Cesarean section: trends and morbidity.

A review of 1683 cesarean sections performed at one hospital in a 3-year period (1977-79) showed that the cesarean section rate had trebled since 1967-79, the rates being 16.9% and 5.8%. The main indications for cesarean section responsible for this rise were dystocia, breech presentation and a previous cesarean section. AFter the operation 23.3% of received antibiotics. If the cesarean section rate is to fall, the biggest impact can be made by planning vaginal delivery in selected patients with a previous cesarean section and by improving the management of nonprogressive labour.     

Challenges in small animal parturition--timing elective and emergency cesarian sections

Given the societal emphasis placed on the deliberate breeding of purebred animals, the practitioner today is faced with issues relative to successful parturition in these animals. Today, the serious hobby breeder expects to use planned breeding management to result in a high conception and pregnancy rate and survival rates of offspring that may exceed published parameters. These clients may elect to schedule cesarean section to maximize puppy survival and assure that they have access to quality veterinary care. Using a combination of hormone assays, temperature changes in the dam and carefully timed and documented breeding management, a cesarean section can be planned. Emergency cesarean sections will still be required for the bitch that experiences dystocia or a medical condition that warrants intervention. Timed cesarean section results in a favorable medical outcome for the dam and litter and a better financial outcome for the owner.     

The “Quiet Revolution” and the cesarean section in the United States

This paper estimates how changes in family structure and women’s labor market attachment during the last fifty years have affected the incidence of cesarean delivery in the United States. Both sets of factors are strongly related to cesarean utilization, and have generally changed so as to increase the rate of cesarean delivery over time. Altogether, changes in these factors, complemented by demographic changes, raised the U.S. cesarean section rate by eleven percentage points since the late 1970s, nearly two-thirds of the increase over that period. Today’s elevated cesarean section rate is in part a social phenomenon.     

CESAREAN SECTION EXPERIENCE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HOSPITAL

A review of the 746 cesarean sections performed at the University of California Hospital from 1907 through 1948 shows an overall cesarean section incidence of 3.91 per cent. The maternal mortality rate associated with these cesarean sections has been 1.61 per cent. There has been a steady decline in mortality over the 40-year period and there have been no deaths from cesarean section in the last ten years. The over-all incidence of morbidity associated with cesarean section has been 40.5 per cent and again there has been a significant improvement in recent years. The fetal mortality associated with cesarean section has been 6.1 per cent. In view of recent experience, standards based on figures collected 20 years ago are no longer tenable.     

南京某大型医院剖宫产及其影响因素的初步分析

目的:分析某医院剖宫产的现状,初步探讨其影响因素及控制策略。方法:整理分析了南京某大型医院2009年共1411名入院产妇的病历资料,按分娩方式分为自然分娩组(经阴道分娩)和剖宫产组,比较两组产妇的一般信息、身体状况、产时情况等,采用多因素Logistic回归分析了剖宫产的影响因素。结果:该医院2009年度剖宫产产妇为608人,占总产妇的43.09%。剖宫产产妇的年龄和体重明显高于自然分娩产妇(P0.01),既往身体状况相对较差。入院时多无产兆、宫口未开,且产妇宫高、腹围、胎心率明显较高(P0.05或P0.01)。B超检查也显示,羊水异常(过多或过少)、巨大儿、胎位不正(主要为臀位)以及脐带绕颈的比例也明显高于自然分娩产妇(P0.05或P0.01)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,产妇高龄(35岁)、入院产兆、胎位不正、产妇腹围过大、胎儿窘迫及新生儿超重等皆为剖宫产的独立影响因素。此外发现19.24%的剖宫产产妇无临床指征(即社会因素)。结论:该医院剖宫产的比例不低,要根据影响因素合理选择剖宫产,尤其要有效控制无指征的剖宫产选择,降低剖宫产率。     

