羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor)部分脏器特点的观察

本文对2只羚牛的雌性生殖器官及肝、肾、脾等脏器进行了形态描述,并与黄牛及羊的相应器官进行了比较,为探讨羚牛的分类地位提供了解剖学资料。     

Regional and Subcellular Distribution in Mammalian Brain of the Enzymes Producing Adenosine

The activities of 5'-nucleotidase, 2'-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphatase, and acid phosphatase were measured in rat and autopsied human brains. The four phosphatases in the rat brain showed little change in activity after death. The activities of adenosine-producing enzymes were compared in various parts of rat and human brains. When phosphatase activity was measured at pH 7.5, 5'-nucleotidase showed the highest activity in the most parts of the brain. The activity of 2'-nucleotidase and that of nonspecific phosphatase were almost the same at pH 7.5. However, higher phosphatase activity was observed in all parts of the brain when nonspecific phosphatase activity was measured at pH 10.0 or 5.5. High specific activity of 5'-nucleotidase in the brain was detected in the membranous components, especially in the synaptic membranes. The activity of 2'-nucleotidase was distributed in the soluble and synaptosomal fractions. The highest activity of both alkaline and acid phosphatases was recovered in the crude mitochondrial fraction, with the highest specific activity in the microsomal fraction. Phosphatase activity was distributed widely in the rat brain. The activity of 5'-nucleotidase was high in the medulla oblongata, thalamus, and hippocampus, but low in the peripheral nerve, spinal cord, and occipital lobe. The activity of 2'-nucleotidase was high in the vermis and frontal lobe. The highest acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were detected in the frontal lobe and in the olfactory bulb, respectively. The distribution of the four phosphatases in the autopsied human brain was similar to that in the rat brain. The highest 5'-nucleotidase activity was observed in the temporal lobe and thalamus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

崇左金花茶花朵和叶片类黄酮UPLC-Q-TOF-MS分析

以崇左金花茶（Camellia chuangtsoensis）为材料,利用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）联用技术定性定量分析其花朵（花瓣、雄蕊）和叶片（老叶、新叶）中类黄酮成分与含量。结果表明,崇左金花茶中共检测到14种类黄酮成分,木犀草素、木犀草素-7-O-芸香糖苷、槲皮素-3,7-O-二葡萄糖苷、芸香柚皮苷、圣草素和染料木苷为山茶属金花茶组植物中首次发现,其中槲皮素-3,7-O-二葡萄糖苷、芸香柚皮苷、圣草素和染料木苷主要存在于花朵中,木犀草素和木犀草素-7-O-芸香糖苷在花朵中含量高于叶片,雄蕊中高于花瓣;槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、槲皮素-7-O-葡萄糖苷、槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖苷和山柰酚-3-O-葡萄糖苷为金花茶组植物叶片中首次发现,其叶片中含量远低于花朵,老叶中远低于新叶,雄蕊中远低于花瓣;儿茶素和表儿茶素在花朵中含量高于叶片,雄蕊中高于花瓣;槲皮素和山萘酚在花朵和叶片中含量均较低。崇左金花茶花瓣和雄蕊中含量较高的类黄酮为儿茶素类、木犀草素类和槲皮素类,主要是表儿茶素、木犀草素和槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖苷;叶片中为儿茶素类和木犀草素类,主要是表儿茶素、木犀草素和木犀草素-7-O-芸香糖苷。崇左金花茶花瓣和雄蕊中儿茶素类、木犀草素类及类黄酮总量均高于叶片,且雄蕊高于花瓣;花瓣和雄蕊中槲皮素类远高于叶片,且花瓣中远高于雄蕊。     

四川自贡大山铺蜀龙动物群——简报Ⅲ.蜥脚类

本文记述了中侏罗世蜥脚类一新属种——巴山酋龙(Datousaurus bashanensts gen. et sp. nov.)对李氏蜀龙(Shunosaurus lii)的特征进行了补充,讨论了它们在蜥脚类进化过程中的位置。     

海南东寨港红树林滩涂大型底栖动物多样性的初步研究

记录到海南东寨港红树林滩涂大型底栖动物68种,其中软体动物39种,占记录到物种数的57.4%;甲壳动物19种,占记录到物种数的27.9%。冬季优势种是珠带拟蟹手螺(Cerithidea cingulata )、古氏滩栖螺(Batillaria cumingi )和环肋樱蛤(Cyclotellina remies );夏季优势种是珠带拟蟹手螺、环肋樱蛤和红肉河蓝蛤(Potamocorbula rubromuscula )。大型底栖动物的生物量夏季平均为133.0 g/m²,冬季平均为63.0 g/m²; 栖息密度夏季平均为106.4 个/m²,冬季平均为103.5 个/m²。以密度为计量单位的物种多样性指数夏季为1.841,冬季为0.380,均匀度指数夏季为0.514,冬季为0.112;以生物量为计量单位的物种多样性指数夏季为1.994,冬季为1.751, 均匀度指数夏季为0.556,冬季为0.520。大型底栖动物的生物量、栖息密度、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数大都有季节变化及底质差异,基本趋势是夏季明显高于冬季,沙泥底的滩涂高于泥底质的滩涂。     

