用改进的重叠延伸PCR技术构建三位点突变载体

目的:改进传统重叠延伸PCR方法,实现引入3个不同DNA突变位点的简便的多位点定点突变。方法:根据前期构建的包含人线粒体12S rRNA(NC 01290)3个热点突变位点的野生型质粒序列,利用Muta Primer 2.0软件设计针对3个热点突变位点的3对互补的定点突变引物,以野生型质粒为模板,结合重叠延伸PCR反应和冷冻析出法,产生同时包含3个突变位点的突变目的片段,酶切后克隆到载体中,测序确证是否突变成功。结果:DNA测序证实3个不同突变位点同时成功引入,定点突变载体构建成功。结论:用改进的重叠延伸PCR技术能简便、高效地获得多位点定点突变载体,在分子生物学领域有较高的使用价值。     

部分扩增与双片段连接相结合制作长基因定点突变

重叠延伸PCR是基因定点突变的主要方法,但是以该方法制作长基因定点突变时,往往遇到难以获得第二轮PCR产物或容易引入新的非预期突变等问题。此时,可先以重叠延伸PCR扩增含突变位点的部分基因片段,再将其连入适当载体获得重组质粒。若该扩增片段两侧的酶切位点在质粒载体上不单一,则可采用双片段连接法构建完整质粒。以制作视网膜母细胞瘤基因S780E定点突变为例,直接以重叠延伸PCR扩增全长基因时未能得到理想的目标产物。故先扩增含点突变的F3片段,再将其与源自原始质粒的F2片段一起连入含F1片段的质粒载体而构建完整质粒。两个筛选出的重组质粒经序列检测完全符合目标突变序列特征,验证了该方案的可行性。该方法作为重叠延伸PCR的补充,可为许多长基因定点突变提供解决方案。     

应用PCR技术定向引入DNA小片段的策略

描述一种应用PCR技术定向引入DNA小片段和特异酶切位点的方法。为了获得m2/loxp66EGFPloxp71基因片段。根据EGFP基因序列,设计一对特异引物,上、下游引物分别引入m2/loxp66、loxp71序列和Xhol、Mlu1酶切位点。以pEGFPN1质粒为模板,采用PCR扩增以合成DNA双链,插入到克隆载体pMD18T。对重组子测序结果表明,实现了DNA小片段和酶切位点的定向引入。     

Flag标签MORC2-677丝氨酸位点突变载体构建及表达

构建Flag标签pcDNA3.1-MORC2的677丝氨酸位点突变重组质粒并完成在SGC-7901细胞中表达,更好地研究677丝氨酸位点所发生的功能.首先,构建含有KpnⅠ和XhoⅠ酶切位点Flag标签的pcDNA3.1空载体;再以含有KpnⅠ和XhoⅠ酶切位点的pcDNA3.1A-MORC2-WT野生型质粒为模板,在S677突变位点两侧设计重叠突变引物,进行三轮重叠延伸PCR完成定点突变,获得MORC2全长编码序列的S677位点的定点突变体载体(pcDNA3.1A-MORC2-S677A/S677E);再通过KpnⅠ和XhoⅠ酶切把pcDNA3.1A-MORC2-WT/S677A/S677E各载体定向克隆到已构建好的pcDNA3.1-Flag空载体中,酶切鉴定及测序正确后,转染到SGC-7901细胞中,利用Flag–标签抗体,Western blot检测其各突变载体的表达.成功构建了人Flag标签MORC2全长编码序列S677位点突变体真核表达载体并在SGC-7901细胞中获得带Flag标签融合蛋白表达产物,为进一步研究MORC2的功能奠定了基础.     

pcDNA3.1(-)-Bcr-Abl及pcDNA 3.1(-)-Bcr-Abl T3151突变质粒真核表达载体的构建

目的:将Bcr-Abl及Bcr-Abl T3151突变克隆入pcDNA3.1(-)真核表达载体,为研究靶向降解受体型酪氨酸激酶BCR-Abl,抑制肿瘤细胞生长提供研究基础.方法:pcDNA3.1 (-)-Bcr-Abl质粒构建:分别设计引物,通过分段PCR将BCR-ABL克隆入pcDNA3.1(-).首先通过PCR扩增出Bcr-a片段,将其克隆入pcDNA3.1(-)的NheⅠ/XhoⅠ之间;接着将PCR扩增出的Abl-c片段克隆入KpnⅠ/ HindⅢ之间,最后XhoⅠ/KpnⅠ双酶切pGD210,将酶切下片段插入pcDNA3.1(-)的相应位点即可.酶切鉴定及测序正确后,转染293T细胞,Western blot验证质粒的表达.pcDNA 3.1(-)-Bcr-Abl T3151的突变质粒:首先设计引物,第一步以pcDNA3.1(-)-BCR/ABL为模板,以Abl-c-u和ba-M1为引物扩增出A-1:560 bp.第二步,相同模板,以ba-M2和ba-M-down为引物扩增出A-2:870 bp.第三步,以扩增出的A-1和A-2为模板,以Abl-c-u和ba-M-down为引物,扩增出1434 bp的片段A-l+2,以Bcl和Kpn Ⅰ分别酶切pcDNA3.1 (-)-BCR/ABL以及A-1+2,将突变后的A-l+2置换入pcDNA3.1 (-)-BCR/ABL.结果:PCR结果显示3.1(-)-Bcr-Abl及3.1 (-)-Bcr-Abl T3151突变质粒条带大小符合,重组质粒经酶切鉴定和测序结果正确,转染后可见融合蛋白的表达.结论:成功构建pcDNA3.1 (-)-Bcr-Abl及pcDNA 3.1(-)-Bcr-Abl T3151的真核表达载体,并且转染293T细胞后证实其能够正确表达,为后续研究奠定了基础.     

人TRAIL 基因原核表达载体的构建及鉴定

目的:克隆肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL)基因片段(114～281氨基酸残基)并构建原核表达载体。方法:取健康人外周血提取总RNA,设计合成引物并引入EcoR I和Xho I酶切位点,RT-PCR扩增TRAIL基因的胞外区片段,克隆入原核表达载体pGEX-6P-1中,经双酶切、PCR及测序鉴定阳性克隆。结果:从外周血cDNA中扩增出501 bp的目的片段,测序结果证实成功构建重组质粒pGEX-6P-1/TRAIL。结论:成功构建TRAIL基因的原核表达载体pGEX-6P-1/TRAIL,为肿瘤细胞的凋亡研究提供理论依据。     

利用DREAM设计和同源重组进行一步定点突变

目的：建立基于DREAM设计和同源重组的简便、快速定点突变方法。方法：设计两条包含突变的反向PCR（inverse PCR）引物,使其5'端互补从而产生同源重组,同时使用DREAM设计方案在上述引物中引入限制性内切酶位点以便突变子筛选。用能扩增长片段的高保真耐热 DNA聚合酶扩增全长的质粒DNA,直接转化大肠杆菌。转化到细菌中的全长质粒DNA PCR产物可利用其末端同源序列发生同源重组而环化。利用引入的酶切位点方便地进行突变子的筛选。结果：我们用该方法成功地对长度大于7 kb的质粒进行了定点突变。结论：本定点突变无需任何突变试剂盒和特殊的试剂,只需一步反应即可完成;利用DREAM设计使克隆筛选简便可靠,高保真耐热DNA聚合酶可保证多数突变子克隆不发生意外突变,而该酶扩增长片段的能力使该方法适合于大多数质粒不经亚克隆直接突变。     

In-Fusion 技术构建Ⅰ型钠通道与绿色荧光蛋白融合表达及其突变载体

目的：构建Ⅰ型钠通道(Nav1.1)与绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）融合表达载体及其突变载体。方法：利用In-Fusion 技术将SCN1A 基 因亚克隆到绿色荧光蛋白真核细胞融合表达载体（pAcGFP1-C In-Fusion Ready Linear Vector）。PCR 扩增SCN1A 基因（与线性载 体对应两端有15 个相同碱基）,In-Fusion 技术进行融合即得到pCMV-GFP-C-SCN1A。将其转染HEK293T 细胞,Western blot 检 测Nav1.1 的表达。定点诱变试剂盒对其进行定点诱变。结果：1.成功构建Nav1.1 与GFP 融合表达载体pCMV-GFP-C-SCN1A;2. DNA 测序表明：在预期位点已经发生突变,SCN1A 基因第190 位色氨酸密码子(TGG)突变为终止密码子(TGA)。结论：Nav1.1 与 GFP 融合表达载体及其突变载体的构建成功,为进一步研究该突变位点导致Nav1.1 功能的改变奠定了基础。     

