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1.
《Reproductive biology》2020,20(2):175-183
Stress can induce reproductive deficits by activating the HPA and causing oxidative stress. Some studies have indicated that the neurologic diseases or disorders induced by stress could be relieved by probiotics. Whether chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced reproductive deficits could be prevented by probiotics is unclear. The present experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of L. rhamnosus Gorbach–Goldin (LGG) on CUS-induced reproductive deficits. Kunming mice were divided into control, stress, and LGG groups randomly. The mice in stress and LGG groups were exposed to CUS for 40days, in the meantime, the mice in LGG group were orally administered with LGG suspension at a dose of 0.3 mL/mouse (1×1010 cells/mL), and the mice in control and stress groups were orally administered with volume-equivalent sterile saline once a day. The results showed that the CUS-induced the sperm deficits including the count, motility, morphology, ultrastructure, DNA integrity, and chromatin condensation were protected by oral administration of LGG. In addition, the change of testosterone level induced by CUS was prevented by up-regulating the expressions of StAR and P450scc in the testes. Moreover, LGG could increase the activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase significantly, and decrease the levels of oxidative products malondialdehyde and protein carbonyls significantly, as well as the levels of cyclooxygenase 2, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, to block the CUS-induced inflammatory response and the oxidative stress. The results indicated that the CUS-induced male reproductive deficits could be prevented by oral administration of LGG. 相似文献
2.
Repair of neural pathways by olfactory ensheathing cells 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Damage to nerve fibre pathways results in a devastating loss of function, due to the disconnection of nerve fibres from their targets. However, some recovery does occur and this has been correlated with the formation of new (albeit abnormal) connections. The view that an untapped growth potential resides in the adult CNS has led to various attempts to stimulate the repair of disconnectional injuries. A key factor in the failure of axonal regeneration in the CNS after injury is the loss of the aligned glial pathways that nerve fibres require for their elongation. Transplantation of cultured adult olfactory ensheathing cells into lesions is being investigated as a procedure to re-establish glial pathways permissive for the regeneration of severed axons. 相似文献
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K An J H Jung A Y Jeong H G Kim S Y Jung K Lee H J Kim S-J Kim T-Y Jeong Y Son H-S Kim J-H Kim 《Cell death & disease》2014,5(11):e1523
Reductions in hippocampal neurite complexity and synaptic plasticity are believed to contribute to the progressive impairment in episodic memory and the mild cognitive decline that occur particularly in the early stages of Alzheimer''s disease (AD). Despite the functional and therapeutic importance for patients with AD, intervention to rescue or normalize dendritic elaboration and synaptic plasticity is scarcely provided. Here we show that overexpression of neuritin, an activity-dependent protein, promoted neurite outgrowth and maturation of synapses in parallel with enhanced basal synaptic transmission in cultured hippocampal neurons. Importantly, exogenous application of recombinant neuritin fully restored dendritic complexity as well as spine density in hippocampal neurons prepared from Tg2576 mice, whereas it did not affect neurite branching of neurons from their wild-type littermates. We also showed that soluble recombinant neuritin, when chronically infused into the brains of Tg2576 mice, normalized synaptic plasticity in acute hippocampal slices, leading to intact long-term potentiation. By revealing the protective actions of soluble neuritin against AD-related neural defects, we provide a potential therapeutic approach for patients with AD.Efficient neuronal communications through synapses are crucial for normal brain functions, whereas alterations in synapse numbers, dendritic spine morphology, and dendritic complexity are thought to be reflected by different forms of synaptic plasticity and are also causally associated with a variety of neurological disorders.1, 2, 3, 4, 5 For example, synapse loss and neurite atrophy are the major neurobiological substrates underlying memory impairment in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer''s disease (AD).6, 7 The increased dendritic mislocalization of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, a microtubule-associated protein enriched at axons of mature neurons,8 and abundance of soluble oligomeric forms of β-amyloid (Aβ) appear to cause the synaptic defects and disruption of synaptic