南京某大型医院剖宫产及其影响因素的初步分析

目的：分析某医院剖宫产的现状,初步探讨其影响因素及控制策略。方法：整理分析了南京某大型医院2009年共1411名入院产妇的病历资料,按分娩方式分为自然分娩组（经阴道分娩）和剖宫产组,比较两组产妇的一般信息、身体状况、产时情况等,采用多因素Logistic回归分析了剖宫产的影响因素。结果：该医院2009年度剖宫产产妇为608人,占总产妇的43．09％。剖宫产产妇的年龄和体重明显高于自然分娩产妇（P〈0．01）,既往身体状况相对较差。入院时多无产兆、宫口未开,且产妇宫高、腹围、胎心率明显较高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。B超检查也显示,羊水异常（过多或过少）、巨大儿、胎位不正（主要为臀位）以及脐带绕颈的比例也明显高于自然分娩产妇（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,产妇高龄（〉35岁）、入院产兆、胎位不正、产妇腹围过大、胎儿窘迫及新生儿超重等皆为剖宫产的独立影响因素。此外发现19．24％的剖宫产产妇无临床指征（即社会因素）。结论：该医院剖宫产的比例不低,要根据影响因素合理选择剖宫产,尤其要有效控制无指征的剖宫产选择,降低剖宫产率。     

The vanishing mother: Cesarean section and "evidence-based obstetrics"

The philosophy of "evidence-based medicine"--basing medical decisions on evidence from randomized controlled trials and other forms of aggregate data rather than on clinical experience or expert opinion--has swept U.S. medical practice in recent years. Obstetricians justify recent increases in the use of cesarean section, and dramatic decreases in vaginal birth following previous cesarean, as evidence-based obstetrical practice. Analysis of pivotal "evidence" supporting cesarean demonstrates that the data are a product of its social milieu: The mother's body disappears from analytical view; images of fetal safety are marketing tools; technology magically wards off the unpredictability and danger of birth. These changes in practice have profound implications for maternal and child health. A feminist project within obstetrics is both feasible and urgently needed as one locus of resistance.     

Diagnosis of dystocia and management with cesarean section among primiparous women in Ottawa-Carleton.

We carried out a chart review study to determine the rate of diagnosis of dystocia (abnormal progress) and the use of cesarean section to treat dystocia among 3887 primiparous women who gave birth to a single baby in the vertex presentation at four hospitals in Ottawa-Carleton in 1984. Of the 3740 women who had some labour 1127 (30.1%) were given a diagnosis of dystocia. Cesarean section for dystocia was done during all phases of labour (41% of procedures in the latent phase, 38% in the active phase and 21% in the second stage). The cesarean section rate varied among the hospitals from 11.8% to 19.6%. A total of 75% of the cesarean sections were for dystocia, disproportion or failed induction. The findings suggest that cesarean section is being done for disproportion without a trial of labour beyond the latent phase and for dystocia in the absence of fetal distress. If these practices were modified the cesarean section rate could be reduced from 16% to about 8%, the rate found in some other centres and that observed in Canada in the early 1970s.     

Efficacy of Intrauterine Bakri Balloon Tamponade in Cesarean Section for Placenta Previa Patients

Purpose

The aims of this study were to analyze the predictive factors for the use of intrauterine balloon insertion and to evaluate the efficacy and factors affecting failure of uterine tamponade with a Bakri balloon during cesarean section for abnormal placentation.

Methods

We reviewed the medical records of 137 patients who underwent elective cesarean section for placenta previa between July 2009 and March 2014. Cesarean section and Bakri balloon insertion were performed by a single qualified surgeon. The Bakri balloon was applied when blood loss during cesarean delivery exceeded 1,000 mL.

Results

Sixty-four patients (46.7%) required uterine balloon tamponade during cesarean section due to postpartum bleeding from the lower uterine segment, of whom 50 (78.1%) had placenta previa totalis. The overall success rate was 75% (48/64) for placenta previa patients. Previous cesarean section history, anterior placenta, peripartum platelet count, and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy all significantly differed according to balloon success or failure (all p<0.05). The drainage amount over 1 hour was 500 mL (20–1200 mL) in the balloon failure group and 60 mL (5–500 mL) in the balloon success group (p<0.01).

