Evolutionary Shift from Fighting to Foraging in Blind Cavefish through Changes in the Serotonin Network

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Highlights? Astyanax cavefish have lost aggressive behavior during adaptation to life in the dark ? Astyanax raphe serotonergic neurons control social behavior ? Astyanax hypothalamic serotonergic neurons control homeostatic functions ? The development of a neuronal network links to the behaviors it controls     

Enteric neurons and systemic signals couple nutritional and reproductive status with intestinal homeostasis

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Highlights? A metabolic behavior revealing a key homeostatic role for the invertebrate intestine ? Enteric neurons couple reproductive state with intestinal physiology ? An insulinergic brain-gut neuronal circuit adjusts feeding to nutritional conditions ? A vasopressin-like system of central neurons is essential for water homeostasis     

Cryptochrome Antagonizes Synchronization of Drosophila’s Circadian Clock to Temperature Cycles

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Highlights? Distinct clock neurons mediate synchronization to high or low temperature cycles ? CRY counteracts the effects of temperature cycles on the molecular circadian clock ? Without CRY, dorsal clock neurons mediate synchronization to all temperature cycles ? CRY’s function in Zeitgeber integration is partially non-cell autonomous     

Neuropeptide-Gated Perception of Appetitive Olfactory Inputs in Drosophila Larvae

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Highlights? An invertebrate model for studying appetitive stimulus-driven feeding is presented ? Perception of appetitive olfactory inputs requires dopamine and NPF activities ? Dopamine neurons postsynaptic to projection neurons mediate odor-induced appetite ? NPF and its receptor NPFR1 define a gating mechanism in dopamine neurons     

An OsCEBiP/OsCERK1-OsRacGEF1-OsRac1 Module Is an Essential Early Component of Chitin-Induced Rice Immunity

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Highlights? Chitin induces rapid activation of the rice small GTPase OsRac1 at the plasma membrane ? OsRacGEF1 interacts with and acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for OsRac1 ? In response to chitin, OsRacGEF1 is activated via phosphorylation by OsCERK1 ? OsRacGEF1 is required for chitin-driven immunity and resistance to rice blast fungus     

Dopamine controls neurogenesis in the adult salamander midbrain in homeostasis and during regeneration of dopamine neurons

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Highlights? Regeneration of midbrain dopamine neurons depends on decreased dopamine signaling ? L-dopa inhibits ependymoglia cell proliferation during dopamine neuron regeneration ? Proliferation of ependymoglia cells is constantly suppressed by dopamine signaling ? Inhibition of dopamine signaling evokes neurogenesis by quiescent ependymoglia cells     

A Cell Cycle-Dependent Regulatory Circuit Composed of 53BP1-RIF1 and BRCA1-CtIP Controls DNA Repair Pathway Choice

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Highlights? 53BP1 inhibits BRCA1 recruitment to DSB sites in G1 ? RIF1 is the effector of 53BP1 during DSB repair ? Class-switch recombination requires RIF1 ? RIF1 recruitment to DSB sites in S/G2 is inhibited by BRCA1-CtIP     

Dendritic Filopodia,Ripped Pocket,NOMPC, and NMDARs Contribute to the Sense of Touch in Drosophila Larvae

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Highlights? Larval multidendritic neurons are required for sensing gentle touch in Drosophila ? Optogenetic activation of defined multidendritic neurons triggers touch behaviors ? Sensory filopodia are dynamic, F-actin-rich organelles necessary for mechanosensing ? A high-throughput touch screen identifies NMDARs, NOMPC, and Ripped Pocket     

A Positive Feedback Loop between ATOH7 and a Notch Effector Regulates Cell-Cycle Progression and Neurogenesis in the Retina

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Highlights? Atoh7 regulates the conversion of progenitor cells to newborn neurons ? Atoh7 is required to activate HES5.3 before the penultimate mitosis ? HES5.3 lengthens the cell cycle ? HES5.3 is required for Atoh7-expressing cells to differentiate into neurons     

Neuronal ER Stress Impedes Myeloid-Cell-Induced Vascular Regeneration through IRE1α Degradation of Netrin-1

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Highlights? Canonical ER stress pathways are activated in central neurons during hypoxia/ischemia ? The ER stress endoribonuclease IRE1α degrades the neurovascular guidance cue netrin-1 ? Neuronal-derived netrin-1 activates a reparative proangiogenic program in microglial cells ? Neuronal ER stress prevents reparative angiogenesis in the ischemic neural retina     

