大劣按蚊四龄幼虫吞食四种按蚊幼虫的实验室观察

大劣按蚊四龄幼虫会吞食其它按蚊的一龄幼虫,在文献中未见有详细报道,在按蚊饲养中,我们对大劣按蚊吞食按蚊幼虫的情况作了较细致的观察,现报道如下。1 材料和方法大劣按蚊(Ancpheles dirus)采自海南,驯化成功后我所引入饲养;中华按蚊(An.sinensis)系1987年采自思茅城郊,实验室驯化品系;嗜人按蚊(An.anthropophagus)由贵阳     

凉山按蚊和昆明按蚊的形态观察

凉山按蚊(Anopheles liangshanensis Kang et al.1984)和昆明按蚊(An.kunmingensisDong and Wang 1985)是80年代相继在四川、云南发现的两个蚊种。我们于1992年做了两者的杂交实验,证实它们之间不存在生殖隔离。本文就二者的形态进一步做了对比观察。1 材料和方法将四川越西县普雄镇捕获的凉山按蚊和云南龙陵县段家坝捕获的昆明按蚊,作隔离饲养,单个产卵。分别观察在实验室羽化3天后的成蚊雌蚊的翅、腹侧膜暗斑和雄蚊     

快速冷耐受比冷驯化更能提高越冬松针瘿蚊 (Thecodiplosis japonensis)幼虫的耐寒力(英文)

松针瘿蚊以三龄老熟幼虫在浅层土表越冬。本文比较两种温度处理过程 ,快速冷耐受 (rapidcoldhardening)和冷驯化 (coldacclimation)对松针瘿蚊获得耐寒性的能力。发现 3龄越冬幼虫具有一种特殊的生物学现象 -快速冷耐受。当越冬幼虫直接从 2 7℃转入 - 1 5℃ 3小时 ,其存活率仅为 1 7 9% ,然而在 - 1 5℃暴露之前 ,经 4℃ ,2h短暂处理 ,其存活率升高至 40 0 % ,而短时间 (1 5分钟 ) 2 7℃能抑制快速冷耐受的表达。快速冷耐受比冷驯化更能提高越冬松针瘿蚊幼虫的耐寒力。文中还讨论了快速冷耐受和冷驯化提高松针瘿蚊耐寒能力的不同机制     

大劣按蚊成虫在低温下的活力

大劣按蚊成虫在低温下的活力宋宗臣重庆第三军医大学寄生虫学教研室６３００３８我国海南省的大劣按蚊是热带蚊种。该蚊在实验室自然交配繁殖种群建立成功后,已对其在最适温度（２６±２℃）条件下的交配、吸血及产卵等习性进行了较系统的研究￣［１．２．３］,但对在低...     

活性污泥驯化的微生物生态学原理

活性污泥是一种复杂的、具有生物多样性的微生态系统。生物多样性是活性污泥驯化的基础, 驯化条件对微生物进行选择—— 适者生存增长, 不适者被抑制或淘汰。此外, 活性污泥微生物还能够通过表型适应和进化性适应主动地去适应驯化条件。活性污泥驯化的过程是微生物生态位在生态系统中重新分配和调整的过程, 符合生态学“选择与适应”的原理。依据这种原理, 原污泥、废水水质和处理工艺是影响活性污泥驯化的主要因素。     

白头鹎对季节性驯化和温度适应的生理反应

在自然环境中,有机体某一特性的可塑性变化在适应和功能方面是非常重要的。以成年白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)为研究对象,分别在野外驯化条件和实验室温度适应条件下测定静止代谢率(RMR)、蒸发失水率(EWL)和代谢活性器官的重量,同时测定肝脏及肌肉的线粒体呼吸和细胞色素C氧化酶活力(COX)。野外季节性驯化在冬季和夏季时测定;实验室温度适应分为2组,分别在10℃和30℃下适应4周后进行测定。结果显示,与夏季驯化和暖适应组相比,冬季驯化和冷适应组RMR和EWL较高、代谢活性器官较重,线粒体呼吸速率和COX活性显著增加;器官重量和细胞产热能力的适应性变化可能是导致了RMR适应性调节。结果表明,白头鹎可以表现出对季节性驯化和温度适应的生理反应,利用这种能力应付野外环境温度的波动。生理能量特性的可塑性是鸟类能量代谢的共同特征。     

金霉素和灭蚁灵的几种合剂对五种常见白蚁的毒力对比

通过三种抗生素对几种常见白蚁毒力的实验室生物测定,综合结果发现盐酸金霉素对白蚁肠内原生动物的毒力相对较优,可以用作杀白蚁剂配方中的有效组成成份。本试验的目的在于从一些金霉素和灭蚁灵的合剂中选择可用于防治白蚁的含抗生素成份的最佳有效配方。     

致倦库蚊饲养驯化的初步体会

致倦库蚊是丝虫病、流行性乙型脑炎、东方马脑炎等多种疾病的传播媒介,对人类健康和工农业生产的发展危害甚大。为测试蚊虫对各种杀虫剂的敏感性等生物和化学测定,需人工饲养和驯化大量的致倦库蚊,得到实验室品系。我们自1999年以来开展了实验室饲养驯化致倦库蚊的工作,已连续数年饲养致倦库蚊达60多代。各个世代蚊虫生长发育良好,种群情况稳定。现将初步体会简报如下。     

活性污泥驯化的微生物生态学原理

活性污泥是一种复杂的、具有生物多样性的微生态系统.生物多样性是活性污泥驯化的基础,驯化条件对微生物进行选择--适者生存增长,不适者被抑制或淘汰.此外,活性污泥微生物还能够通过表型适应和进化性适应主动地去适应驯化条件.活性污泥驯化的过程是微生物生态位在生态系统中重新分配和调整的过程,符合生态学"选择与适应"的原理.依据这种原理,原污泥、废水水质和处理工艺是影响活性污泥驯化的主要因素.     

骚扰阿蚊生物学的实验室研究

选育采自上海的骚扰阿蚊实验室品系,成蚊可在26×20×20cm蚊笼内饲养繁殖.该品系蚊虫在实验室养殖条件下:卵、幼虫及蛹期分别为4.02天、9.79天和3.99天.孵化、化蛹及羽化率分别为80.25%、82.66%和97.42%.成蚊的性比为1.00.喂糖水雌蚊、喂鼠血雌蚊和雄蚊的寿命分别为29.27天、61.96天和28.75天.成蚊一生平均产卵1.4次,每蚊平均产卵163.28粒.各变态期转换时间具有明显的昼夜节律,孵化和羽化主要在白昼而产卵,蜕皮及化蛹集中在黑夜.     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism