Calliandra anthoniae (Leguminosae,Mimosoideae, Ingeae), a new species,and a new combination in Pseudopiptadenia Rauschert (Leguminosae,Mimosoideae, Mimoseae)

Calliandra anthoniae is described and illustrated, and the combinationPseudopiptadenia suaveolens is made.     

Metamerism,heterochrony, and inflorescence morphology of the Pithecellobium-complex (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae: Ingeae)

The diverse inflorescence morphology of species in the Pithecellobium-complex is shown to be a result of: 1) the organization of the components of the inflorescence and their relative positions; 2) the hierarchical relationship of the axes of the inflorescences and the position they assume in total tree architecture; and 3) heterochronic development of the components of the inflorescence. It is shown that the typological system of nomenclature of inflorescences leads to false assumptions of homology and therefore must be discarded. The morphology of inflorescences is discussed in terms of metamerism, and the term Repeating Growth Unit (RGU) is introduced and is defined as the smallest complete sequence of metamers produced by a meristem. A module is defined as the sequence of RGUs produced by a meristem. An inflorescence is defined as that sequence of metamers in an RGU which participates in the production and/or presentation of flowers and fruit. Heterochrony, proleptic and sylleptic buds, and shoot dimorphism are discussed and their role in modifying inflorescence morphology in the Pithecellobium-complex is illustrated. Examples from the Pithecellobium-complex are provided which demonstrate the various modifications of the inflorescence that result from the interaction of these various phenomena.     

Cotyledon architecture and anatomy in the Acacieae (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)

Cotyledon size, shape, venation pattern and anatomy have been investigated in Faidherbia albida and 152 species of Acacia representing the three subgenera Acacia, Aculeiferum and Heterophyllum. Cell volumes of epidermis, palisade and storage tissue, stomatal frequency, stomatal index and frequency of stomatal types have been determined for F. albida and 12 species from each subgenus. The data obtained support the recognition of the subgenera of Acacia as separate taxa but provide no indication of their status. The evidence from cotyledons also supports the separation of Faidherbia from Acacia , and the amalgamation of the Acacieae and Ingeae.     

Systematics and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA in the genusLeucaena (Leguminosae,Mimosoideae)

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to examine genomic diversity in taxa of the neotropical legume genusLeucaena. Data were analysed using both similarity- and parsimony-based approaches and the data compared to a parsimonybased analysis of chloroplast DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). Distance-based methods of RAPD analysis produced groups inconsistent with those identified by RFLP analysis. Parsimony-based analysis of the data produced groupings largely consistent with those identified using RFLPs. The major differences were grouping of the two subspecies ofLeucaena diversifolia (subsp.diversifolia and subsp.stenocarpa) in the RAPD tree, but their separation in the RFLP tree. The value of RAPD data in systematics as a result of these data and our understanding of the molecular basis of RAPDs are discussed.     

Seed-coat anatomy in Fumariaceae-Fumarioideae

Seed-coat anatomy is described in 122 species of Fumarioideae, which represent all the genera, subgenera, and most sections. Nine seed-coat types were recognized: (I) Dicentra subg. Hedycapnos , (II) Dicentra subg. Chrysocapnos , (III) Dicentra subg. Macranthos , (IV) Dicentra subg. Dicentra , (V) Corydalis p.p. , (VI) rest of Corydaleae, Cysticapnos, Pseudofumaria and Ceratocapnos , (VII) Discocapnos and Sarcocapnos p. p. , (VIII) Sarcocapnos p. p., Platycapnos and Trigonocapnos , and (IX) Fumariinae. Variable characters are polarized based on the comparison with Fumariaceae Hypecooideae, Papaveraceae and Pteridophyllaceae. It is assumed that endotestal seed-coat type (I) is most primitive, that exotestal seed coat types (II—VIII) are derived therefrom, and that the reduction of the mechanical layer, including the origin of thin seed-coat type (IX) occurred repeatedly in combination with indehiscent, hard-walled fruits. Dicentra subg. Hedycapnos (with type I) possesses a combination of primitive testal characters unique within the subfamily, suggesting it represents a sister group to the rest of the subfamily. Each of the other subgenera (with II, III or IV) is also characterized by a unique combination of seed-coat characters, which are found in the outgroups but not in the other genera. Seed-coat characters support the monophyly of Fumarioideae exclusive of Dicentra subg. Hedycapnos , Fumarioideae exclusive of Dicentra , of Dicentra subg. Dicentra , of Corydalis p.p. , and of Fumariinae.     

