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1.
U. Meister 《Mycotoxin Research》2008,24(1):31-39
Bearing in mind the high toxicity of T-2 and HT-2 toxins which occur in cereals (mainly in oats) EU plans legal limits for these mycotoxins. The occurrence data are insufficient because reliable and sensitive analysis methods are not available. A sensitive HPLC gradient method was developed which is applicable with common HPLC equipment (HPLC with fluorescence detection). After extraction of the toxins from sample matrix with methanol/water the diluted extracts were cleaned-up using immunoaffinity columns and then derivatized with 1-anthroylnitrile/DMAP. The T-2 and HT-2 toxins were separated from peaks of the cereal matrix and derivatization reagent by means of a relatively complex HPLC gradient method. The method was validated for oats, wheat, rye, barley, and maize. The recovery rates were in the range of 70–99%, the precision (RSDR) of 3–8%. The limits of detection of T-2 and HT-2 toxins were 1 μg/kg. A total of 119 samples of cereals and cereal products was analyzed according to the optimized method. The analyses of 54 samples of dehulled oats and of 11 samples of processed oat products from food industry had a contamination frequency of 100%. The contents (sum of T-2 and HT-2 toxins) amounted to 3 to 174 μg/kg for the dehulled oats and to 4 to 48 μg/kg for the processed oat products. 29 samples of maize and maize products had a contamination frequency of 80% (2–106 μg/kg in the sum of T-2 and HT-2 toxins). In the samples of wheat and barley the toxins were detected only occasionally (contents: 1–10 μg/kg), in rye not at all. 相似文献
2.
A total of 220 samples comprising cereals, cereal byproducts, corn plants and corn silage as well as non-grain based feedstuffs
was randomly collected during 2000 and 2001 from sources located in Germany and analysed for 16 Fusarium toxins. The trichothecenes scirpentriol (SCIRP), 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol (MAS), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), T-2 tetraol, T-2
triol, HT-2 and T-2 toxin (HT-2, T-2), neosolaniol (NEO), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivealenol
(15-ADON), nivalenol (NIV) and fusarenon-X (FUS-X) were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Zearalenone (ZEA)
and α- and β-zearalenol (α- and β-ZOL) were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence and UV-detection.
Detection limits ranged between 1 and 19 μg/kg. Out of 125 samples of a group consisting of wheat, oats, corn, corn byproducts,
corn plants and corn silage only two wheat samples did not contain any of the toxins analysed. Based on 125 samples the incidences
were at 2–11% for DAS, NEO, T-2 Triol, FUS-X, α- and β-ZOL, at 20–22% for SCIRP, MAS, T-2 tetraol and 3-ADON, at 44–74% for
HT-2, T-2, 15-ADON, NIV and ZEA, and at 94% for DON. Mean levels of positive samples were between 6 and 758 μg/kg. Out of
95 samples of a group consisting of hay, lupines, peas, soya meal, rapeseed meal and other oilseed meals, 64 samples were
toxin negative. DAS, T-2 triol, NEO and FUS-X were not detected in any sample. The incidences of DON and ZEA were at 14 and
23% respectively, those of the other toxins between 1–4%, mean levels of positive samples were between 5 and 95 μg/kg. 相似文献
3.
A total of 92 samples — 23 winter wheat, 12 summer barley, 5 oats and 52 mixed feed — were collected from a state factory
in Kaunas, Lithuania and were analysed for the presence of trichothecenes, zearalenone (ZEN) and ochratoxin A (OA) using gas
chromatography with electron capture detection and immunoaffinity column/high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence
and UV detections. Deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin were detected at concentrations above 10
μg/kg in 68%, 48%, 38% and 8% of cereal samples, respectively, and in 98%, 88%, 12% and 8% of samples of mixed feed for swine
and poultry. More than 10 μg/kg of zearalenone and ochratoxin A were found in 58% and 92% of the mixed feed samples, respectively.
