CoV-2 mutations and the viral variations is conducted. In the light of current knowledge, the various disguises of the mutant SARS-CoV-2 forms and their apparent differences from the original strain are examined as they could possibly aid in finding the most appropriate therapeutic approaches.     

Perspective on the status and behaviour of SARS-CoV-2 in soil

Soil contamination by SARS-CoV-2 is highly probable because soil can collect several transporters of the virus, such as fallout aerosols, wastewaters, relatively purified sludges, and organic residues. However, the fate and status of SARS-CoV-2 in soil and the possible risks for human health through contaminated food are unknown. Therefore, this perspective paper discusses the challenges of determining the SARS-CoV-2 in soil and the mechanisms concerning its adsorption, movement, and infectivity in soil, considering what has already been reported by perspective papers published up to May 2021. These issues are discussed, drawing attention to the soil virus bibliography and considering the chemical structure of the virus. The mechanistic understanding of the status and behavior of SARS-CoV-2 in soil requires setting up an accurate determination method. In addition, future researches should provide insights into i) plant uptake and movement inside the plant, ii) virus adsorption and desorption in soil with the relative infectivity, and iii) its effects on soil functions. Models should simulate spatial localization of virus in the soil matrix.     

Prospects of Coffee Leaf against SARS-CoV-2 Infection

In the current climate, many countries are in dire need of effective preventive methods to curb the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. The purpose of this research is to screen and explore natural plant extracts that have the potential to against SARS-CoV-2 and provide alternative options for SARS-CoV-2 prevention and hand sanitizer or spray-like disinfectants. We first used Spike-ACE2 ELISA and TMPRSS2 fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays to screen extracts from agricultural by-products from Taiwan with the potential to impede SARS-CoV-2 infection. Next, the SARS-CoV-2 pseudo-particles (Vpp) infection assay was tested to validate the effectiveness. We identified an extract from coffee leaf (Coffea Arabica), a natural plant that effectively inhibited wild-type SARS-CoV-2, and five Variants of Concern (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron strain) from entering host cells. In an attempt to apply coffee leaf extract for hand sanitizer or spray-like disinfectants, we designed a skin-like gelatin membrane experiment. We showed that the high concentration of coffee leaf extract on the skin surface could block SARS-CoV-2 into cells more potently than 75% Ethanol, a standard disinfectant to inactivate SARS-CoV-2. Finally, LC-HRMS analysis was used to identify compounds such as caffeine, chlorogenic acid (CGA), quinic acid, and mangiferin that are associated with an anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. Our results demonstrated that coffee leaf extract, an agricultural by-product effectively inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Vpp infection through an ACE2-dependent mechanism and may be utilized to develop products against SARS-CoV-2 infection.     

Computational and comparative investigation of hydrophobic profile of spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV

The hydrophobic force is one of the most dominant factors in protein folding. A protein becomes functional only when it achieves its three-dimensional structure and stability upon folding. For a better understanding of the hydrophobic effects and their function in protein folding, quantitative measurement of the hydrophobicity of amino acid side chains is crucial. Spike protein is the primary structural protein in SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. This study explores how protein sequences in SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV spike proteins encode hydrophobic interactions. Computational tools/techniques have been utilized to investigate the protein sequences of the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Investigations provided an estimate of hydrophobic distribution and its relative strength, indicating a hydrophobic pattern. Analysis of the spike protein''s hydrophobic profile may help identify and treat the virus-caused disease; additionally, it can give an insight into the transmissibility and pathogenicity of the virus.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10867-022-09615-x.     

Linear epitope landscape of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein constructed from 1,051 COVID-19 patients

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