改进的多片段重叠延伸PCR制作基因多位点突变

为在研究工作中提高制作目标基因多位点突变体的效率,对常规重叠延伸PCR进行适当改进:对于相距较近的两个突变位点,只需设计一对突变引物各自涵盖其中一个位点即可一次突变;对于相距较远的两个位点,可以采用三片段重叠延伸PCR的办法解决;两者结合则可一次性突变多个位点。以制作RBCT的6位点突变体PSM6为例,利用上述策略,设计两对突变引物;采用OE-PCR法,第一轮PCR扩增出三个片段,第二轮PCR同时利用三片段重叠延伸产物作为模板扩增出目标基因突变体,再按常规分子克隆方法将其连入质粒载体。经测序检测,发现得到了预期的目标基因多位点突变体。因此,采用灵活的引物设计策略,结合多片段重叠延伸PCR即可一次性制作基因的多位点突变体,此方案可解决研究工作中大多数多位点突变问题。     

基于重叠延伸PCR法的定点突变技术

目的:建立一种高效而经济的定点突变方法。方法:采用重叠延伸PCR定点突变技术,引物设计时引入目的突变,以前两次PCR产物为模板,进行第三次PCR,即可获得突变后的目的DNA片段。将此片段连入pMDTM18-T载体后测序验证突变结果。结果:DNA测序表明,待突变位点已由ATTGG突变为ATTTT。结论:成功实现了目的位点的定点突变,重叠延伸PCR法是一种高效且经济的定点突变方法。     

一种高效而经济获得长片段基因突变体的方法

重组PCR方法的发展为体外突变技术提供了更快捷、准确的方法.通过改进引物设计和PCR保真性等方法,应用重叠延伸PCR的原理成功地实现了对BA基因的定点突变,并构建了其含有m1,m2,m3和m4的突变体.实验证明通过这种改进方法可以有效地进行长片段基因的突变,并且这种方法与其他方法相比具有简便、快捷、经济、高效的特点.     

部分扩增结合双片段连接法克隆系列截短基因突变体

体外合成DNA伴随的随机突变是制约基因定点突变效率的重要因素。以克隆周期蛋白E（cyclin E）及其截短基因的激酶活性缺失突变体为例,对传统重叠延伸PCR（overlap extension PCR,OE-PCR）作适当改进,提出一种系列相关基因定点突变的优化方案。前期研究中已克隆了cyclin E基因及其2个截短基因T1、T2,并通过EcoRⅠ/SalⅠ双酶切插入pEGFP_C2载体。限制性酶切分析发现cyclin E基因序列中含有1个AgeⅠ位点将其分为F1、F2两段,目标突变位点KD位于F2段。对于cyclin E及其截短基因,F2段是完全一致的。因此,通过重叠延伸PCR扩增含突变位点的共有片段F2,从C2-cyclin E、C2-cyclin E_T1和C2-cyclin E_T2这3个原始质粒中切取相应的F1片段,再将F1与酶切的F2一起连接插入载体以重构完整突变体。对比检测发现OE-PCR扩增较短DNA片段更易成功。C2-cyclin E、C2-cyclin E_T1和C2-cyclin E_T2这3组均能筛选出一定数量克隆,经检测和序列鉴定,每组各得到1个序列完全准确的目标突变体。研究表明,采用部分扩增可以缩短DNA合成长度,避免了目标基因反复扩增等不利因素,从而减少随机突变;双片段连接避免了双AgeⅠ位点对常规酶切-连接的限制。两者相结合,可作为其他系列相关基因定点突变的优化方案。     

应用PCR技术对先天性长QT综合征KCNQ1 基因进行定点突变的研究

利用聚合酶链反应（PCR）技术对长QT综合征（LQTS）KCNQ1基因进行定点突变的研究。首先设计两对引物（包含预定的突变）,通过3轮PCR扩增,扩增出含有所需突变位点的片段,然后将片段克隆入T载体中,通过酶切连接的方法将突变点引入到pIRES2-EGFP-KCNQ1中,随后用Effectene转染试剂介导转染HEK293细胞。结果在真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP-KCNQ1基础上获得了KCNQ1 cDNA C934T的突变体,测序表明在序列中发生了预期的突变。将含突变点的pIRES2-EGFP-KCNQ1转染HEK293细胞后,在荧光显微镜下观察到被转染的HEK293细胞发出绿色荧光,表明含突变点的pIRES2-EGFP-KCNQ1得到了表达。Abstract: To study PCR site-directed mutagenesis of long QT syndrome KCNQ1 gene in vitro. The site-directed mutagenesis of LQTS gene KCNQ1 was made by PCR. Two sets of primers were designed according to the sequence of KCNQ1 cDNA, and mismatch was introduced into primers. Mutagenesis was performed in a three-step PCR. The amplified fragments from the third PCR which contained the mutation site were subcloned into the T-vecor PCR2.1.Then the fragments containing the mutation site was obtained from PCR2.1 with restriction enzyme digestion and was inserted into the same restriction site of pIRES2-EGFP-KCNQ1. With Effectene Transfection Reagent, pIRES2-EGFP-KCNQ1 was transfected into HEK293 cell. The sequencing analysis showed that the mutation site was correct. Mutation from T to C in 934 site of KCNQ1 cDNA was found. Under the fluorescence microscope, the green fluorescence was spread in the transfected HEK293 cell, meaning the pIRES2-EGFP-KCNQ1 containing the mutation site was expressed correctly.     