POT1-TPP1 Regulates Telomeric Overhang Structural Dynamics

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Highlights? POT1 binds the telomere overhang sequentially one OB fold at a time ? POT1 binding exhibits 3′ to 5′ directionality ? POT1-TPP1N induces dynamic folding and unfolding of telomeric overhang ? POT1-TPP1N slides back and forth on the telomeric overhang     

Direct Conversion of Fibroblasts to Neurons by Reprogramming PTB-Regulated MicroRNA Circuits

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Highlights? Diminished PTB expression is sufficient to trans-differentiate fibroblasts to neurons ? PTB plays a key role in a regulatory loop to suppress neuronal-specific genes ? PTB regulates gene expression at both the splicing and RNA stability levels ? PTB modulates microRNA targeting by competition or switching RNA structure     

Calorie Restriction and SIRT3 Trigger Global Reprogramming of the Mitochondrial Protein Acetylome

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Highlights? MS quantifies 1,578 mitochondrial acetyl sites altered during CR and loss of SIRT3 ? SIRT3 functions as a prominent regulator in CR adaptation ? CR and SIRT3 regulate previously unrecognized processes in mitochondria ? We provide an acetylation atlas for understanding mitochondrial regulation in CR     

Mechanism for KRIT1 Release of ICAP1-Mediated Suppression of Integrin Activation

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Highlights? Cocrystal structure of KRIT1 with ICAP1 shows a bidentate interaction interface ? Cocrystal structure of ICAP1 with integrin β1 shows a PTB-peptide interaction ? KRIT1 antagonizes ICAP1-modulated integrin activation by the bidentate interaction ? KRIT1 contains a previously undescribed N-terminal Nudix domain     

Structural and functional analysis of HtrA1 and its subdomains

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Highlights? IGFBP-like domain structure suggests that it is incompetent for IGF binding ? Kazal-like domain structure shows distorted “P1” loop incompetent for inhibition ? Protease domain shows catalytic readiness in apo form ? SAXS envelope for full-length HtrA1     

SIP1 Mediates Cell-Fate Decisions between Neuroectoderm and Mesendoderm in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Highlights? Smad-interacting protein 1 (SIP1) regulates hESC differentiation ? SIP1 upregulation promotes neuroectodermal differentiation ? SIP1 inhibits mesendodermal and endodermal differentiation ? SMAD2/3 and NANOG/OCT4/SOX2 cooperatively regulate SIP1 expression     

Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 3 Regulates Activity-Dependent Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis

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Highlights? Wnt inhibitor sFRP3 exhibits activity-dependent expression in the adult hippocampus ? sFRP3 maintains quiescence of adult hippocampal radial glia-like neural stem cells ? sFRP3 inhibits maturation, dendritic development, and spinal formation of new neurons ? sFRP3 partially mediates activity-dependent adult hippocampal neurogenesis     

Metabolic Stress Controls mTORC1 Lysosomal Localization and Dimerization by Regulating the TTT-RUVBL1/2 Complex

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Highlights? Glucose and glutamine feed back to promote mTORC1 signaling through ATP production ? Energetic stress prevents mTOR lysosomal localization independently of AMPK and Rag ? ATP-dependent TTT-RUVBL complex is disassembled and repressed by energetic stress ? TTT-RUVBL is required for mTORC1 functional assembly and lysosomal localization     

A DNA-Damage Selective Role for BRCA1 E3 Ligase in Claspin Ubiquitylation,CHK1 Activation,and DNA Repair

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Highlights? BRCA1 E3 ligase activity is essential for a subset of DNA damage responses ? BRCA1 V26A mutant cells are sensitive to topoisomerase inhibitors but not mitomycin C ? BRCA1 selectively ubiquitylates claspin after topoisomerase inhibition ? BRCA1 E3 ligase inactivation selectively impairs CHK1 activation     

Keeping cell identity in Arabidopsis requires PRC1 RING-finger homologs that catalyze H2A monoubiquitination

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Highlights? AtBMI1A/B proteins prevent misexpression of embryonic traits in somatic cells ? PRC2 and AtBMI1A/B proteins maintain cells in their differentiated state ? AtBMI1A/B proteins mediate H2A monoubiquitination