东方杯叶吸虫囊蚴的体外培养和发育的研究

本文用含小鸡血清的培养基将东方杯叶吸虫脱囊后尾蚴体外培养至怀卵成虫,但虫卵不正常。添加小鸡小肠粘膜浸出液能明显提高怀卵率和产卵量,但不影响怀卵量,41℃比37℃培养结果更好;后尾蚴的发育经历了精巢、阴茎囊、卵巢和卵黄腺的形成及怀卵和产卵的过程,体外培养中虫体发育延缓。     

日本血吸虫尾蚴经人工方法转变的童虫体外培养的研究

本文介绍了日本血吸虫体外培养系统。建立了较适于童虫生长发育的B41培养基。尾蚴经人工方法转变的童虫在体外可发育至雌雄合抱,雌雄生殖器官形成。雌虫可达产卵阶段,但未具备正常的产卵机能。培养的血吸虫在体外至少可存活110天。     

白背飞虱产卵习性的初步研究

<正> 白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horvath)在我省为害水稻渐趋严重,尤以早稻后期受害最重,损失较大。掌握白背飞虱的产卵习性,对于了解发生动态,搞好测报和指导防治是很重要的。现将我们1980—1981年有关产卵习性初步研究结果报道如下。 一、成虫产卵特性 1.成虫产卵时间和部位 各代观察成虫3—7对,每隔2小时检查一次产卵数,结果全天皆能产卵,但白天多于夜间。     

吡喹酮在体外培养中对日本血吸虫童虫超微结构影响的电镜观察

吡喹酮(Praziquantel,PZ)是目前最优良的非锑类抗血吸虫药,实验证明,PZ对埃及、曼氏及日本血吸虫病疗效均佳,对体外培养的日本血吸虫成虫、曼氏血吸虫成虫及自由生活期幼虫均有很强的杀灭作用。有关PZ对血吸虫作用的文献很多,但迄今尚未见有关PZ在体外培养中对日本血吸虫童虫超微结构影响的文献报道。本文报道利用血吸虫童虫体外培养技术,在超微结构水平观察PZ对日本血吸虫肝门型童虫形态学影响。     

豆荚螟的人工饲养技术

【目的】豆荚螟Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke)是大豆上的一种重要害虫,为探索豆荚螟的人工饲养技术。【方法】本文研究了不同饲养器具对幼虫生长发育的影响、不同性比交配对生殖力的影响,以及不同产卵器具对成虫产卵量的影响。【结果】相比平底试管和12孔培养板,使用30 mL塑料量杯饲养幼虫存活率最高,5个龄期存活率均在93%以上,3种饲养器具幼虫历期差异不明显;不同性比值对成虫寿命和产卵孵化率的影响不明显,雌雄比为1︰2时产卵量最高;不同产卵器具对雌雄成虫寿命的影响不显著,分别约为14 d和11 d,且雌成虫只在豆荚上产卵,在其它3种器具上产卵量均为0。【结论】使用30mL塑料量杯饲养幼虫,成虫配对时保持雌雄比1︰2,提供豆荚供其产卵是目前探索出的最好的人工饲养方法。     

豆荚螟的人工饲养技术

【目的】豆荚螟Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke)是大豆上的一种重要害虫,为探索豆荚螟的人工饲养技术。【方法】本文研究了不同饲养器具对幼虫生长发育的影响、不同性比交配对生殖力的影响,以及不同产卵器具对成虫产卵量的影响。【结果】相比平底试管和12孔培养板,使用30 mL塑料量杯饲养幼虫存活率最高,5个龄期存活率均在93%以上,3种饲养器具幼虫历期差异不明显;不同性比值对成虫寿命和产卵孵化率的影响不明显,雌雄比为1︰2时产卵量最高;不同产卵器具对雌雄成虫寿命的影响不显著,分别约为14 d和11 d,且雌成虫只在豆荚上产卵,在其它3种器具上产卵量均为0。【结论】使用30mL塑料量杯饲养幼虫,成虫配对时保持雌雄比1︰2,提供豆荚供其产卵是目前探索出的最好的人工饲养方法。     

血吸虫生殖生理的研究进展

血吸虫体外培养研究工作经过了半个世纪的努力,取得了很大的进展,其中较突出的有 Clegg[1]从童虫培养至成虫; Basch[2]使尾蚴人工转变童虫后继续体外培养达到童虫发育,雌雄合抱,雌虫产卵,但卵为异常卵.目前为止,无论在曼氏或日本血吸虫均在体外培养成功,但两种血吸虫所产的卵均为异常卵,而血吸虫的生殖生理研究是寻找血吸虫体外培养不育的关键.     

