转录因子AP-2β与SLP-2的蛋白相互作用

AP-2β是转录因子AP-2家族中的重要一员.AP-2是一个与哺乳动物的发育、细胞生长、分化、凋亡和肿瘤发生都有密切联系的重要的转录因子家族.最近的研究表明,AP-2能通过与其他蛋白的相互作用来调控AP-2下游基因的转录活性.采用免疫共沉淀结合质谱鉴定的方法筛选与AP-2β相互作用的蛋白.结果筛选到Stomatin like protein2(SLP-2)蛋白可能与AP-2β相互作用.免疫共沉淀实验证实外源过表达和内源的SLP-2蛋白都能与AP-2β蛋白相互作用.而且,细胞免疫荧光实验发现外源表达的Myc-AP-2β蛋白与内源的SLP-2蛋白在MCF-7细胞的胞质中有共定位.此外,免疫印记实验结果表明过表达SLP-2能上调AP-2β的蛋白水平,这就表明SLP-2与AP-2β相互作用后,SLP-2可能使AP-2β蛋白更稳定.这些研究结果为进一步研究这两个基因的功能提供了新的切入点.     

Degraded λ-carrageenan activates NF-κB and AP-1 pathways in macrophages and enhances LPS-induced TNF-α secretion through AP-1

Background

Carrageenan (CGN), a high molecular weight sulfated polysaccharide, is a traditional ingredient used in food industry. Its degraded forms have been identified as potential carcinogens, although the mechanism remains unclear.

Methods

The effects of degraded λ-carrageenan (λ-dCGN) on murine RAW264.7 cells and human THP-1-derived macrophage cells were investigated by studying its actions on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) secretion, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression, and activation of nuclear factor-κb (NF-κB) and activation protein-1 (AP-1) pathways.

Results

We found that λ-dCGN was much stronger than native λ-CGN in the activation of macrophages to secrete TNF-α. Treatment of RAW264.7 cells with λ-dCGN resulted in the upregulation of TLR4, CD14 and MD-2 expressions, but it did not increase the binding of lipopolysacchride (LPS) with macrophages. Meanwhile, λ-dCGN treatment activated NF-κB via B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 10 (Bcl10) and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) phosphorylation. In addition, λ-dCGN induced extracellular signal-regulated kinases/1/2/mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERK1/2/MAPK) and AP-1 activation. Interestingly, pretreatment of RAW264.7 cells with λ-dCGN markedly enhanced LPS-stimulated TNF-α secretion. This pretreatment resulted in the enhanced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and intensified activation of AP-1.

Conclusions

λ-dCGN induced an inflammatory reaction via both NF-κB and AP-1, and enhanced the inflammatory effect of LPS through AP-1 activation.

General significance

The study demonstrated the role of λ-dCGN to induce the inflammatory reaction and to aggravate the effect of LPS on macrophages, suggesting that λ-dCGN produced during food processing and gastric digestion may be a safety concern.     

Kolaviron inhibits dimethyl nitrosamine-induced liver injury by suppressing COX-2 and iNOS expression via NF-κB and AP-1

AimsKolaviron, a bioflavonoid isolated from the seeds of Garcinia kola has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antigenotoxic and hepatoprotective activities in model systems via multiple biochemical mechanisms. The present study investigated the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the hepatoprotective effects of kolaviron.Main methodsBiomarkers of hepatic oxidative injury, histological and immunohistochemical techniques were used. In addition, the protein expression levels of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were evaluated by western blotting while DNA-binding activities of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) were determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay.Key findingsKolaviron administered orally at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg for 7 days significantly lowered the activities of serum transaminases and γ-glutamyl tranferase induced by single intraperitoneal administration of dimethyl nitrosamine (DMN) (20 mg/kg) and preserved the integrity of the hepatocytes. Also, kolaviron at both doses reduced the DMN induced elevated hepatic levels of malondialdehyde and reversed DMN mediated decrease in hepatic glutathione. The hepatoprotective effect of kolaviron was compared to that of curcumin, an established hepatoprotective agent. Kolaviron inhibited the DMN induced expression of COX-2 and iNOS. Immunohistochemical staining of rat liver verified the inhibitory effect of kolaviron on DMN-induced hepatic COX-2 expression. Furthermore, kolaviron abrogated DMN induced binding activity of NF-κB as well as AP-1.SignificanceThe ability of kolaviron to inhibit COX-2 and iNOS expression through down regulation of NF-κB and AP-1 DNA binding activities could be a mechanism for the hepatoprotective properties of kolaviron.     