plasticity involving the progression of AD pathology.6, 9, 10 The apparent decreases in neurotrophic factors observed in brains of patients with AD11 have prompted several trials for administration of neurotrophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), to attenuate and possibly reverse synaptic defects.11, 12, 13 However, the truncation or decreased expression of its cognate receptors in AD brains have limited their potential usage as AD therapeutics.12, 14, 15Neuritin, also known as the candidate plasticity gene 15, was originally identified in a screening study for activity-regulated genes and was subsequently found to be one of the signaling molecules downstream to BDNF and its receptor tropomyosin-related kinase receptor type B.16, 17 Ensuing studies indicated that neuritin could also be induced by experimental seizure or by normal life experiences, such as sensory stimulation and exercise.17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 Located in the 6p24-p25 interval on chromosome 6,23 the neuritin gene encodes a small, highly conserved protein containing a secretory signal sequence at the N-terminus and a consensus sequence for glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) at the C-terminus.16 This GPI linkage enables neuritin to anchor at cell surfaces, and upon cleavage of GPI by phospholipase the resultant soluble neuritin is released into the extracellular space.16, 20, 24, 25, 26During embryonic neural development, neuritin is mainly expressed in brain regions that undergo a rapid proliferation of neuronal progenitor pools, suggesting a protective role of neuritin for differentiated neurons.26, 27 Interestingly, the expression level of neuritin remains elevated after birth or even increases, especially in brain regions presumably exhibiting high neural activity and synaptic plasticity, such as the hippocampus, visual cortex, and external granular layer of the cerebellum.16, 19, 20, 26 In addition, neuritin promotes neuritic arbor growth and synaptic formation.16, 20, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31 Although various studies have suggested these potent neuritogenetic activities of neuritin, the contribution of neuritin expression to or its effectiveness against neurodegenerative diseases that display neurite atrophy and synapse loss has been largely unexplored.Here we determined that neuritin expression increased neurite complexity and promoted the maturation of individual spines in cultured hippocampal neurons. Consistent with these findings, basal synaptic transmission was enhanced by transient expression of neuritin. Importantly, when exogenously applied, the soluble neuritin peptide rescued the dendrite complexity of neurons prepared from Tg2576 mice, a transgenic mouse model of AD, such that the complexity was comparable to that in wild-type (WT) mice and also normalized synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus of the Tg2576 mice. Taken together, these results suggest that neuritin, particularly a soluble form of neuritin, reverses synaptic defects manifest in Tg2576 mice and that manipulations to increase neuritin levels may be beneficial therapeutic approaches in AD. 相似文献
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Raisman G 《Comptes rendus biologies》2007,330(6-7):557-560
Repair of spinal cord injury requires that severed axons are able to regenerate. Regrowth of axons is impeded by the loss of astrocytic pathways caused at the time of injury. Ensheathing glial cells cultured from the adult olfactory system can be transplanted into lesions and mediate both regeneration of axons and recovery of function. 相似文献
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L F Borges 《Applied neurophysiology》1988,51(6):265-277
The techniques of neural transplantation are almost 100 years old. As these techniques begin to be used to treat human neurological disorders, it is important to remember the contributions of the many investigators who have advanced this fascinating area of neurobiology. 相似文献
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In the present study, we obtained genetically manipulated non-neuronal cells which synthesize a catecholamine precursor for future use in the intracerebral grafting. Human type 1 tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, EC 1. 14. 16. 2) cDNA was inserted into eukaryotic expression vector pKCRH2 and was co-transfected into C6 cells with plasmid pSV2neo. Expression of the TH minigene was screened by immunocytochemical staining with TH antibody and immunoblotting analysis. Several clones of the C6 transfectants that produce TH molecules were obtained. These cells showed TH activity and the product, L-DOPA, was detected intracellularly due to the absence of L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC, EC 4. 1. 1. 28) activity. It was found that a large amount of L-DOPA was released from the cells into the culture medium. These transfectants were transplanted into rat brain and the expression of TH was examined immunohistochemically. At the 10th day following transplantation, a mass of C6 cells which was heavily stained with TH antibody was observed in the brain. These findings may provide us an opportunity to investigate the effects of intracerebral transplantation of non-neuronal cells that produce catecholamine or its precursor. 相似文献