Conclusion

Intrauterine tamponade with a Bakri balloon is an adequate adjunct management for postpartum hemorrhage following cesarean section for placenta previa to preserve the uterus. This method is simple to apply, non-invasive, and inexpensive. However, possible factors related to failure of Bakri balloon tamponade for placenta previa patients such as prior cesarean section history, anterior placentation, thrombocytopenia, presence of DIC at the time of catheter insertion, and catheter drainage volume more than 500 mL within 1 hour of catheter placement should be recognized, and the next-line management should be prepared in advance.     

Explaining variations in cesarean section rates: patients,facilities or policies?

Using overall rates of cesarean section and either rates of diagnosis or rates of cesarean section for the four main indications for this procedure, we analysed the variations among teaching and community hospitals in four of Ontario''s six regions. The rates varied substantially in both 1979 and 1982, with the overall rate for cesarean section in 1982 being 17.1 to 21.0 per 100 deliveries in the teaching hospitals and 16.5 to 19.7 in the community hospitals. The rate of diagnosis of dystocia varied up to threefold in the teaching hospitals and up to twofold in the community hospitals. Fetal distress was diagnosed at even more variables rates. The rate of repeat cesarean section varied most in the teaching hospitals, whereas the rate of cesarean section for breech presentation varied significantly in the community and the teaching hospitals in 1982 but only in the community hospitals in 1979. Nearly all the rates increased between 1979 and 1982. Differences in patient characteristics and in availability of resources appeared less important in explaining these rate variations than differences in clinical policy.     

Recent trends in cesarean section use in California.

Cesarean section use in the United States has increased to 24.7% of deliveries in 1988 and is the most common hospital surgical procedure. California cesarean section rates were examined to measure recent trends in obstetric practices and to project future patterns of cesarean section use. Using discharge abstracts from 1983 to 1987 California hospital deliveries, total cesarean section rates were found to increase from nearly 22% in 1983 to 25% in 1987, an increase of 15%. Using a series of least-squares regression models, time trends in the distribution of indications associated with cesarean section among all deliveries and indication-specific cesarean section rates were evaluated. Increases in the number of women with previous cesarean section and fetal distress contributed to rising cesarean section rates. In addition, indication-specific cesarean section rates increased for breech presentation and dystocia. These trends were counterbalanced, in part, by declining rates of repeat cesarean sections. Trends noted for July 1985 through 1987 did not differ substantially from those observed for January 1983 to June 1985, suggesting that recent policy attempts to alter cesarean section use have not had a measurable effect on existing trends. Projections suggest that California cesarean section rates will rise to a level of 34% by the year 2000.     

Late results of cesarean and vaginal delivery in cases of breech presentation.

This study compared the subsequent development of children in breech presentation according to the method of their delivery - vaginal or cesarean section. No differences were found between children born vaginally and those born by cesarean section after some labour, except for a larger variability in the outcomes of the latter group. Only 4% of the deliveries were by cesarean section without labour, and when analysed separately the data for this group frequently showed the poorest outcome. Reasons for the observations are suggested, and proposed further research is outlined.     

Cesarean Section and Rate of Subsequent Stillbirth,Miscarriage, and Ectopic Pregnancy: A Danish Register-Based Cohort Study

Background

With cesarean section rates increasing worldwide, clarity regarding negative effects is essential. This study aimed to investigate the rate of subsequent stillbirth, miscarriage, and ectopic pregnancy following primary cesarean section, controlling for confounding by indication.