转录因子AP-2及其在癌症中的作用

本文综述了关于AP-2基因家族的最近期研究进展。AP-2是一个分子量为52-kDa的转录因子,有其独特的蛋白质分子结构,其N端是富含脯氨酸和谷氨酸的转录激活域,C端的helix-span-helix结构可以形成二聚体并与特异的DNA序列结合。AP-2家族都能以同源或异源二聚体的方式与一段保守序列5’-GCCNNNGGC-3’结合。AP-2α是最早被鉴定和研究的家族成员,很多研究表明AP-2α是一个抑癌基因。     

The effect of time-of-day and sympathetic α1-blockade on orthostatic tolerance

Tolerance time to a standardized orthostatic stressor is markedly reduced in normotensive individuals in the morning. However, the physiological mechanisms that underpin this phenomenon are unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of α(1)-adrenergic activity on orthostatic tolerance and associated cardiorespiratory and cerebrovascular responses, and to determine whether its endogenous modulation is important in the diurnal variation of orthostatic tolerance. In a four-trial, randomized placebo-controlled crossover experiment, 12 normotensive volunteers (aged 25 ± 1 yrs; mean ± SE) completed a 60° head-upward tilt (HUT; 15 min or until onset of presyncope) at 06:00 and 16:00 h, 90 min after the administration of either α(1)-blockade (prazosin, 1 mg/20 kg body weight) or placebo. Continuous beat-to-beat measurements of middle cerebral blood flow velocity (transcranial Doppler), blood pressure (Finometer), heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and end-tidal carbon dioxide were obtained. Independent of time-of-day, α(1)-blockade markedly reduced the ability to tolerate a 15-min 60° HUT; tolerance time was 229% shorter compared with the placebo condition (p ≤ .0001). Moreover, a marked diurnal variation in orthostatic tolerance was evident following α(1)-adrenergic blockade; e.g., tolerance time in the morning (176 ± 30 s) was lower than in the afternoon (354 ± 75 s; p =?.04). These findings highlight an important role of α(1)-sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity in acutely regulating blood pressure and offsetting syncope, especially in the early morning.     

Trafficking of the Menkes copper transporter ATP7A is regulated by clathrin-, AP-2–, AP-1–, and Rab22-dependent steps

The transporter ATP7A mediates systemic copper absorption and provides cuproenzymes in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) with copper. To regulate metal homeostasis, ATP7A constitutively cycles between the TGN and plasma membrane (PM). ATP7A trafficking to the PM is elevated in response to increased copper load and is reversed when copper concentrations are lowered. Molecular mechanisms underlying this trafficking are poorly understood. We assess the role of clathrin, adaptor complexes, lipid rafts, and Rab22a in an attempt to decipher the regulatory proteins involved in ATP7A cycling. While RNA interference (RNAi)–mediated depletion of caveolin 1/2 or flotillin had no effect on ATP7A localization, clathrin heavy chain depletion or expression of AP180 dominant-negative mutant not only disrupted clathrin-regulated pathways, but also blocked PM-to-TGN internalization of ATP7A. Depletion of the μ subunits of either adaptor protein-2 (AP-2) or AP-1 using RNAi further provides evidence that both clathrin adaptors are important for trafficking of ATP7A from the PM to the TGN. Expression of the GTP-locked Rab22a_Q64L mutant caused fragmentation of TGN membrane domains enriched for ATP7A. These appear to be a subdomain of the mammalian TGN, showing only partial overlap with the TGN marker golgin-97. Of importance, ATP7A remained in the Rab22a_Q64L-generated structures after copper treatment and washout, suggesting that forward trafficking out of this compartment was blocked. This study provides evidence that multiple membrane-associated factors, including clathrin, AP-2, AP-1, and Rab22, are regulators of ATP7A trafficking.     