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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein complex (EMC) is essential for the insertion of a wide variety of transmembrane proteins into the plasma membrane across cell types. Each EMC is composed of Emc1-7, Emc10, and either Emc8 or Emc9. Recent human genetics studies have implicated variants in EMC genes as the basis for a group of human congenital diseases. The patient phenotypes are varied but appear to affect a subset of tissues more prominently than others. Namely, craniofacial development seems to be commonly affected. We previously developed an array of assays in Xenopus tropicalis to assess the effects of emc1 depletion on the neural crest, craniofacial cartilage, and neuromuscular function. We sought to extend this approach to additional EMC components identified in patients with congenital malformations. Through this approach, we determine that EMC9 and EMC10 are important for neural crest development and the development of craniofacial structures. The phenotypes observed in patients and our Xenopus model phenotypes similar to EMC1 loss of function likely due to a similar mechanism of dysfunction in transmembrane protein topogenesis. 相似文献
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Water deficits and reproduction in maize : response of the reproductive tissue to water deficits at anthesis and mid-grain fill 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
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Reproductive development in maize (Zea mays L.) is vulnerable to plant water deficits during anthesis but becomes less sensitive as reproduction progresses. To determine whether changes in tissue water status correlated with the change in sensitivity, we examined the water potential (Ψw), osmotic potential (Ψs), and turgor of reproductive tissues during a short-term water deficit imposed at anthesis or mid-grain fill. Plants were grown in controlled environments in soil. At anthesis, leaf, husk, silk, and ovary Ψw of control plants was similar (−0.5 to −0.65 megapascal) at midday. When water was withheld, Ψw decreased to −1.75, −1.3, −1.2, and −1.0 megapascal in these tissues. Net water uptake by the ovaries was inhibited, but final dry weight, solute content, and total extractable carbohydrates were similar to the controls. At mid-grain fill, leaf, husk, grain, and embryo Ψw of control plants were −0.55, −0.35, −0.75, and −0.80 megapascal at midday. When water was withheld, leaf and husk Ψw decreased to −2.4 and −1.4 megapascal within 6 days. However, grain and embryo Ψw remained within 0.15 megapascal of control values. The grain continued to accumulate dry matter despite a net loss of water and a reduction in total solute content. These results indicate that the response of the reproductive tissues to plant water deficits varies with stage of grain development. The maintenance of a favorable water status only after grain filling is under way may explain, at least in part, the high sensitivity to plant water deficits early in reproductive development and the decrease in sensitivity as reproduction progresses. 相似文献
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Sexual selection and signal detection theories predict that females should be selective in their responses to mating signals in mate choice, while the response of males to signals in male competition should be less selective. The neural processes underlying this behavioural sex difference remain obscure. Differences in behavioural selectivity could result from differences in how sensitive sensory systems are to mating signals, distinct thresholds in motor areas regulating behaviour, or sex differences in selectivity at a gateway relaying sensory information to motor systems. We tested these hypotheses in frogs using the expression of egr-1 to quantify the neural responses of each sex to mating signals. We found that egr-1 expression in a midbrain auditory region was elevated in males in response to both conspecific and heterospecific calls, whereas in females, egr-1 induction occurred only in response to conspecific signals. This differential neural selectivity mirrored the sex differences in behavioural responsiveness to these stimuli. By contrast, egr-1 expression in lower brainstem auditory centres was not different in males and females. Our results support a model in which sex differences in behavioural selectivity arise from sex differences in the neural selectivity in midbrain areas relaying sensory information to the forebrain. 相似文献
12.
