Highly efficient transformation of intact yeast-like conidium cells of Tremella fuciformis by electroporation

Tremella fuciformis is one of higher basidiomycetes. Its basidiospore can reproduce yeast-like conidia, also called the blastospore by budding. The yeast-like conidia of T. fuciformis is monokaryotic and easy to culture by submerged fermentation similar to yeast. So it is a good recipient cell for exogenous gene expression. In this study, two expression vectors pGlg-gfp containing gpd-Gl promoter and gfp gene and pGlg-hph containing gpd-Gl promoter and hph gene were constructed. The lowest sensitive concentration of hygromycin for the blastospore was determined on three types of media. Our ex- periments showed that the lowest sensitive concentration of hygromycin for the blastospore was 5 μg/mL on MA medium. The intact blastospores were transformed with the expression vector pGlg-hph by electroporation. The putative transformants were obtained by the MA selective medium. Experi- mental results showed that the most effective parameters for the electroporation of intact blastospores were obtained by using STM buffer, 1.0×108 cells/mL of blastospores, 200 μL in transformation volume, 6 μg plasmid, 2.0 kV/cm of electric pulse voltage, stillness culturing on MB liquid medium for 48 h after electroporation. In these transformation conditions, the efficiency reached 277 colonies/μg DNA. Co-transformation of plasmid pGlg-gfp and pGlg-hph with ratio of 1:1 was performed by electroporation with the optimal parameters. The putative co-transformants were obtained by the MA selective medium. Eight randomly selected colonies from the vast putative co-transformants were analyzed by PCR de- tection and Southern blotting. The experiments showed that the gfp was integrated into the genomes of three transformants. The co-transformation efficiency was 37.5%. Green fluorescence was observed under laser scanning confocal microscope in these gfp positive transformants. This indicates that the exogenous gfp can be expressed effectively in the yeast-like conidia of T. fuciformis.     

Agrobacterium-Mediated Multiple Gene Transformation in Rice Using a Single Vector

The homodimeric hemoglobin gene (VHb), the trans-zeatin synthetase gene (tzs), the modified 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene (EPSPS), a selectable marker gene (hpt), and a reporter gene (gus), as linked expression cassettes, were stacked into the T-DNA region of a binary vector and introduced simultaneously into immature embryos of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties Xiushui-11, Qiufeng,Youfeng, and Hanfeng by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. A total of 1 153 transgenic lines was obtained through selection for hygromycin B resistance. Approximately 90.2% of the transgenic lines harbored all the transgenes. Integration of multiple transgenes occurred at one to three genetic loci. Expression analysis revealed that the transgenes were coexpressed and inherited in a simple Mendelian fashion in transgenic plants and the frequency of coexpression was approximately 85%. On the basis of the cointegration and coexpression of the transgenes, most transgenic families were considered to be useful in a breeding program.     

Isolation and Identification of Canine Parvovirus Serotype 2a and Its VP2 Protein Expression in Transgenic Tobacco

A strain of canine parvovirus (CPV) was isolated from feces of an ill puppy in an animal hospital in Wuhan, China. It was designated as CPV/WH02/06. This isolate was identified as serotype CPV-2a by the hemagglutination test, CPV Ag detection strip, electron microscopy, and PCR. The vp2 gene was cloned and sequenced and assigned GenBank accession number EU377537. A 1242 bp segment of the 5' region of the vp2 gene was cloned and inserted into the binary vector pBI121 and used for Agrobacterium-mediated tobacco transformation. Transgenic tobacco plants were selected on MS medium supplemented with 100 μg/mL kanamycin and 100 μg/mL timentin. Integration of the vp2 gene into the tobacco genome was confirmed by PCR using T1 progeny plants, and the expression of the VP2 protein was confirmed by Western blotting.     