周期型马来丝虫成虫体外培养及雌虫释出虫卵和微丝蚴的初步观察

丝虫体外培养的研究对丝虫和丝虫病的实验研究有重要意义。尽管此项工作早在1912年(Bahr;Full(?)born;Wellmen和Johns)即已开始,但Weinstein(1970)认为这方面的研究仍处于创始阶段,数十年来进展很少,且多数均采用动物寄生丝虫的微丝蚴。五、六十年代开始才有动物丝虫成虫体外培养的报道(Hanking,1954;Earl,1959;Tavlor,1960;Weinstein和Sawyer,1961;Wong,1964)。Wenk等(1978)用Tc 199加灭活或未灭活正常棉鼠血清培养棉鼠丝虫雌虫,其存活期可达17—23天。近十余年来,由于新的丝虫小型啮齿动物模型不断建成,为丝虫体外培养的研究提供了大量虫源,从而促进了这项工作的开展;但有关人体寄生丝虫成虫的体外培养研究的报道仍然极为少见。国内     

亚洲柑橘木虱雌成虫对砂糖橘幼嫩部位的产卵选择性研究

【目的】明确亚洲柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama雌成虫的产卵过程及其对柑橘嫩芽产卵的偏好性。【方法】利用手机和微距镜头观察记录柑橘木虱雌成虫的产卵过程,并结合田间调查与室内试验明确了亚洲柑橘木虱雌成虫对砂糖橘嫩叶和不同发育状态嫩芽的偏好性。【结果】亚洲柑橘木虱雌成虫产卵前,头部前倾,尾部上翘,触角不断抖动,一段时间后,雌成虫爬行到合适的位点开始产卵,或爬至其他部位,继续上述行为,直至找到合适的位置产卵。产卵时,触角静止不动,腹部收缩带动产卵器向腹部弯曲,肛上板与下生殖板张开,产卵器插入产卵位点产卵。产卵结束后,雌成虫迅速抽出产卵器,肛上板与下生殖板在抽离过程中缓慢闭合。田间调查发现,亚洲柑橘木虱雌成虫偏向于未展开和半展开的柑橘嫩芽上产卵。室内试验发现,当同时供给新叶和多种发育状态的砂糖橘嫩芽时,亚洲柑橘木虱产卵偏好于未展开和半展开的砂糖橘嫩芽,且不会选择在砂糖橘新叶上产卵。当仅供给一种发育状态的砂糖橘嫩芽或新叶时,亚洲柑橘木虱雌成虫在新叶和嫩芽上都能产卵,但在新叶上的产卵量明显比嫩芽上的产卵量小。【结论】明确了亚洲柑橘木虱雌成虫的产卵过程。亚洲柑橘木虱雌成虫产卵具有明显趋嫩性,对于砂糖橘,雌成虫偏向于0-10 mm的嫩芽上产卵。     

取食经历对美洲斑潜蝇雌成虫寿命及生殖力的影响

在实验室条件下 ,研究了取食经历对美洲斑潜蝇雌Liriomyzasativae成虫寿命和生殖力的影响。结果表明 ,幼虫期在黄瓜取食而成虫期在四季豆上取食时 ,其雌成虫寿命、总产卵量和日平均产卵量均明显小于幼虫期在长豇豆上取食而成虫期在四季豆上取食时 (P <0 0 1 ) ;当幼虫期同在长豇豆上取食时 ,成虫在黄瓜上取食时的雌成虫寿命、总产卵量和日平均产卵量均明显小于成虫在四季豆取食时 (P<0 0 5或P <0 0 1 )。这说明美洲斑潜蝇幼虫和成虫取食经历对其成虫寿命和生殖力均有显著的影响     