土圞儿属和旋花豆属(豆科)的叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

应用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了豆科Leguminosae土圞儿属Apios和旋花豆属Cochlianthus植物的叶表皮特征。在光学显微镜下,大多数种类的叶表皮细胞形状（表面观）为不规则型,垂周壁式样为浅波状或波状,只有一个种——和Apios gracillima Dunn叶表皮细胞为多边形,垂周壁式样为较平直。在扫描电子显微镜下,多数种类的叶片蜡质纹饰通常为片状或颗粒状,一些种叶表皮未见蜡质纹饰;气孔器外拱盖内缘通常为浅波状或近平滑。在这两个属内,上述叶表皮特征在物种内较稳定,因此对于解决属内种间和属间关系有一定的系统学意义。本研究得出以下结论：（1）A．gracillima叶的上表皮细胞为多边形,垂周壁平直或弧形,A．delavayi Franch．叶的上表皮细胞为不规则形,垂周壁波状,二者存在明显差异,因此A．gracillima应处理为一独立的种,而不是A．delavayi下的一个变种;（2）A．priceana B．L．Rob．在叶表皮细胞形状、垂周壁式样、气孔器类型和蜡质纹饰形态等方面与土圞儿属中其他种不存在显著区别,因此土圞儿属内两个亚属的划分是不合理的;（3）土圞儿属多为5或7小叶,无毛或近无毛,叶表皮细胞垂周壁波状或近平直,而旋花豆属3小叶,密被柔毛,叶表皮细胞垂周壁浅波状,本文支持它们为两个独立的属的分类处理。     

Monophyletic subgroups of the tribe Millettieae (Leguminosae) as revealed by phytochrome nucleotide sequence data

Phylogenetic analysis of phytochrome (PHY) genes reveals the identity and relationships of four PHY loci among papilionoid Leguminosae. A phylogenetic analysis of loci combined according to species suggests that most of the tribe Millettieae belongs to one of two monophyletic clades: the Derris–Lonchocarpus or the Tephrosia clade. Together these two form a monophyletic group that is sister to a lineage represented by Millettia grandis of Millettia sect. Compresso-gemmatae. Collectively, this large monophyletic group is referred to as the Millettieae-core group, which based on our sampling, includes species of Millettieae that do not accumulate the nonprotein amino acid canavanine and that mostly have pseudoracemose or pseudopaniculate inflorescences. This new phylogenetic framework assists in targeting additional taxa for future sampling. For example, the “American Derris” (Deguelia), which accumulate canavanine, might not be members of the Millettieae core group. Afgekia is also predicted not to be a member because it accumulates canavanine and has an inflorescence of terminal racemes. PHY gene analysis specifically reveals that certain genera traditionally classified in Millettieae are actually distantly related to the Millettieae core group, such as Austrosteensia, Callerya, Craibia, Cyclolobium, Fordia, Platycyamus, Poecilanthe, and Wisteria.     

Systematic wood anatomy of the tribe Guettardeae (Rubiaceae)

Systematic wood anatomy of the tribe Guettardeae (Rubiaceae). The wood anatomy of nearly all genera of the Guettardeae (Rubiaceae, Guettardoideae) has been examined, and in this respect the tribe is heterogeneous. Suggestions are made for a delimitation of the tribe. Guettarda, Bobea, Antirhea, Malanea and Chomelia Jacq. are sufficiently similar in their wood anatomical characters to warrant retention in the same tribe. Machaonia, Timonius and Dichilanthe are anomalous. Suggestions are given for taxonomic revisions of some genera based on their wood anatomy.     