Harding CF 《Journal of neurobiology》2004,61(3):301-308
Our previous research revealed dramatic increases in dopaminergic function in vocal control and auditory nuclei in male zebra finches during the period of song learning. Such increases were not seen in the hypothalamic areas examined. In the current study, we manipulated dopamine receptor function during this period to determine how this might affect later singing behavior. Males were implanted with osmotic minipumps providing 0, 0.5, or 5 microg/g/day of the mixed D1/D2 dopamine receptor antagonist cis-flupenthixol from day 45 until day 57. At approximately 86 days of age, males were given subcutaneous silastic implants containing a maintenance dose of androgen, in case antagonist treatment interfered with adult androgen secretion. One week later, they began a series of three weekly tests to determine if this early treatment affected courtship singing. Males treated with the low dose of cis-flupenthixol showed profound decrements in courtship singing and copulatory behavior. Unlike saline-treated controls, low-dose males sang to females infrequently. High-intensity courtship displays in which males dance towards females while singing were most affected. Despite their decreased courtship singing, low-dose males were interested in females. They approached females as frequently as males in the other two groups, but antagonist-treated males were less likely to follow females if they moved. Low-dose males also attempted to mount females significantly less often than high-dose males. High-dose males groomed significantly less frequently than males in the other two groups. Thus, brief early treatment with cis-flupenthixol had profound and long-lasting effects on female-directed singing and on copulatory behavior, despite androgen treatment. 相似文献
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Modification of radiation myelopathy by the transplantation of neural stem cells in the rat 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Rezvani M Birds DA Hodges H Hopewell JW Milledew K Wilkinson JH 《Radiation research》2001,156(4):408-412
In a novel approach, neural stem cells were transplanted to ameliorate radiation-induced myelopathy in the spinal cords of rats. A 12-mm section of the cervical spinal cord (T2-C2) of 5-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats was locally irradiated with a single dose of 22 Gy of (60)Co gamma rays. This dose is known to produce myelopathy in all animals within 6 months of irradiation. After irradiation, the animals were subdivided into three groups, and at 90 days after irradiation, neural stem cells or saline (for controls) were injected into the spinal cord, intramedullary, at two sites positioned 6 mm apart on either side of the center of the irradiated length of spinal cord. The injection volume was 2 microl. Group I received a suspension of MHP36 cells, Group II MHP15 cells, and Group III (controls) two injections of 2 microl saline. All rats received 10 mg/kg cyclosporin (10 mg/ml) daily i.p. to produce immunosuppression. All animals that received saline (Group III) developed paralysis within 167 days of irradiation. The paralysis-free survival rates of rats that received transplanted MHP36 and MHP15 cells (Groups I and II) were 36.4% and 32% at 183 days, respectively. It was concluded that transplantation of neural stem cells 90 days after irradiation significantly (P = 0.03) ameliorated the expression of radiation-induced myelopathy in the spinal cords of rats. 相似文献
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MP Hefferan J Galik O Kakinohana G Sekerkova C Santucci S Marsala R Navarro M Hruska-Plochan K Johe E Feldman DW Cleveland M Marsala 《PloS one》2012,7(8):e42614
Background
Mutation in the ubiquitously expressed cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase (SOD1) causes an inherited form of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Mutant synthesis in motor neurons drives disease onset and early disease progression. Previous experimental studies have shown that spinal grafting of human fetal spinal neural stem cells (hNSCs) into the lumbar spinal cord of SOD1G93A rats leads to a moderate therapeutical effect as evidenced by local α-motoneuron sparing and extension of lifespan. The aim of the present study was to analyze the degree of therapeutical effect of hNSCs once grafted into the lumbar spinal ventral horn in presymptomatic immunosuppressed SOD1G93A rats and to assess the presence and functional integrity of the descending motor system in symptomatic SOD1G93A animals.Methods/Principal Findings
Presymptomatic SOD1G93A rats (60–65 days old) received spinal lumbar injections of hNSCs. After cell grafting, disease onset, disease progression and lifespan were analyzed. In separate symptomatic SOD1G93A rats, the presence and functional conductivity of descending motor tracts (corticospinal and rubrospinal) was analyzed by spinal surface recording electrodes after electrical stimulation of the motor cortex. Silver impregnation of lumbar spinal cord sections and descending motor axon counting in plastic spinal cord sections were used to validate morphologically the integrity of descending motor tracts. Grafting of hNSCs into the lumbar spinal cord of SOD1G93A rats protected α-motoneurons in the vicinity of grafted cells, provided transient functional improvement, but offered no protection to α-motoneuron pools distant from grafted lumbar segments. Analysis of motor-evoked potentials recorded from the thoracic spinal cord of symptomatic SOD1G93A rats showed a near complete loss of descending motor tract conduction, corresponding to a significant (50–65%) loss of large caliber descending motor axons.Conclusions/Significance
These data demonstrate that in order to achieve a more clinically-adequate treatment, cell-replacement/gene therapy strategies will likely require both spinal and supraspinal targets. 相似文献15.