改进重叠延伸法引入DNA定点突变的新方法

目的：改进重叠延伸PCR法,实现一种引入DNA定点突变的准确简便方法。方法：通过应用不同的扩增酶和反应体系,以重叠延伸PCR的方法产生引入突变位点的DNA片断,然后再亚克隆到载体中。该文以人cyclin D1启动子的NF-κB位点（-39/-30）为例。结果：通过DNA测序证明定点突变成功引入。一次引入4个突变碱基。突变引入率为100%。     

重叠延伸PCR法构建小鼠Sumf1基因的定点突变真核表达载体

前期通过染色质免疫沉淀技术（chromatin immunoprecipitation assay,CHIP）筛选出了转录因子activator protein．2 alpha（AP-2α）的靶基因Sumf1．采用重叠延伸PCR定点诱变技术,对AP．2α在Sumf1内含子片段上的两个结合位点的碱基进行定点突变,并构建定点突变表达载体．DNA测序表明,Sumf1内含子片段103—111bp,411～419bp两处的碱基已分别由GCCGTCAGG突变为GAAGTCCTG,由GCCTCTAGG突变为GGATCTCTG,成功实现定点诱变,为进一步研究AP-2α对基因Sumf1的表达调控奠定了基础．     

用DREAM技术纠正人工合成基因中的突变

目的：介绍一种简便、有效的定点突变技术。方法：根据突变位点附近的DNA序列推导出氨基酸序列,再以此氨基酸序列进行逆翻译,这样在不改变氨基酸序列的前提下可以得到数目巨大的隐性突变体（silent mutants）,这些突变体中包含大量的限制性内切酶位点,选择合适的酶切位点设计引物用PCR技术扩增两侧DNA片段,然后以相应酶切融合这两个片段即可完成定点突变。结果：用该方法成功地在人工合成的含有缺失的可溶性组织因子基因的472位插入C,T两个碱基,校正了阅读框架,获得了预期的目的基因。结论：该方法简便、有效, 避免了多轮PCR和合成长引物导致突变的可能性,这种改进的PCR 定点诱变技术我们称之为“设计限制酶辅助突变”（Designed Restriction Enzyme Assisted Mutagenesis, DREAM）。此技术简单方便, 诱变的成功率高, 适于实验室常规应用。     

Efficient procedure for site-directed mutagenesis mediated by PCR insertion of a novel restriction site