The mu2 subunit of the clathrin adaptor AP-2 binds to FDNPVY and YppØ sorting signals at distinct sites

The endocytic sorting signal on the low-density lipoprotein receptor for clathrin-mediated internalization is the sequence FDNPVY in the receptor's cytosolic tail. We have used a combination of surface plasmon resonance and crosslinking with a photoactivated peptide probe to demonstrate the interaction between FDNPVY-containing peptides and the μ2 chain of purified AP-2 clathrin adaptors (the complexes responsible for plasma membrane sorting). We show that recognition of the FDNPVY signal is mediated by a binding site in the μ2-subunit that is distinct from the site for the more general YppØ sorting signal, another tyrosine-based sequence also recognized by μ2-adaptin. These results suggest the possibility that low-density lipoprotein receptor uptake may be modulated specifically and independently of other proteins in the clathrin pathway.     

Scavenger receptor CL-P1 mediates endocytosis by associating with AP-2μ2

Background

Scavenger receptor CL-P1 (collectin placenta 1) has been found recently as a first membrane-type collectin which is mainly expressed in vascular endothelial cells. CL-P1 can endocytose OxLDL as well as microbes but in general, the endocytosis mechanism of a scavenger receptor is not well elucidated.

Methods

We screened a placental cDNA library using a yeast two-hybrid system to detect molecules associated with the cytoplasmic domain of CL-P1. We analyzed the binding and endocytosis of several ligands in CL-P1 transfectants and performed the inhibition study using tyrphostin A23 which is a specific inhibitor of tyrosine kinase, especially in μ2-dependent endocytosis and the site-directed mutagenesis in the endocytosis YXXΦ motif in CL-P1 cytoplasmic region. Furthermore, the SiRNA study of clathrin, adaptor AP-2 and dynamin-2 during the endocytosis of OxLDL in CL-P1 transfectant cells was carried out.

Results

We identified μ2 subunit of the AP-2 adaptor complex as a molecule associated with the cytoplasmic region of CL-P1. We demonstrated that AP-2μ2 was essential for CL-P1 mediated endocytosis of OxLDL in CL-P1 transfectant cells and its endocytosis was also mediated by clathrin, dynamin and adaptin complex molecules.

Conclusions

Tyrosine-based YXXΦ sequences play an important role in CL-P1-mediated OxLDL endocytosis associated with AP-2μ2.

General Significance

This might be the first finding of the clear endocytosis mechanism in scavenger receptor CL-P1.     

AP-1的研究进展

激活蛋白-1(activator protein-1,AP-1)是细胞内一类转录激活因子,主要由原癌基因编码的蛋白质Jun和Fos组成,以同源或异源二聚体复合物形式结合DNA靶序列,调控靶基因表达。AP-1通过调节靶基因表达来应对多种刺激(包括细胞因子、生长因子、压力及细菌和病毒感染等)对细胞的影响,参与调节细胞增殖、分化、凋亡以及炎症等多种细胞过程。该文就AP-1的结构特点、生物学功能、活性调控及其在医学研究中的应用作一综述。     

Distinct and Overlapping Roles for AP-1 and GGAs Revealed by the “Knocksideways” System

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Highlights? AP-1 knocksideways depletes ～100 proteins from clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) ? GGA2 knocksideways mainly depletes hydrolases and their receptors ? GGA2 depends on AP-1 for incorporation into CCVs ? AP-1 acts as a linchpin for intracellular CCV formation and is bidirectional     

AP-3 and Rabip4’ Coordinately Regulate Spatial Distribution of Lysosomes

The RUN and FYVE domain proteins rabip4 and rabip4’ are encoded by RUFY1 and differ in a 108 amino acid N-terminal extension in rabip4’. Their identical C terminus binds rab5 and rab4, but the function of rabip4s is incompletely understood. We here found that silencing RUFY1 gene products promoted outgrowth of plasma membrane protrusions, and polarized distribution and clustering of lysosomes at their tips. An interactor screen for proteins that function together with rabip4’ yielded the adaptor protein complex AP-3, of which the hinge region in the β3 subunit bound directly to the FYVE domain of rabip4’. Rabip4’ colocalized with AP-3 on a tubular subdomain of early endosomes and the extent of colocalization was increased by a dominant negative rab4 mutant. Knock-down of AP-3 had an ever more dramatic effect and caused accumulation of lysosomes in protrusions at the plasma membrane. The most peripheral lysosomes were localized beyond microtubules, within the cortical actin network. Our results uncover a novel function for AP-3 and rabip4’ in regulating lysosome positioning through an interorganellar pathway.