One aspect of tissue engineering of skeletal muscle involves the transposition and transplantation of whole muscles to treat muscles damaged by injury or disease. The transposition of whole muscles has been used for many decades, but since 1970, the development of techniques for microneurovascular repair has allowed the transplantation of muscles invariably result in structural and functional deficits. The deficits are of the greatest magnitude during the first month, and then a gradual recovery results in the stabilization of structural and functional variables between 90 and 120 days. In stabilized vascularized grafts ranging from 1 to 3 g in rats to 90 g in dogs, the major deficits are approximately 25% decrease in muscle mass and in most grafts approximately 40% decrease in maximum force. The decrease in power is more complex because it depends on both the average shortening force and the velocity of shortening. As a consequence, the deficit in maximum power may be either greater or less than the deficit in maximum force. Tenotomy and repair are the major factors responsible for the deficits.Although the data are limited, skeletal muscle grafts appear to respond to training stimuli in a manner no different from that of control muscles. The training stimuli include traditional methods of endurance and strength training, as well as chronic electrical stimulation. Transposed and transplanted muscles develop sufficient force and power to function effectively to: maintain posture; move limbs; sustain the patency of sphincters; partially restore symmetry in the face; or serve as, or drive, assist devices in parallel or in series with the heart. 相似文献
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Paul R. Sanberg Dong‐Hyuk Park Nicole Kuzmin‐Nichols Eduardo Cruz Nelson Americo Hossne Jr Enio Buffolo Alison E. Willing 《Journal of cellular and molecular medicine》2010,14(3):553-563
Neovascularization is an integral process of inflammatory reactions and subsequent repair cascades in tissue injury. Monocytes/macrophages play a key role in the inflammatory process including angiogenesis as well as the defence mechanisms by exerting microbicidal and immunomodulatory activity. Current studies have demonstrated that recruited monocytes/macrophages aid in regulating angiogenesis in ischemic tissue, tumours and chronic inflammation. In terms of neovascularization followed by tissue regeneration, monocytes/macrophages should be highly attractive for cell-based therapy compared to any other stem cells due to their considerable advantages: non-oncogenic, non-teratogenic, multiple secretary functions including pro-angiogenic and growth factors, straightforward cell harvesting procedure and non-existent ethical controversy. In addition to adult origins such as bone marrow or peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood (UCB) can be a potential source for autologous or allogeneic monocytes/macrophages. Especially, UCB monocytes should be considered as the first candidate owing to their feasibility, low immune rejection and multiple characteristic advantages such as their anti-inflammatory properties by virtue of their unique immune and inflammatory immaturity, and their pro-angiogenic ability. In this review, we present general characteristics and potential of monocytes/macrophages for cell-based therapy, especially focusing on neovascularization and UCB-derived monocytes. 相似文献
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Lan Zhao Jian-Wei Liu Bo-Hong Kan Hui-Yan Shi Lin-Po Yang Xin-Yu Liu 《World journal of stem cells》2020,12(12):1576-1590
BACKGROUNDSynaptophysin plays a key role in synaptic development and plasticity of neurons and is closely related to the cognitive process of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Exogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) improve the damaged nerve function. The effects of Sanjiao acupuncture on cognitive impairment may be related to the regulation of the NSC microenvironment.AIMTo explore the anti-dementia mechanism of acupuncture by regulating the NSC microenvironment.METHODSNSCs were isolated from pregnant senescence-accelerated mouse resistant 1 (SAMR1) mice, labeled with BrdU, and injected into the hippocampus of senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice. Eight-month-old senescence-accelerated mice (SAM) were randomly divided into six groups: SAMR1 (RC), SAMP8 (PC), sham transplantation (PS), NSC transplantation (PT), NSC transplantation with acupuncture (PTA), and NSC transplantation with non-acupoint acupuncture (PTN). Morris water maze test was used to study the learning and memory ability of mice after NSC transplantation. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunofluorescence were used to observe the his-topathological changes and NSC proliferation in mice. A co-culture model of hippocampal slices and NSCs was established in vitro, and the synaptophysin expression in the hippocampal microenvironment of mice was observed by flow cytometry after acupuncture treatment.RESULTSMorris water maze test showed significant cognitive impairment of learning and memory in 8-mo-old SAMP8, which improved in all the NSC transplantation groups. The behavioral change in the PTA group was stronger than those in the other two groups (P < 0.05). Histopathologically, the hippocampal structure was clear, the cell arrangement was dense and orderly, and the necrosis of cells in CA1 and CA3 areas was significantly reduced in the PTA group when compared with the PC group. The BrdU-positive proliferating cells were found in NSC hippocampal transplantation groups, and the number increased significantly in the PTA group than in the PT and PTN groups (P < 0.05). Flow cytometry showed that after co-culture of NSCs with hippocampal slices in vitro, the synaptophysin expression in the PC group decreased in comparison to the RC group, that in PT, PTA, and PTN groups increased as compared to the PC group, and that in the PTA group increased significantly as compared to the PTN group with acupoint-related specificity (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONAcupuncture may promote nerve regeneration and synaptogenesis in SAMP8 mice by regulating the microenvironment of NSC transplantation to improve the nerve activity and promote the recovery of AD-damaged cells. 相似文献
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Chao Zhang Jiani Cao Xiaoyan Li Haoyu Xu Weixu Wang Libin Wang Xiaoyang Zhao Wei Li Jianwei Jiao Baoyang Hu Qi Zhou Tongbiao Zhao 《中国科学:生命科学英文版》2016,59(9):950-957
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), with focal T lymphocytic infiltration and damage of myelin and axons. The underlying mechanism of pathogenesis remains unclear and there are currently no effective treatments. The development of neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation provides a promising strategy to treat neurodegenerative disease. However, the limited availability of NSCs prevents their application in neural disease therapy. In this study, we generated NSCs from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and transplanted these cells into mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of MS. The results showed that transplantation of iPSC-derived NSCs dramatically reduced T cell infiltration and ameliorated white matter damage in the treated EAE mice. Correspondingly, the disease symptom score was greatly decreased, and motor ability was dramatically rescued in the iPSC-NSC-treated EAE mice, indicating the effectiveness of using iPSC-NSCs to treat MS. Our study provides pre-clinical evidence to support the feasibility of treating MS by transplantation of iPSC-derived NSCs. 相似文献
20.
Y Oda T Onitsuka R Tsuchimoto S Hirano N Oribe T Ueno Y Hirano I Nakamura T Miura S Kanba 《PloS one》2012,7(7):e39955
Periodic auditory click stimulation has been reported to elicit an auditory steady state response (ASSR). The ASSR has been suggested to reflect the efficiency of γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) inhibitory interneuronal activity. Although a potential role for GABAergic dysfunction has been previously proposed, the role of neural synchronization in the ASSR in people with bipolar disorder (BD) has received little attention. In the current study, we investigated ASSRs to 20 Hz, 30 Hz, 40 Hz and 80 Hz click trains in BD patients. A total of 14 (4 males) BD patients and 25 (10 males) healthy controls participated in this study. ASSRs were obtained using whole-head 306-channel magnetoencephalography to calculate, ASSR power values and phase locking factors (PLF). BD patients exhibited significantly reduced mean ASSR power and PLF values bilaterally at frequencies of 30, 40, and 80 Hz (p<0.05 for these frequencies). At 20 Hz, bipolar patients showed no significant reduction in mean ASSR power and PLF values. There was a significant negative correlation between 80 Hz-ASSR-power values obtained from the right hemisphere and scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (rho = −0.86, p = 0.0003). The current study showed reduced low and high gamma band ASSR power and PLF bilaterally with no significant beta band ASSR reduction in BD patients. BD patients are characterized by deficits in gamma band oscillations, which may be associated with GABA inhibitory interneuronal activity dysfunction. 相似文献