鲁南地区花生昆虫群落结构及多样性变化研究

采用马来氏网法在山东省临沂市开展了花生田昆虫系统调查(2014年6月-2015年6月),阐明当地花生田的昆虫群落结构及相关群体指数动态规律。结果表明:试验期内共获得昆虫样本65 005头,分属于14目、129科。从目级水平来看,主要花生昆虫以膜翅目、鞘翅目、半翅目、双翅目和弹尾目为主;从科级水平来看,主要花生害虫有叶蝉科、夜蛾科和潜蝇科,主要天敌有花蝇科、长足虻科、金小蜂科、长蝽科和姬蜂科。该地区群落多样性指数在0.4262～3.3212之间,峰值出现在花生生长期(3.3312);相对丰度峰值出现在花生繁育期(9 956);科级丰富度峰值出现也出现在花生繁育期(83);均匀度指数在0.1137～0.7613之间,峰值出现在2014年6月(0.7613);优势集中指数在0.0172～0.2134之间,峰值出现在2014年8月(0.2134)。     

黑脉蛱蝶的生物学特性与生境调查

通过野外观察、室内饲养、野外调查等方法研究黑脉蛱蝶Hestina assimilis(L.)的生物学特性以及生境状况。该蝶幼虫以榆科朴属(Celtis spp.)植物为食,在南京地区1年发生3代,10月下旬以4龄或5龄幼虫在寄主植物的落叶中越冬,翌年4月初越冬幼虫眠起活动。越冬代成虫5月上旬始见、中旬为高峰期;第1代7月上旬始见、中旬为高峰期;第2代9月上旬始见、中旬为高峰期。幼虫共5龄,在室内饲养的条件下,卵期为4～5d,幼虫期为28～42d,蛹期为7～8d。     

新疆伊犁哈萨克族的体质特征研究

作者对新疆伊犁地区的哈萨克族大、中专学生进行了活体观察和测量,观察30项（551名,男262,女289）测量92项（404人,男226,女178）,所得数据进行了统计学处理和分析,计算了头面部和体部的31项指数,并进行了指数分型处理。     

Ocular Correlates of Inborn Metabolic Defects

The eye provides unique opportunities for the detection, during life, of deposits of storage substances and other characteristic changes resulting from inborn metabolic defects. The cornea shows the macromolecular polysaccharides of Hurler''s disease, the cystine crystals in cystinosis, and the copper deposits of Wilson''s disease. The sclera shows characteristic pigmentation in alcaptonuria. The iris shows the lack of pigmentation in various types of albinism. The lens is cataractous in galactosemia and dislocated in homocystinuria. The vitreous is opacified in familial amyloidosis. The retina shows different and characteristic deposits with the diseases of Tay-Sachs, Niemann-Pick, metachromatic leukodystrophy, and Farber''s lipogranulomatosis. The retinal veins show pronounced tortuosity with Fabry''s disease. There is some evidence that optic neuropathy occurs in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Curiously, few abnormalities in the eye have been described in subjects with the glycogen storage diseases.     

27种木犀属植物叶表皮微形态特征的研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了27种木犀属植物的叶表皮,测量并统计了气孔器类型、气孔大小、气孔密度、气孔指数及腺点密度等指标,以明确各种的叶表皮细胞形状及垂周壁式样、表皮角质膜、蜡质纹饰及气孔外拱盖的具体特征。结果显示:木犀属植物叶下表皮有气孔器,形状为圆形、椭圆形;气孔器类型多为不规则型,只有总状桂花和狭叶木犀为环列型;气孔器外围角质层有放射状、条状、环状、颗粒状等多种类型;叶表皮细胞形状有无规则形和多边形2种;下表皮腺点的数目远远大于上表皮。研究表明,木犀属植物气孔器和叶表皮细胞特征在种之间差异比较明显,可以作为种间鉴定的重要依据,具有重要的分类学意义。     

The ultrastructure of corpus allatum of the earwig Euborellia annulipes lucas (Dermaptera: Labiduridae)

The ultrastructure of corpus allatum of the earwig, Euborellia annulipes has been described. The corpus allatum (CA) is an oval body. The gland is covered by a thin stromal sheath which is wavey and acellular in composition. The gland consists of either parenchymal cells with distinct, double-layered, smooth or slightly undulated plasma-membranes. Golgi bodies and endoplasmic reticulum are poorly developed. The mitochondria are found in abundance and are oval, spherical, elongate, and Y-shaped, with oblique and longitudinal cristae. The gland is innervated by neurosecretory and non-neurosecretory axons. The neurosecretory axons are of two types. The type NS-II, contain electron dense granules of 40...120 nm in diameter and the type NS-I, small less electron dense granules (of mixed nature) 40...90 nm in diameter. Branches of tracheoles also occur that penetrate the gland. The large electron dense granules 100...220 nm in diameter occuring abundantly in aorta, and representing the secretions of the medial A-cells are absent in the CA.     

人胸腺内交错突细胞的免疫组织化学研究

本文用免疫组织化学方法检测胎儿期,儿童以及成人胸腺内交错突细胞的分布和ＨＬＡＤＲ抗原的表达．结果表明：Ｓ－１００抗体能够清楚显示胸腺内交错突细胞,这些细胞主要分布在皮,髓质交界处和髓质内,在皮质内的交错突细胞大都单个存在,偶而看到交错突细胞成团存在．交错突细胞的周围,常见有淋巴细胞形成玫瑰花结．出生后随年龄的增长,交错突细胞逐渐减少。ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ抗体能与胸腺内多种细胞反应,如皮,髓质内上皮细胞,巨噬细胞和交错突细胞,但它们染色强度不等．交错突细胞ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ抗体的阳性反应位于质膜和突起部,染色强阳性,巨噬细胞反应不尽一致一般多为阳性,胞质内未见有吞噬淋巴细胞碎片．上皮细胞染色一般由弱阳性到阳性,核阴性,仅有质膜呈阳性反应,有关ＨＬＡ－ＤＲ抗原表达的可能意义进行了讨论．     

The Phloem of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn

In common with other aquatic angiosperms, Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.has a relatively strongly developed phloem tissue. The vascularsystem consists of discrete collateral bundles in which no cambiumdevelops and the phloem and xylem are separated by a narrowlayer of parenchyma cells. The phloem consists of sieve elements,companion cells, and phloem parenchyma cells. The sieve elementshave transverse end walls with simple sieve plates. The cellsattain considerable width in the late phloem (metaphloem). Thecompanion cells are in vertical strands. In the early phloem(protophloem) of large bundles the sieve tubes and companioncells are eventually obliterated. The parenchyma cells alsoform vertical strands which may contain tannin cells. Some parenchymacells and companion cells are binucleate. The sieve elementsshow ultrastructural features common for these cells in dicotyledons.At maturity, they lack nuclei, ribosomes, and tonoplasts, butretain a plasmalemma, mitochondria, and plastids. The latterare poorly differentiated and form starch. The endoplasmic reticulumis in part stacked, in part it forms a network next to the plasmalemma.The P-protein occurs in two forms. One consists of tubules notassembled in any specific type of array. The other, possiblycomposed of much extended tubules, is assembled in crystallineaggregates which are retained as such in mature cells. The sieveplate pores are lined with callose and plasmalemma. The lateralwalls are relatively thin and the nacreous layer varies in degreeof distinctness.     

长吻鮠精巢及精子结构的研究

长吻鮠精巢高度分支呈指状。后1/3紫红色,由上皮细胞组成,既不产生精子,也不贮存精子。精巢的内部结构为叶型,由体细胞和生殖细胞构成,小叶的基本单位是小囊。精子头短而圆,主要为核占据,无顶体,核凹窝十分发达,有中心粒帽;尾极长,具侧鳍,轴丝基部有发达的囊泡状结构和线粒体。     

巨龙竹生殖器官形态结构及雌、雄配子体的发育

通过石蜡切片的方法对巨龙竹生殖器官结构、大小孢子的发生和雌、雄配子体的发育过程进行了观察研究。 巨龙竹为一心皮组成的单室单子房,子房内具有一个胚珠,倒生、双珠被、厚珠心。大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成线形排列的4个大孢子,合点端大孢子具功能。胚囊的发育为蓼型,具多个反足细胞。巨龙竹的花药壁由4层结构组成,包括表皮、药室内壁、中层、绒毡层;花药壁发育为单子叶型,绒毡层为腺质型。小孢子母细胞减数分裂中的胞质分裂为连续型,四分孢子为四面体型;成熟花粉粒为2细胞型,具1个萌发孔。小穗发育雌雄异熟,雌蕊的发育早于雄蕊的发育。     