Methods and Findings

We performed a population-based cohort study using Danish national registry data linking various registers. The cohort included primiparous women with a live birth between January 1, 1982, and December 31, 2010 (n = 832,996), with follow-up until the next event (stillbirth, miscarriage, or ectopic pregnancy) or censoring by live birth, death, emigration, or study end. Cox regression models for all types of cesarean sections, sub-group analyses by type of cesarean, and competing risks analyses for the causes of stillbirth were performed. An increased rate of stillbirth (hazard ratio [HR] 1.14, 95% CI 1.01, 1.28) was found in women with primary cesarean section compared to spontaneous vaginal delivery, giving a theoretical absolute risk increase (ARI) of 0.03% for stillbirth, and a number needed to harm (NNH) of 3,333 women. Analyses by type of cesarean section showed similarly increased rates for emergency (HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.01, 1.31) and elective cesarean (HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.91, 1.35), although not statistically significant in the latter case. An increased rate of ectopic pregnancy was found among women with primary cesarean overall (HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.04, 1.15) and by type (emergency cesarean, HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.03, 1.15, and elective cesarean, HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.03, 1.21), yielding an ARI of 0.1% and a NNH of 1,000 women for ectopic pregnancy. No increased rate of miscarriage was found among women with primary cesarean, with maternally requested cesarean section associated with a decreased rate of miscarriage (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.60, 0.85). Limitations include incomplete data on maternal body mass index, maternal smoking, fertility treatment, causes of stillbirth, and maternally requested cesarean section, as well as lack of data on antepartum/intrapartum stillbirth and gestational age for stillbirth and miscarriage.

Conclusions

This study found that cesarean section is associated with a small increased rate of subsequent stillbirth and ectopic pregnancy. Underlying medical conditions, however, and confounding by indication for the primary cesarean delivery account for at least part of this increased rate. These findings will assist women and health-care providers to reach more informed decisions regarding mode of delivery. Please see later in the article for the Editors'' Summary     

The physiologic and medical rationale for intrapartum fetal monitoring

In the United States and most industrialized countries, intrapartum fetal surveillance is performed primarily by electronic fetal heart rate monitoring. Following implementation of this technology into clinical practice, a reduction in perinatal mortality has been accompanied by a concomitant increase in the cesarean section rate to concerning levels. Although these trends are not solely due to one factor such as electronic fetal heart rate monitoring, it is well-recognized that this method of surveillance is hampered by subjectivity in interpretation and by a high false-positive (falsely nonreassuring) rate. The purpose of this review is to assess the physiologic rationale for intrapartum assessment, the significant limitations of current primary and ancillary monitoring methods, and the development of new technologies such as fetal oxygen saturation monitoring (pulse oximetry) that potentially hold great promise for the future.     

不同浓度舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因鞘内注射在剖宫产术后镇痛中的应用评价

目的：探讨不同浓度舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因鞘内注射应用于剖宫产术后镇痛的有效性及安全性。方法：将1460例行剖宫产术患者随机分为A组（489例）、B组（501例）和C组（470例）。所有患者均采用腰硬联合阻滞,分别给予0.3μg/mL、0.4μg/mL、0.5μg/mL舒芬太尼配伍0.1%盐酸罗哌卡因。结果：B组、C组术后2h、8h、12h VAS评分显著低于A组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,而该时间点B组、C组VAS评分比较则无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。三组术后24h VAS评分比较均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。B组、C组术后镇痛泵按压有效率较A组显著升高,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,而B组、C组比较则无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。A组和B组不良反应的发生率分别8.0%和10.2%,显著低于C组20.2%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：0.4μg/mL舒芬太尼＋0.1%盐酸罗哌卡因应用于剖宫产术后镇痛,可有效缓解术后早期的疼痛,并减少不良反应。     

Perinatal outcome analysis of twin pregnancies at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Central Clinical Hospital of Ministry of Interior and Administration in Warsaw in the years 2005-2006

