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1.
Abstract Larvae and pupae of the Australian lycaenid butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras Donovan (Lepidoptera; Lycaenidae), are protected from parasites and predators by attendant ants. In return, the juveniles of J. evagoras secrete to the ants a solution containing substantial amounts of sugars and amino acids. Larvae of J. evagoras were reared from hatching until adult eclosion either with or without ants. Experiments were performed to examine whether fifth (final) instar larvae attempt to compensate for the nutrient loss to ants, by consuming more food, digesting food more efficiently, or extending development time. The presence or absence of ants had no effect on the feeding rate, efficiency of digestion or development time of fifth instar larvae. Larvae with ants converted a smaller proportion of ingested food into biomass, and consequently grew less than their counterparts without ants. Thus fifth instar larvae of J. evagoras do not appear to compensate for the nutrient loss to ants. Possible reasons for the failure to compensate are discussed. 相似文献
2.
Annkristin H. Axén 《Evolutionary ecology》2000,14(7):611-625
Partner quality can be crucial for the outcome of a mutualistic interaction. In multi-species associations, the characteristics
of potential partners can vary substantially and thus the associated benefits. As a consequence of such variation, one might
expect strategies of adjusting investments to the characteristics of a partner. Lycaenid butterfly larvae often interact mutualistically
with several ant species of different size and aggressiveness and thereby different ability to protect the larvae. Attending
ants are rewarded with nutritious secretions. Both ant behavior and a larva's need for protection are known to influence larval
investment in the relationship. This study investigates the effect of six ant species on larval behavior in the lycaenid butterfly,
Glaucopsyche lygdamus. The overall level of secretion, as well as the response to varying number of attending ants, were found to be influenced
by ant species.
This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献