The highest concentrations of all analysed trichothecenes in Lithuanian mixed feed and cereal grains, with an exception of
T-2 toxin in one oat lot and one sample of mixed feed and OA in two mixed feed samples, were lower than those reported as
Lithuanian advisory or tolerance limits. 相似文献
4.
Kristina Liesener Valeriu Curtui Richard Dietrich Erwin Märtlbauer Ewald Usleber 《Mycotoxin Research》2010,26(1):23-30
A total of 62 samples of commercial horse feed preparations (complementary feeds) containing cereal mixtures (“muesli” or
mash, n = 39; pelleted feeds, n = 12), and plain horse feed grains (maize, n = 5; oats, n = 4; barley, n = 2) were purchased from 21 different producers/distributors from the German market. All samples were analysed by competitive
enzyme immunoassays (EIA) for six different mycotoxins (mycotoxin groups). Analytes (detection limit, mean recovery) were:
deoxynivalenol (DON, 10 μg/kg, 84%), zearalenone (ZEA, 5 μg/kg, 93%), fumonisin B1 (FB1, 2 μg/kg, 113%), T-2 toxin (T-2, 0.1 μg/kg, 71%), sum of T-2 + HT-2 toxin (T-2/HT2, 0.2 μg/kg, 97%), ochratoxin A (OTA, 0.2 μg/kg,
67%), and total ergot alkaloids (Generic Ergot Alkaloids “GEA”, 30 μg/kg, 132%). All samples contained DON (16–4,900 μg/kg,
median 220 μg/kg), T-2/HT-2 (0.8–230 μg/kg, median 24 μg/kg), and T-2 (0.3–91 μg/kg, median 7 μg/kg). ZEA was detected in
98% of the samples (7–310 μg/kg, median 61 μg/kg). Most samples (94%) were positive for FB1 (2–2,200 μg/kg, median 27 μg/kg). Ergot alkaloids were detected in 61% of samples (28–1,200 μg/kg, median 97 μg/kg), OTA
was found in 42% of samples (0.2–4 μg/kg, median 0.35 μg/kg). The results demonstrate that a co-contamination with several
mycotoxins is very common in commercial horse feed from the German market. The toxin concentrations were in most cases well
below the levels which are usually considered as critical or even toxic. The highest mycotoxin concentrations were mostly
found in single-grain cereal feed: the maximum values for DON and FB1 were found in maize, the highest T-2/HT-2 toxin concentrations were found in oats, and the highest concentration of ergot
alkaloids was found in barley. In composed feeds, no correlation between cereal composition and mycotoxin levels could be
found. 相似文献
5.
Summary A method for the analysis of zearalenone, T-2 toxin, neosolaniol and HT-2 toxin from the grains of barley, wheat and oats has been developed. Toxins are extracted with ethyl acetate, purified on a kieselgel TLC-plate and analysed on a HPTLC-plate. The limits of detection are 0.2 mg/kg for zearalenone and T-2 toxin and 5 mg/kg for neosolaniol and HT-2 toxin. For more accurate estimation the purified toxins are analysed as their trimethysilyl derivatives by gas chromatography, in which the detection limit for all toxins in 50 g/kg and the accuracy ±10%–30%. The percentage recovery in both methods is 80%. 相似文献
6.
Samples (n=106) of maize and maize products were analysed for 13 trichothecene toxins and zearalenone (ZON). All 14 toxins
examined were detected, although with varying frequency. Cooccurrence of two or more toxins was observed in 96% of samples.
The toxins of the scirpenol group scirpentriol, 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol and diacetoxyscirpenol were detected in 14, 27 and
3% of the samples analysed, the toxins of the T-2 group T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, T-2 triol und T-2 tetraol were found in 33,
66, 2 and 7%. Toxin content was higher in feeds than in foods (semolina and flour). In food samples, the German regulatory
level for DON (500 μg/kg) was not exceeded, three samples of maize flour contained ZON above the regulatory level (50 μg/kg).
Presented at the 26th Mykotoxin-Workshop in Herrching, Germany, May17–19, 2004 相似文献
7.
A total of 449 grain samples, 102 barley, 169 wheat and 178 oat samples were collected from different regions of Norway from 1996–1998 crops, mainly from grain loads and silos. The samples were analysed for type A and B trichothecenes, the largest groups of mycotoxins produced by the Fusarium species, by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS). Factors affecting the presence of the different trichothecenes are discussed. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and HT-2 toxin were the trichothecenes most frequently detected, followed by T-2 toxin, nivalenol, and scirpentriol, scirpentriol being detected only in seven samples (>20 g/kg).Oats were the grain species most heavily contaminated with an incidence(% >20 g/kg) and mean concentration of positive samples of 70%(115 g/kg) for HT-2 toxin, 30% (60 g/kg) for T-2 toxin, 57%(104 g/kg) for DON, and 10% (56 g/kg) for nivalenol. The corresponding values for barley were 22% (73 g/kg), 5% (85 g/kg),17% (155 g/kg) and 6% (30 g/kg), and for wheat 1.2% (20 g/kg),0.6% (20 g/kg), 14% (53 g/kg) and 0% for HT-2, T-2, DON and nivalenol, respectively. Norwegian oats were found to contain HT-2 and T-2 toxin in concentrations that might be at threat to human health for high consumers of oats. The amount of DON was significantly lower than in the crop from previous years.This revised version was published online in October 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
S. Biselli 《Mycotoxin Research》2005,21(4):241-245
Since February 2004 in Germany maximum limits forFusarium toxins do exist, while harmonised legislation within the EU was recently published and will come into force in July 2006. Meanwhile, the problematic nature ofFusarium mycotoxins is perceived by all participants of the processing chain of cereals. In this study the presence of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in comparison to the rarely investigated type A-trichothecenes (HT-2, T-2 toxin) in different cereal-products is discussed. About 1000 cereal-based samples have been analysed using a recently developed multitoxin method based on HPLC-MS/MS technique. Despite, up to now no concrete limit for HT-2/T-2 toxin is discussed, the degree of contamination is of special concern for food products dedicated to be placed on the market, to avoid possible risks for consumers. The used method proved to be extremely sensitive for T-2 toxin with a LOD below 1 μg/kg, therefore a comprehensive data set was achieved. 相似文献
9.
770 cereal samples of Swiss origin which were collected in various feed mills and cereal collection centres in the years 2000
– 2002 were assayed for Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA). 137 samples were also assayed for T-2 toxin. The prevalence
of DON and ZEA contamination was higher in cereals harvested in the rainy summer 2002 than in the previous years. T-2 toxin
levels exceeding 100 μg/kg were found only in three oats samples. High levels ofFusarium toxins do not frequently occur in Swiss cereals.
Presented at the 25th Mykotoxin Workshop in Giessen, Germany, May 19–21, 2003 相似文献
10.
A HPLC method for the determination of ergometrine, ergotamine, ergocristine, α-ergocryptine and ergocornine in cereals for
animal feed and in mixed feed with high cereal content was developed. Samples were extracted under acidic conditions using
a mixture of phosphoric acid and acetonitrile, the extract purified with solid phase extraction cartridges (strong cation
exchange), and ergot alkaloids detected after gradient elution on a C18 column by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Detection
and determination limits for each individual alkaloid were at 5 (μ/kg and 10 (μg/kg, respectively. With this method, high
recovery (82–120%) and good reproducibility was achieved for wheat, rye and mixed feeds, at a sum of total determined alkaloids
of < 500 (μg/kg. This method was used to analyse Bavarian feeds (n=124) over three years (2005–2007), and ergot alkaloids
were detected in 91 % of the samples. The majority of positive samples had ergot alkaloid contents of < 250 μg/kg, the median
alkaloid level was at 70 (μg/kg. The maximum sum of total determined alkaloids exceeded 1000 (μg/kg in wheat, triticale, rye,
and mixed feeds, the highest result was obtained for mixed feed (4880 (μg/kg).
Parts presented at the Feed Safety Conference, Namur, Belgium, Nov 27–28, 2007 相似文献
11.
Intake estimates for trichothecene toxins of the population in Southwest Germany in 1998 and in 1999
The intake of theFusarium toxins deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), HT-2 and T-2 toxin (HT-2, T-2), 3-, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-, 15- ADON),
and fusarenon-X (FUS-X) was calculated for adults, children and babies, for an area of southwest Germany and two years (1998,
1999). Estimates were based on consumption data of bread and pasta by both adults and children and of infant food by babies,
reported for the German population in a study on behalf of the European Union, and on toxin contents of a total of 208 samples
of these commodities. No exceeding of the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of DON, NIV and the sum of HT-2 and T-2, as stated
by the EU, was found for adults (70 kg body weight (BW)) and for babies (10 kg BW), independent of year and level of consumption.
For children (20 kg BW) the intake of DON exceeded the TDI in 1998 for high, and in 1999 for both mean and high consumers.
For both years the intake of the sum of HT-2 and T-2 was below the TDI following mean but above this value following high
consumption. The intake of NIV was far below the TDI for both levels of ingestion. The daily intake of each of the three toxins
3-, 15- ADON and FUS-X was below 0.03, 0.11 and 0.05 μg/kg/BW for adults, children and babies, respectively.
Presented at the 27th Mykotoxin-Workshop, Dortmund. Germany, June 13–15, 2005 相似文献
12.
Angel Medina Francisco M. Valle-Algarra Misericordia Jiménez Naresh Magan 《Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences》2010,878(23):2145-2149
A LC-DAD method is proposed for the determination of the T-2 and HT-2 toxins in cultures of Fusarium langsethiae in oat-based and other in vitro media. Test media consisted of freshly prepared milled oats to which T-2 and HT-2 toxin stock solutions were added. Different mixtures of extraction solvent (acetonitrile:water and methanol:water), extraction times (30′, 60′ or 90′) and drying methods were investigated. Results showed that extraction with methanol:water (80:20, v/v) for 90 min, drying with N2 and subsequent analysis by LC-DAD was the fastest and most user friendly method for detecting HT-2 and T-2 toxins production by F. langsethiae strains grown on oat-based media at levels of 0.459 and 0.508 mg of toxin/kg of agar, respectively. The proposed method was used to investigate toxin production of 6 F. langsethiae strains from northern Europe and provided clear chromatograms with no interfering peaks in media with and without glycerol as water activity modifier. 相似文献
13.
During this study a method was developed for the quantitative determination of diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin using deuterated T-2 toxin (T-2 d3 toxin) as an internal standard. The described method involves a clean up step of maize extract by the use of Mycosep® 227 columns a chromatographic separation on a Zorbax® bonus-RP-column (2,1×150mm) and the detection and quantification step on a mass spectrometer in SIM (Selected Ion Monitoring) mode.Data on the occurrence of three type A trichothecenes in Austrian maize, maize silage and oats were collected. It could be shown that maize and silage samples harvested in 2002 were only contaminated to a small extent with T-2 toxin (8% of the maize, 0% of the silage) and with HT-2 toxin (30% of the maize, 18% of the silage). But most of the analysed oats samples showed significant levels of T-2 toxin (64%) or HT-2 toxin (82%). 相似文献
14.
The sources of variation In the analysis of trichothecenes in cereals by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were
studied and Identified. Ways to decrease some of the variations identified are presented and discussed. The method Is validated
for deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, fusarenon-X, diacetoxyscirpenol, HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin. The general
variability in the performance of the GC-MS apparatus itself, as well as derivatisation, matrix effect, injection and quantification
were identified to be the sources of variation. The use of internal standards was studied in order to decrease the variation
due to problems with derivatisation and the overall sample preparation. Two derivatisation reagents were compared, one of
which was found to be more effective for decreasing this variation. The calibrants prepared in the cereal extract reduced
the variation due to the matrix effect and thus improved the quantification. “Constant Standards” were introduced in order
to detect and decrease the variation caused by injection and the apparatus itself. The validation study proved that this analytical
method for trichothecenes was adequately reliable and sensitive. The relative standard deviation varied between 3–9% and the
recovery between 46–90% for the different trichothecenes determined. The limit of detection for a range of trichothecenes
varied from 5 μg/kg to 15 μg/kg. 相似文献
15.
González HH Moltó GA Pacin A Resnik SL Zelaya MJ Masana M Martínez EJ 《Mycopathologia》2008,165(2):105-114
A total of 120 freshly harvested wheat samples from the 2004 season in nine locations from Northern Buenos Aires Province,
Argentina, were analysed for trichothecene natural occurrence and associated mycoflora, and for determining the influence
of commonly used fungicide field treatment and the cultivar type on trichothecene contamination. The trichothecenes T-2 tetraol,
T-2 triol, HT-2 and T-2 toxin (HT-2, T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol
(3-ADON) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) were analysed by gas chromatography and electron capture detection. Detection
limits ranged from 4 to 20 μg/kg. The isolation frequencies of species were calculated. Alternaria alternata, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium poae and Fusarium semitectum were the predominant fungal species identified as endogenous mycoflora. The type of cultivar and the fungicide field treatment
did not affect significantly the trichothecene contamination. The trichothecenes type A detected were HT-2 and T-2 triol toxins
and the type B were DON, NIV and 3-ADON. Based on 120 samples the incidences were 21.7% for 3-ADON, 22.5% for HT-2, 27.5%
for T-2 triol and 85% for DON. NIV was confirmed in one sample. Mean levels of trichothecene positive samples were between
7 and 2788 μg/kg. 相似文献
16.
The type A trichothecenes T-2 and HT-2 toxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi of the Fusarium genus. Their occurrence in cereals, especially in oats, implies health risks for the consumer. Therefore, it is an important
task to develop selective and sensitive methods for the analysis of T-2 and HT-2 toxins, and to undertake further studies
on their stability and toxicity. Although most toxins are commercially available, their high prices are the limiting factor
on the realization of these experiments. Thus, we developed a method for large-scale production of T-2 and HT-2 toxin as well
as T-2 triol and T-2 tetraol. T-2 toxin was obtained in gram quantities by biosynthetic production with cultures of F. sporotrichioides. As HT-2 toxin was only formed as a by-product, and T-2 triol and T-2 tetraol were not generated, these compounds were produced
by alkaline hydrolysis of T-2 toxin. Separation and isolation of crude toxins was achieved by fast centrifugal partition chromatography
(FCPC), which is an efficient tool for the large-scale purification of natural products. Using this fast and yield effective
technique, several hundred milligrams of HT-2 toxin, T-2 triol, and T-2 tetraol were obtained. Subsequent, HT-2 toxin and
T-2 triol were used for the large-scale synthesis of isotope-labeled T-2 and HT-2 toxin, respectively. Using these standards,
an isotope dilution-(ID)-HPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of T-2 and HT-2 toxin in different matrices was developed. 相似文献
17.
I. G. Bokina 《Entomological Review》2010,90(6):689-697
Twelve species of lacewings: Chrysopa altaica, Ch. commata, Ch. perplexa, Ch. phyllochroma, Ch. dasyptera, Ch. carnea, Ch. formosa, Ch. intima, Ch. perla,
Ch. prasina, Ch. septempunctata, and Nineta inpunctata were found in cereal agroecosystems of the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia. The dominant species were Ch. carnea and Ch. phyllochroma. The biological characteristics, seasonal dynamics of the abundance of lacewings in the agrocenoses of winter rye, spring
wheat, and oats are given. The abundance of larval and adult lacewings in the spring wheat agrocenosis was not affected by
the level of chemicalization (upon condition of the rational use of insecticides), tillage variant, and predecessor crop.