Observations on the vascular anatomy of the tribe Vicieae (Leguminosae)

The tribe Vicieae (Adanson) DC. ex Ser. is characterized by an unusual type of stele in which the lateral leaf-traces are present as cortical bundles in the internode below the insertion of their leaf. In most members of the tribe a completely fresh pair of cortical bundles is substituted at each node, but in ten species of Vicia L. there is only partial replacement. The group thus delimited also possesses some distinctive non-anatomical features.
The behaviour of the three leaf-traces at the node also varies throughout the tribe. This variation is shown to be correlated with differences in the shape of the stipules and their size in relation to the rest of the leaf.     

Cotyledon anatomy in the Leguminosae

Cotyledon anatomy has been investigated in approximately 900 species representing all the major tribes of the Leguminosae. Four main cotyledon forms are recognized on the basis of morphological, anatomical and functional criteria. The two modal forms are a leaf-like photosynthetic cotyledon, usually borne in an endospermic seed and occurring in about 60% of species; and a fleshy, storage cotyledon, borne in a non-endospermic seed and occurring in about 30% of species. Two intermediate forms combine the structural and functional characteristics of the modal forms in varying degree. The leaf-like cotyledon is considered to be the basic form from which the others have been derived. Cotyledon anatomy shows correlations with seed size and with taxonomic grouping at the tribal and generic levels and thus provides a set of minor characters of potential taxonomic or phylogenetic value or for use in seed and seedling classification and identification.     

Zapoteca quichoi (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae), a new species from southeastern Mexico

Zapoteca quichoi, a new species endemic to southern Tabasco, Mexico, is described and illustrated. This species exhibits morphological characteristics that place it within subgenus Amazonica, together with Z. amazonica and Z. microcephala, from Peru and Colombia, respectively.

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Resumen  Se describe e ilustra Zapoteca quichoi (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae), una nueva especie de Tabasco, México. Esta especie exhibe características morfológicas que la ubican dentro del subgénero Amazonica, junto con Z. amazonica y Z. microcephala, especies nativas de Perú y Colombia respectivamente.

     

Isozyme variation inFaidherbia albida (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae)

Genetic variation has been assessed in 30 populations (931 families) ofFaidherbia albida (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) from across its entire African range, using six isozyme loci identified by five enzyme systems. Among the populations studied a null allele was proposed to explain the absence ofLap-1 activity in populations from southern and eastern Africa. The mean percentage of polymorphic loci per population, the mean number of alleles per locus and the mean genetic diversity within populations were 31.7%, 1.6 and 0.127 respectively. Genetic diversity was greatest in populations from West Africa and lowest in populations from eastern/southern Africa, with Ethiopian/Sudanese populations intermediate. The overall degree of genetic differentiation between populations (G_ST) indicated that approximately 56% of the enzyme variation resided within populations. Clustering of Nei's unbaised genetic distances calculated between all populations produced a dendrogram that generally followed the geographic distribution of the populations. Two major groups were identified that may be considered the eastern/southern African and the Ethiopian/West African clusters. Within the Ethiopian/West African cluster two subclusters could be recognised, one broadly corresponding to those populations from Ethiopia/Sudan and the other to those populations from West Africa. The implications of these results for theories regarding the origin ofF. albida in Africa are discussed.     

A reappraisal of the free amino acids in seeds of Crotalaria Juncea (Leguminosae)

The seeds of Crotalaria juncea have been reported at different times to contain β-hydroxy-N-methyl-dl-norvaline and δ-hydroxynorleucine, which are isomers. We detected only one non-protein amino acid in seeds obtained from various sources; it has been isolated its identity as δ-hydroxynorleucine confirmed.     

The taxonomy, reproductive biology and economic potential of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) in Africa and Madagascar

The taxonomy, reproductive biology and economic potential of Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) in Africa and Madagascar. Three species of the pantropical woody genus Parkia are recognized from continental Africa (including São Tomé), P. biglobosa, P. bicolor and P.filicoidea. A fourth species, P. madagascariensis , is confined to Madagascar. All have capitula of similar structure although details of shape vary. Relatives sharing this capitulum structure occur in the Far East and the Neotropics. Patterns of infraspecific variation are described for the mainland species. Parkia biglobosa shows clinal variation in several leaf characters and P. clappertoniana must be regarded as synonymous. Parkia bicolor shows geographical variation especially in capitulum shape and pod width, and P. filicoidea varies geographically in its pod morphology. The red, balllike capitula are pollinated by bats; other visitors include birds, insects and non-flying mammals. In P. biglobosa a proportion of the capitula is functionally male. The pods of the African species contain mealy pulp. Dispersal involves mammals, especially primates, and birds. Information on uses, chemical composition of the seeds and insect pests is summarized.     