A group of 59 twin pregnant women who gave birth at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Central Clinical Hospital of Ministry of Interior and Administration in Warsaw in the years 2005-2006. The patients have been divided into four groups: spontaneous twin pregnant women (n=16), twin pregnant women after in- vitro fertilization (IVF) (n=11), twin pregnant women after in-vitro fertilization with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) (n=29) and twin pregnant women after ICSI and transfer of frozen embryos (n=3). In one case intrauterine death of one of twins in the 34th week of gestation has been noticed. The cause of the death was umbilical cord wrapped around his neck. The gestation was ended with cesarean section and Apgar score of the second twin was 8 in the fifth minute. In one case there was an urgent indication for a cesarean delivery of children with a very low birth weight (because of intrauterine infection, preterm labor in progress) and in three cases at least one of twins with a low birth weight. Among the group 19 women (32%) have given birth prematurely. The Apgar score in the first, third and fifth minute has been statistically significant and inversely proportional dependent only on the gestational age. There were no differences in birth weight among study groups regardless the way of conception. Only two spontaneous twin pregnant patients have had a vaginal labor. By the remaining 57 patients there has been an elective cesarean section in thirty five cases and there has been an urgent indication for cesarean section in twenty two cases.     

二次剖宫产术中放置吉娜固定式宫内节育器的效果和安全性研究*

目的:观察二次剖宫产术中放置吉娜固定式宫内节育器(GyneFixPP IUD)的疗效,并评价其安全性。方法:选择本院2011年1月至2013年2月既往曾行1次剖宫产的疤痕子宫孕妇共316例,其中上环组156例受术者均为自愿选择再次剖宫产术中放置吉娜环,对照组160例行常规再次剖宫产术,未上环或结扎。术后42d、3个月、6个月、12个月对两组患者进行随访,收集并分析两组术后出血、恶露及避孕环在位及不良反应等情况。结果:两组出血量、血性恶露持续时间及恶露持续时间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。产后3个月、6个月、12个月均出现经量增多、不规则出血、疼痛、白带增多及男方性交痛等副反应,但主诉不适逐渐减少,经相关处理后症状缓解或消失。上环组S-S距离为1.4-2.2 cm的在42d占77.50%,在3月占72.41%,在6月占82.14%,在12月占81.25%,其差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。上环组随访的151例产妇有4例(占2.65%)避孕环1年内自行脱出,因症取出2例(占1.32%),续用率为96.04%。上环组2年内意外妊娠0例,对照组5例,约占3.1%,5例均选择行人工流产结束妊娠。结论:二次剖宫产术中放置吉娜环安全,脱落率低,续用率高,避孕效果好,值得推广应用。     

Inducing labour with vaginally administered prostaglandin E2.

In 50 consecutive pregnant women at a 125-bed community hospital with 1000 deliveries annually, labour was induced with prostaglandin E2 administered intravaginally. There were no stillbirths or neonatal deaths, and complications in the mothers were few. In nine women (18%) oxytocin was subsequently administered because of a failure of labour to progress; in spite of this, cesarean section was required in two (4%) of the patients. The overall cesarean section rate was 6%. Prostaglandins have been used routinely to induce labour in the United Kingdom for several years. This noninvasive method is safe, effective and well received by women in a community hospital setting, including those wanting "natural childbirth".     

剖宫产术围术期预防性应用抗生素的成本效果分析

目的:探讨剖宫产术围术期预防性应用抗生素的成本效果,为剖宫产手术提供有效、经济的抗生素应用方案。方法:选取我院近3年接诊的80例实施剖宫产产妇纳入本次研究,将其随机分为研究组和对照组,每组产妇40例。研究组在胎儿娩出断脐后立即静脉滴注头孢呋辛,术后不再应用抗生素,而对照组术后静脉滴注头孢呋辛,对比两组产妇的成本效果。结果:两组产妇术后体温(平均体温、最高体温)、体温恢复时间、住院时间和术后感染发生率对比均无统计学差异(P0.05);研究组成本效果明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:剖宫产术围术期预防性应用抗生素可达到良好的抗感染效果,选择头孢呋辛作为剖宫产手术围术期预防性抗菌药物,是一种有效、经济的方案,可避免围术期过度使用抗生素。