An improved method for direct gene transfer and subsequent regeneration ofArabidopsis thaliana Landsbergerecta and two marker lines

A protocol for PEG-mediated transformation of protoplasts is described forA. thaliana ecotype Landsbergerecta and two marker lines derived from it, M4 and M10. The optimal transformation conditions were: 14 μg plasmid DNA and 28 μg carrier DNA per 6 x 10⁵ protoplasts in 15% (w/v) PEG solution. Based on the hygromycin resistance conferred by the transgene, relative transformation frequencies of 2.5–3.2% and absolute transformation frequencies of 1–2 x 10⁻⁴, were obtained. Shoot regeneration frequencies of 40–60% were achieved, and fertile transgenic plants of the three tested lines were obtained. Southern blot hybridizations demonstrated multi-copy integration patterns in most cases. Hygromycin resistance segregation patterns of 3:1 and 15:1 were found, as well as unexpected segregation patterns, suggesting that modifications in gene expression took place and that these can progressively occur over successive generations.     

Characterization and Fine Mapping of a Novel Rice Narrow Leaf Mutant nal9

A narrow leaf mutant was isolated from transgenic rice （Oryza sativa L.） lines carrying a T-DNA insertion. The mutant is characterized by narrow leaves during its whole growth period, and was named nal9 （narrow leaf 9）. The mutant also has other phenotypes, such as light green leaves at the seedling stage, reduced plant height, a small panicle and increased tillering. Genetic analysis revealed that the mutation is controlled by a single recessive gene. A hygromycin resistance assay showed that the mutation was not caused by T-DNA insertion, so a map-based cloning strategy was employed to isolate the nal9 gene. The mutant individuals from the F2 generations of a cross between the nal9mutant and Longtepu were used for mapping. With 24 F2 mutants, the nal9 gene was preliminarily mapped near the marker RM156 on the chromosome 3. New INDEL markers were then designed based on the sequence differences between japonica and indica at the region near RM156. The nal9 gene was finally located in a 69.3 kb region between the markers V239B and V239G within BAC OJ1212_C05 by chromosome walking. Sequence and expression analysis showed that an ATP-dependent CIp protease proteolytic subunit gene （CIpP） was most likely to be the nal9 gene. Furthermore, the nal9 mutation was rescued by transformation of the CIpP cDNA driven by the 35S promoter. Accordingly, the CIpP gene was identified as the NAL9 gene. Our results provide a basis for functional studies of NAL9 in future work.     

Active expression of Gγ globin gene on chromosome 11 with Yunnanese (Ayγδβ)~0-thalasseinia deletion in MEL cells

A permanent lymphocyte cell line of a heterozygote with Yunnanese (Aγδβ)0-thalassemia deletion, associated with an increased production of Cry globin in adult, was founded using Epstein-Barr virus transformation. The hybrids of the lymphocyte cell and mouse erythroleukemia cell (MEL) were achieved and the hybrids containing human chromosome 11 were selected with the monoclonal antibody 53/6. The subclones containing only either the normal or the abnormal human chromosome 11 were separated and the expression of the human globin genes was studied. Expression of the β-globin gene, but not the Cγ and Aγ, was observed in the hybrids containing only the normal human chromosome 11, while active expression of the Cγ globin gene was observed in the hybrids containing only the abnormal human chromosome 11. These results have confirmed that the DNA deletion in the β-globin gene cluster is the cause of persistent active expression of the Cγ globin gene in the Yunnanese mutant.     

杜氏盐藻外源基因稳定表达系统的构建(英文)

A stable transformation system for the expression of foreign genes in the unicellular greenmarine alga (Dunaliella salina Teod.) was established. Using electroporation, the alga was transformed witha plasmid containing the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg） gene and the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase(CAT) gene as a selectable gene. PCR and Southern blotting analysis indicated that the HBsAEgene wasintegrated into the D. salina genome. Northern dotting analysis showed that the HBsAg gene was expressedat the mRNA level. The stable expression of HBsAg protein in transformants was confirmed by HBsAgenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (HBsAg EUSA) and Western blotting analysis. Also, PCR and Southernblotting analyses showed that the CA Tgene was integrated into the D, salina genome, and CAT EUSAindicated that CAT protein was stably expressed in the cells. The introduced HBsAg DNA and HBsAgprotein expression were stably maintained for at least 60 generations in media devoid of chloramphenicol.This is the first report of the stable expression of foreign genes in D. salina.     