The delimitation of the tribe Vicieae (Leguminosae) and the relationships of Cicer L.

A survey of morphological, anatomical, karyological and chemical characters has been carried out, centred on the Vicieae but extending to the neighbouring tribes Trifolieae and Ononideae. The results show that Cicer , traditionally a member of the Vicieae, has more in common with genera of the Trifolieae and Ononideae than with the rest of the Vicieae. It is proposed that Cicer should be removed from the Vicieae and recognized as the monogeneric tribe Cicereae Alef. The tribe Vicieae sensu stricto, a well-defined natural group, is delimited and described. Phylogenetic relationships of the Cicereae are discussed.     

A new Astragalus (Leguminosae) from Argentina, notable for placentation of its seeds

From the Patagonian region in ArgentinaAstragalus neocarpus is described and illustrated. The false septum of its fruit is formed by union of the seed-funicles with the endocarp.

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Se describe e ilustraAstragalus neocarpus de la región Patagónica de Argentina, su principal característica distintiva es la morfología del fruto, donde el falso tabique que divide en dos a la cavidad está formado por la unión de largos funículos de las semillas con el endocarpo.

     

A second spontaneous hybrid in the genusLeucaena (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae)

The detection of hybridity inLeucaena is discussed in relation to: (i) traditional criteria, (ii) molecular criteria and (iii) models to predict hybrid leaf morphology. Morphological, geographical and molecular evidence for the occurrence of interspecific hybrids betweenL. leucocephala andL. diversifolia in south-central Mexico, northern Guatemala, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea is presented. Predicted mean hybrid leaf trait values calculated from parent material are compared with data from putative hybrids and shown to be similar. The origin of these hybrids is discussed and shown to be the result of artificial sympatry resulting from indigenous, and recent exotic, domestication of the parent species. The hybrid is described asL. ×spontanea.     

A revised classification of the tribe Phaseoleae (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae), and its relation to canavanine distribution

The subtribal classification of the tribe Phaseoleae has drifted into disorder since Bentham's (1865) scheme in the Genera Plantarum. A revised classification is here proposed, which for the first time accounts for all of the currently recognized genera. This classification has seven subtribes: Cajaninae, Diocleinae, Kennediinae, Phaseolinae, Glycininae, Ophrestiinae, and Erythrininae, of which the Ophrestiinae is new. A survey for the free amino acid, canavanine, shows that it is most often present in the Diocleinae and Kennediinae and frequently absent in the rest of the tribe.     

Calliandra dolichopoda and C. cualensis (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae), two new species from Mexico

Calliandra dolichopoda and C. cualensis, two species endemic to Guerrero and Jalisco, Mexico, respectively, are described and illustrated. Both species appear to be closely related to C. hirsuta.

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Resumen  Se describen e ilustran Calliandra dolichopoda y C. cualensis, dos especies endémicas de Guerrero y Jalisco, México, respectivamente. Ambas especies parecen estar relacionadas con C. hirsuta.

     

Quantitative determination of calcium oxalate and oxalate in developing seeds of soybean (Leguminosae)

Developing soybean seeds accumulate very large amounts of both soluble oxalate and insoluble crystalline calcium (Ca) oxalate. Use of two methods of detection for the determination of total, soluble, and insoluble oxalate revealed that at +16 d postfertilization, the seeds were 24% dry mass of oxalate, and three-fourths of this oxalate (18%) was bound Ca oxalate. During later seed development, the dry mass of oxalate decreased. Crystals were isolated from the seeds, and X-ray diffraction and polarizing microscopy identified them as Ca oxalate monohydrate. These crystals were a mixture of kinked and straight prismatics. Even though certain plant tissues are known to contain significant amounts of oxalate and Ca oxalate during certain periods of growth, the accumulation of oxalate during soybean seed development was surprising and raises interesting questions regarding its function.