陕西秦岭半仓山蝎蛉的生物学观察

2004~2005年,在陕西省南部米仓山黎坪国家森林公园研究了秦岭蝎蛉Panorpa qinlingensisChouetRan的年生活史和生物学习性,通过饲养,成功获得卵、幼虫、蛹等虫态。结果表明,秦岭蝎蛉在米仓山1年发生2代,以预蛹在土室里越冬,5月中旬始见越冬代成虫,5月中旬末~6月上旬为越冬代成虫羽化盛期,7月下旬~8月中旬为第1代成虫羽化盛期,成虫在室内可存活35~60 d。羽化近1周后开始交尾,交尾4~8 d后开始产卵,单雌产卵量35~180粒,卵期5~9 d;幼虫型,共4龄,历期38~50d;蛹为强颚离蛹,蛹期8~18 d。记述了主要生物学习性。     

水分条件对白桦天然林生长影响的研究

针对全球变暖导致的降水格局变化,选择生长于不同水分条件（湿生立地和中生立地）的中龄天然白桦林为研究对象,研究其生长状况并分析其生长过程。结果表明,水分条件对白桦天然林的密度和平均胸径具有显著影响（p=0.043 3和0.007 9）,中生立地条件下白桦天然林的密度低于湿生立地（降低46.8%）,而平均胸径则前者高于后者（增加52.4%）。中生立地白桦天然林的胸径分布为正态分布（p=0.823 9）,而湿生立地白桦胸径分布呈明显的左偏（p=0.000 8）。水分条件能影响实生天然白桦胸径、树高生长过程,而对材积生长过程影响不大。湿生立地白桦的胸径速生期持续时间长于中生立地,前者速生期在6~15 a,后者在9~12 a,中生立地白桦胸径的数量成熟龄晚于湿生立地1~2 a;湿生和中生立地白桦高生长的速生期均在6 a,中生立地白桦树高的数量成熟龄晚于湿生立地3~6 a;湿生和中生立地白桦材积的速生期均在24 a以后,湿生和中生立地白桦材积的数量成熟龄均为24 a以后。     

四川凉山彝族传统民俗中的植物及其文化意义

凉山彝族传统民俗植物文化在当地彝社会中广泛存在,表现了丰富多彩的文化多样性,集中反映在法术仪式、礼仪、节日庆典等方面。采用关键人物访谈、半结构访谈、参与式观察等方法研究了凉山彝族传统民俗中使用的植物,共调查到102种,其中,跟婚礼相关的植物21种,葬礼植物24种,成人礼植物11种,日常礼仪植物3种;火把节植物14种,彝族年植物15种;法术仪式植物91种。这些民俗植物的文化含义主要表现在驱鬼、生殖崇拜和祖先崇拜三个方面,这与当地彝族崇信鬼神和其崇拜万物有灵的原始宗教有关,是其自然原始宗教和毕摩文化的重要组成。     

Morphological hysteresis of the small airways

The resistance to airflow that develops in most obstructive processes takes place in the small airways. The aim of the present paper is to describe bronchial hysteresis morphometrically in a respiratory cycle model. As a working hypothesis, it is proposed that the changes that take place in the respiratory tract during the respiratory cycle are related to the bronchial size. Specimen rat lungs were organized into five groups: In the first group, the lungs were filled with a liquid fixative to 25 cm of H2O transpulmonary pressure. The following four groups were inflated with air and fixed through the pulmonary artery. Groups 2 and 3 were fixed at 10 and 20 cm transpulmonary pressure in inflation. The last two groups were fixed in deflation and, for this purpose, the transpulmonary pressure was increased to 27 cm and decreased to 20 and 10 cm, respectively. The lungs were processed for morphometrical study and the following variables were quantified: pulmonary volume, internal area, internal perimeter, wall area, internal area radius and bronchial wall radius. The diameter of the airways studied varied between 84.06 microm and 526.4 microm. The results were classified into three subgroups consisting of small, medium-sized and large bronchi. With a single exception--the internal area in the medium-sized bronchi inflated to 20 cm--all the results obtained in deflation were higher than those obtained in inflation. The internal area increased or decreased significantly upon raising or lowering the transpulmonary pressure respectively, in the small and medium-sized bronchi. The wall area in the large bronchi showed significant differences between inflation and deflation at 10 and 20 cm transpulmonary pressure. The wall area was modified significantly in the lungs fixed at 20 cm in the small bronchi and at 10 cm in medium-sized bronchi. The bronchial wall radius was significantly greater in the large bronchi and smaller in the small bronchi. The lumen of the medium-sized and small bronchi increases in inspiration and decreases in expiration. The wall thickness displayed differences between inflation and deflation. The most marked hysteresis was presented by the bronchial wall in the large bronchi. Our results suggest that the behavior of the bronchi varies according to their size.