Better understanding of proteins'' structure/function relationship and dissecting their functional domains are still challenges yet to be mastered. Site-directed mutagenesis approaches that can alter bases at precise positions on the gene sequence can help to reach this goal. This article describes an efficient strategy that can be applied not only for both deletion and substitution of target amino acids, but also for insertion of point mutations in promoter regions to study cis-regulating elements. This method takes advantage of the plasticity of the genetic code and the use of compatible restriction sites.Key words: site-directed mutagenesis, restriction site, cloning, PCRUnderstanding the proteins structure/function relationship and dissecting their functional domains is one of the biggest challenges to current proteomic studies.¹ This is mainly achieved by site-directed mutagenesis experiments that can alter bases at precise positions on the gene sequence.² Modifying DNA sequences has become feasible with PCR amplification.³ During the last decade, several strategies have been developed to simplify this approach and increase its efficiency.⁴ The introduction of a site-directed mutation can be realized by one or more PCR reactions. Most of the strategies used in site-directed mutagenesis are based on a substitution of a single base, which leads to a change in one amino acid. This article describes an efficient strategy that can be applied for either deletion or substitution of target amino acids. This strategy is based on performing PCR reactions to create a new restriction site in the sequence of origin, corresponding to the desired mutation. The choice of the restriction site to be created depends on the nature of the amino acid that one desires to introduce in the protein sequence. Since such restriction sites may extend beyond the mutated codon. The preservation of the other codon is done by taking advantage of the plasticity of the genetic code where one amino acid can be encoded by multiple codons.This method was performed in two steps (Fig. 1). In the first step, the DNA sequence of interest, cloned in a plasmid, served as a template for two PCR reactions. Two PCR products are generated. The first one consists of the beginning of the sequence, from the start codon to the mutagenized amino acid codon, where the forward primer bears the start codon region and the reverse primer bears the newly introduced restriction site at the same location of the mutagenized codon. The second PCR product consists of the end of the coding sequence, from the mutagenized amino acid codon to the stop codon. This fragment is generated using a forward primer bearing the same new restriction site as the first PCR product''s reverse primer, and a reverse primer bearing the stop codon region. The two PCR products were cloned separately into a vector in the appropriate orientation. In the second step, the cloning vector bearing the first PCR product was digested with a restriction enzyme site in the vector, and by the restriction enzyme corresponding to the restriction site created by the reverse primer used in the PCR reaction. The resulting fragment was cloned into the vector containing the second PCR fragment, predigested with same two restriction enzymes. The whole mutagenized coding sequence is reassembled by in-frame subcloning of the 3′ end of the coding sequence downstream the 5′ end. All the PCR products were generated using the high fidelity Pfu DNA Polymerase (Promega, Madison, WI USA). For any site-directed mutagenesis experiment, this two-step cloning procedure requires the use of appropriate PCR primers that harbor the desired mutation of the target amino acid. These primers are partially overlapping and contain a common or complementary restriction site enabling the in-frame assembly of the whole coding sequence.Open in a separate windowFigure 1Mutagenesis strategy by restriction enzyme site insertion. (A) In the first step, two PCR products were generated using the full length coding sequence as template. The mutation is carried by the two primers b and c, which are flanked by the same or compatible restriction enzyme''s site (white segment). Both PCR products are separately cloned in the cloning vector in the appropriate orientation. In the second step, the whole mutagenized coding sequence is reassembled by in-frame sub cloning of the 3′ end of the coding sequence downstream the 5′ end. (B) Substitution of threonine by arginine as a result of the insertion of a BglII restriction site. DNA sequencing is carried out to make sure that only the desired change is introduced in the coding sequence. (B-1) The sequence of the native cDNA. (B-2) the sequence of the mutagenized cDNA included BglII restriction site sequence.This approach has been used in a recent study to address the structure/function relationship of the STAS domain of the Arabidopsis thaliana Sultr1;2 sulfate transporter.⁵ A good example of this approach is the replacement of the threonine-serine couple at position 587–588 with an arginine-serine couple. The codon for threonine is: TGT, and that for arginine is: TCT. Serine can be encoded by both TCA and AGA codons. The chosen restriction site used for the reassembly of the whole coding sequence is that of the BglII enzyme: TCT AGA. The insertion of this restriction site enables the substitution of the Thr in position 587 with an Arg while preserving the serine residue in position 588. The BglII restriction site is introduced in the reverse primer and the forward primer used to generate the first and second PCR products respectively. The DNA sequence of the reassembled mutagenized cDNA was checked by sequencing. Than it was expressed, under pGAL1O promoter bearing by pYES2 vector, in yeast mutant deficient in sulfate transporter and the mutagenic protein was detected by imunodetection.Bioinformatic study reveals that this method can be applied to checked a large number of substitutions, insertions or deletions and that finding the right restriction site is not a limiting factor (data no shown).In conclusion, this article describes an efficient two-step procedure for site-directed mutagenesis using primers bearing a restriction site, which is absent from the sequence of origin. The primers flanked by sequences introducing the same or compatible restriction sites mediate the incorporation of the mutation at the selection site. The choice of the restriction site depends on the nature of the desired mutation: insertion, substitution or deletion of an amino acid in a particular position. This strategy can be also used to insert point mutations in promoter regions to study cis-regulating elements.     

一步法定点突变技术快速构建bsh基因突变启动子

目的：建立一种高效便捷的定点突变方法,为基因表达调控以及蛋白质结构和功能的研究提供技术支撑。方法：以构建单核细胞增生李斯特菌（Listeria monocytogenes）中编码胆碱水解酶（bile salt hydrolase,BSH）的bsh基因突变启动子为例,采用一对完全互补并带有突变位点的引物扩增携带bsh基因启动子的重组质粒DNA全序列,通过DpnⅠ消化PCR产物中剩余的甲基化的模板DNA,酶切后的PCR产物直接转化大肠杆菌,从而获得含有突变启动子的重组质粒。结果：通过一步法定点突变技术成功构建了bsh基因的三种突变启动子。结论：该方法简单高效,只要把握好对引物设计,高保真的DNA聚合酶、模板DNA的浓度以及PCR扩增程序的选择,突变成功率可以达到100%。