In the years when the density of lacewings was low, no differences in their population were found between the agrocenoses
of wheat (after fallow), winter rye, oats, vetch-oats, canola, barley, and barley with melilot. In the years characterized
by relatively high abundance of lacewings, they occurred more frequently in the crop rotations with wheat after fallow and
with oats. These plants were settled by cereal aphids to the greatest extent. In all the years studied, the density of lacewings
on alfalfa was 2–2.8 times as great as that on wheat after fallow. 相似文献
18.
The present study investigated and compared the mycotoxin production of two Fusarium species, F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae, isolated from grain samples. Fusarium strains were cultivated at 25°C for 7 days on two types of solid media, i.e. rice-flour and cereal-flour agar. Toxins produced
were measured after the incubation period with a multi-mycotoxin method based on liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
(LC-MS/MS). Both F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae synthesised type-A trichothecenes, i.e. T-2 and HT-2 toxins, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and neosolaniol (NEO). In addition,
both species could be verified as beauvericin producers. The toxin production occurred in both cereal-based assays but was
more predominant on the carbohydrate-rich rice-flour medium. The two species were potent producers of T-2 toxin, the highest
amounts measured being at a level of 20,000 μg/kg after 7 days’ incubation. Differences between the species were observed
regarding the quantitative production of the other trichothecenes: F. sporotrichioides was a more prolific producer of HT-2 toxin and beauvericin, whereas F. langsethiae produced higher amounts of DAS and NEO. On rice-flour assay, the toxin production was monitored during the growth period.
The production started rapidly at an early growth phase and several toxins could be detected already after the 1st day of
incubation, the highest concentrations being at mg/kg level. The results also indicated that the biosynthesis by F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae shifted towards the other type-A trichothecenes at the expense of T-2 toxin at the end of the cultivation. 相似文献
19.
A method for the determination of the mycotoxin citrinin (CT) in rye, wheat and barley is described. The proposed method is
based on ethyl acetate extraction, solid phase clean-up (SPE) on aminopropyl columns and reversed phase high performance liquid
chromatography with fluorescence detection (RP-HPLC-FLD). The limits of detection and quantification of CT amounted to 0.6–0.9
μg/kg and 1.7– 3.3 μg/kg with mean recovery rates in the range of 77–92% (RSD 4.8–5.5%). This method can also be used for
the determination of CT in red-fermented rice.
Presented at the 29th Mykotoxin-Workshop, Fellbach, Germany, May 14–16, 2007 相似文献
20.
Cytoplasmic DNA variation and relationships in cereal genomes 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
F. Vedel P. Lebacq F. Quetier 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1980,58(5):219-224
Summary Chloroplast (cp) and mitochondrial (mt) DNAs were isolated from four cereal genomes (cultivated wheat, rye, barley and oats) and compared by restriction nuclease analysis. Cleavage of cp and mt DNAs by Sal I, Kpn I, Xho I and EcoR I enzymes indicated that each cereal group contains specific cytoplasmic DNAs. A phylogenetic tree of cereal evolution has been obtained on the basis of cp DNA homologies. It is suggested that wheat and rye diverged after their common ancestor had diverged from the ancestor of barley. This was preceded by the divergence of the common ancestor of wheat, rye and barley and the ancestor of oats.The molecular weight of the different cp DNAs was determined from the Sal I and Kpn I patterns. cp DNAs from wheat, rye, barley and oats appeared to be characterized by a very similar molecular weight of about 80–82.106 d.In the case of the mt DNAs, the great number of restriction fragments obtained with the restriction enzymes used prevented precise comparisons and determination of molecular weights. 相似文献