一种有效的嗜热真菌杜邦嗜热菌靶向基因替代系统

以嗜热真菌杜邦嗜热菌Thermomyces dupontii NRRL 2155为研究材料,利用同源重组原理和真菌原生质体转化方法,以潮霉素抗性基因替换嗜热真菌目标基因,获得抗潮霉素的靶向基因敲除突变菌株。优化的遗传转化体系为：用15mg/mL裂解酶,在28℃下酶解2g杜邦嗜热菌菌丝5.5h以获得原生质体,经STC缓冲液洗涤重悬后,利用PEG（polyethylene glycol）介导的遗传转化方式,将10μg线性敲除全长片段转化至杜邦嗜热菌原生质体中,通过潮霉素筛选及PCR验证得到基因替换突变菌株,同源重组率达到20%。本研究首次将原生质体转化方法应用在杜邦嗜热菌,并成功建立稳定高效的基因替换体系,为快速构建杜邦嗜热菌的遗传转化体系和研究该嗜热真菌的基因功能提供有效方法。     

粟长蠕孢菌的原生质体转化

本文报道了利用具有潮霉素抗性标记的质粒(pAN7-1)对粟长蠕孢菌原生质体进行转化的结果。经pAN7-1质粒DNA转化处理的粟长蠕孢菌原生质体在含潮霉素(200μg/ml)的选择性培养基上出现两类转化子。一类是正常转化子,其转化率为2个转化子/μg DNA;另一类是流产转化子,其产生频率为500—600个转化子/μg DNA。DNA杂交分析结果表明,在正常转化子中质粒DNA以首尾相接、重复排列的形式整合入受体菌染色体DNA。初筛获得的转化子多数以异核状态存在,经单孢分离纯化后可通过有丝分裂稳定传代。     

PEG介导的柱状田头菇遗传转化体系建立

柱状田头菇（茶树菇）Agrocybe aegerita是一种美味的食用菌,具有极高的经济价值。随着其全基因组测序的完成,功能基因组学研究也逐渐展开,其中,高效的遗传转化体系作为技术基础成为研究重点。本研究以柱状田头菇原生质体为受体、潮霉素抗性基因（hph）作为筛选标记,以增强型绿色荧光蛋白基因（egfp）为报告基因,应用PEG介导法进行柱状田头菇遗传转化体系研究。结果表明,150μg/mL潮霉素可以完全抑制柱状田头菇的生长。30℃下用2%裂解酶液酶解菌丝3h,能够获得最大得率的原生质体。通过PEG介导将构建好的DNA片段转化入柱状田头菇原生质体,通过潮霉素抗性筛选获得转化子,转化得率达到7个/μg DNA。PCR验证和荧光显微镜观察,外源片段成功转入柱状田头菇中并稳定表达。本研究建立的PEG介导转化体系,为柱状田头菇基因功能研究提供了技术基础。     

DNA-mediated transformation system in a bipolar basidiomycete, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pholiota microspora</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">P. nameko</Emphasis>)

We cloned a gene encoding the succinate dehydrogenase iron-sulfur protein subunit (sip) from a bipolar mushroom, Pholiota microspora, and introduced a point mutation that confers carboxin resistance into this gene. Using this homologous selective marker and also a heterologous drug selective marker, the hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene (hph), we successfully constructed a DNA-mediated transformation system in P. microspora. Both these selection markers have high transformation efficiency: the efficiency of carboxin resistance transformation was about 88.8 transformants/μg pMBsip2 DNA using 5 × 10⁶ protoplasts in regeneration plates containing 1.0 μg/ml carboxin, and the efficiency of hygromycin B resistance transformation was about 122.4 transformants/μg pMBhph1 DNA using 5 × 10⁶ protoplasts in regeneration plates containing 150 μg/ml hygromycin B. Southern hybridization analysis showed that the introduced sequence (mutant sip or hph) was integrated into the chromosomal DNA in these transformants with a copy number of one or more.     

丝状真菌瑞氏木霉外源基因表达系统的构建

采用PCR技术体外扩增获得了瑞氏木霉外切葡聚糖纤维二糖水解酶Ⅰ (CBHⅠ )启动子和终止子序列 .并以大肠杆菌质粒pUC1 9为骨架 ,在该启动子和终止子序列间加入多克隆位点 ,构建了瑞氏木霉强表达整合型载体pTRIL .以质粒pAN7 1为模板 ,体外扩增了带有潮霉素磷酸转移酶(hph)基因的DNA片段 ,将hph插入pTRIL的cbh1启动子和终止子序列之间 ,构建了Pcbh1 hph Tcbh1表达盒 .用此表达盒转化瑞氏木霉C30原生质体 ,在潮霉素平板上得到 1 5株抗性转化子 .对其中的H1转化子进行了PCR和Southern印迹分析 ,证实hph基因确实整合到转化子染色体DNA上 ,并在Pcbh1 启动子控制下进行高效表达 .转化子H1对潮霉素抗性达 1 5 0mg L ,比出发菌株提高 2倍 .瑞氏木霉强表达整合型载体pTRIL的构建成功为开展瑞氏木霉分子生物学研究以及进一步的工程菌株构建工作奠定了基础     

PEG介导的猴头菌遗传转化体系的建立

对猴头菌Hericium erinaceus原生质体制备的各种因素进行比较研究,结果表明,猴头菌原生质体制备的最佳体系为：液体培养5d的猴头菌丝,以0.6mol/L KCl作为稳渗剂,加入含1.0%纤维素酶+1.0%蜗牛酶+1.0%溶壁酶的复合酶,在30℃酶解猴头菌丝3h时,原生质体得率达到3.0×106个/mL。潮霉素敏感性测试表明,猴头菌在PDSA固体培养基上的潮霉素最低筛选浓度为60μg/mL。采用PEG介导的原生质体法,将质粒pBgGI-hph（含有灵芝gpd1-Gl启动子和潮霉素抗性基因hph）转化猴头菌原生质体,经潮霉素初步筛选以及PCR鉴定,表明有4株猴头菌拟转化子的基因组扩增出hph基因;转化子经过多次转接后进行Southern杂交验证,结果表明4个转化子的基因组中均稳定整合了hph抗性基因。     

Stability of transformed antagonistic Fusarium oxysporum strains in vitro and in soil microcosms

The stability of a genetically modified strain of Fusarium oxysporum used as antagonist against phytopathogenic formae speciales of F. oxysporum was evaluated both in vitro and in microcosm assays. The Escherichia coli hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene (hph), conferring hygromycin B resistance, was introduced by genetic transformation into a recipient strain marked by benomyl resistance and a dark red pigmentation. Hybridization with the complete plasmid suggested that the integration had generally occurred in a multiple-tandem array at multiple sites. Among nine independent transformants tested, only three of them were mitotically stable after four rounds of vegetative growth with no selective pressure, while six showed various changes in the integration pattern. One transformant had lost the ability to grow in the presence of hygromycin B. In soil microcosms all the transformants maintained the hygromycin B resistant phenotype, but six of them showed rearrangement of transforming DNA. Only one strain (coded T26.40) underwent no obvious rearrangement both after in vitro growth and after recovery from the soil microcosm. The nine transformants were used in three biological control experiments against Fusarium wilt of carnation in comparison to two untransformed reference strains and to the recipient mutant. A high degree of variability in the biocontrol activity was observed throughout the experiments and only transformant T26.40 consistently controlled the incidence of disease. The results are discussed in relation to risk assessment of the release of transgenic antagonistic fungi.     

农杆菌介导生防棘孢木霉菌转化体系的优化

目的:实现棘孢木霉菌T4的遗传转化并优化其转化体系.方法:以潮霉素抗性为选择标记,利用农杆菌转化法介导转化棘孢木霉菌.结果:潮霉素基因成功整合到受体菌基因组中,转化子抗性基因可稳定遗传.结论:最优的转化体系和条件为:IM和CM培养基中AS浓度为200 μg/mL,棘孢木霉T4孢子浓度为106/mL,农杆菌浓度为200 μL( OD600约0.8),共培养时间为48 h,转化效率约为50个转化子/106个孢子.     

Genetic transformation of Monascus purpureus DSM1379

Monascus purpureus was transformed into hygromycin B resistance with hygromycin B phosphotransferase (hph) fused to Aspergillus nidulans trpC or a putative Monascus purpureus gpd1 promoter by electroporation. Among five strains, only M. purpureus DSM1397 was a competent recipient. Normal growth and sporulation on media containing up to 500 mg hygromycin B l^–1 occurred up to five generations. Upon transformation of the strain with the green fluorescent protein gene (sgfp) as a model gene and hph as a selection marker, characteristic green fluorescence was observed under fluoromicroscopy indicating successful transformation.