THE COMPOSITION OF FLUIDS AND SERA OF SOME MARINE ANIMALS AND OF THE SEA WATER IN WHICH THEY LIVE

1. The electrolyte composition, the pH, and freezing points of the fluids of several invertebrates and one primitive chordate are reported. 2. Fluids of the worms, echinoderms, and the clam Venus were isotonic with sea water; fluids of the Arthropoda were hypertonic to sea water. 3. The pH of all fluids was below that of sea water. In the Arthropoda and Myxine less individual variation in pH appeared than in the echinoderms and worms. 4. Ratios of ionic concentrations in the fluid to those in the sea water indicated (1) uniform distribution of ions between the internal and external media for the echinoderms and Venus, (2) differential distribution of potassium and magnesium in the worms; (3) differential distribution of sulfate, magnesium, potassium, and calcium in the Arthropoda; and (4) differential distribution of calcium, magnesium, and sulfate in Myxine. 5. The unequal distribution of ions implies the expenditure of energy against a concentration gradient across the absorbing or excreting membranes, a capacity frequently overlooked in the invertebrates. 6. The sera of the Arthropoda from diluted sea water showed higher concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride ions relative to the respective concentrations in the external medium than in normal sea water, and also showed different orders for those ions. 7. The increase in osmotic pressure of the sera of the animals moving into brackish water is caused by unequal accumulation of sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride ions. Sulfate and magnesium ionic ratios do not change.     

Oviposition preference for novel versus normal food resources in laboratory populations ofDrosophila melanogaster

Female fecundity, oviposition preference and specificity on one normal and two novel food media were assayed on four laboratory populations ofDrosophila melanogaster, revealing considerable among- and within-population variation in oviposition preference. Overall, there was a significant tendency of females to prefer novel media to their normal banana food as an oviposition substrate. Specificity in the populations was fairly high, implying that a large proportion of females tended to lay the majority of their eggs on the preferred medium. The results showed that oviposition preference for a given food medium could be affected by the alternative provided, and that, consequently, oviposition preference for a given food medium versus another cannot be predicted based upon a knowledge of what the preference for each of the two media was versus a common third medium. Specificity, on the other hand, was not significantly affected by the type of alternative food media provided in a given trial. Moreover, comparison of results from fecundity and oviposition preference assays also showed that the egg laying behaviour ofDrosophila females in response to different food media may be different in choice versus no-choice situations. Thus, a substrate on which fecundity is higher than on another, when assayed in a no-choice situation, may not be preferred over the other substrate when a choice between the two is provided to the ovipositing females. The latter two results point to possible complexity in the responses of females to various oviposition substrates based upon the overall setting of the assay, including the alternative substrates present for egg laying.     

Trichinella spiralis: Generation in the presence of rat serum of factors chemotactic for rat cells

Chemotaxis of rat peritoneal cells, of which the eosinophil was the predominant migratory cell type, toward incubates of Trichinella spiralis was studied using a modified Boyden chamber. Excysted muscle larvae, preadults, and adults were incubated in a buffered medium for 20 hr at 37 C. Worms were incubated alone or with serum or spleen cells, or both, from immune and nonimmune rats. Incubates of worm stages alone possessed no chemotactic activity as compared with incubation medium as a negative control and zymosan-activated serum as a positive control. Both normal and immune sera tested alone stimulated cell migration to the same degree. Incubates of spleen cells from either normal or immunized hosts did not show chemotactic activity. Chemotaxis caused by normal and immune sera were not altered by incubation with homologous spleen cells. Addition of larva, preadults, and adult worms to sera, however, enhanced chemotactic activity over sera alone. Chemotaxis caused by larvae plus immune sera was significantly greater than that stimulated by larvae plus normal sera. This difference decreased when preadults were substituted for larvae and was not observed when adult worms were used. Reversal of the chemical gradients showed that active cell migration caused by various incubates was due to Chemotaxis.     

香茅精油对桔小实蝇产卵驱避作用及其化学成份分析

研究了香茅Cymbopogon nardus精油对桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)的产卵驱避作用及其化学成分。结果表明,香茅精油对桔小实蝇产卵具有一定的驱避作用,不同浓度香茅精油处理芒果上的产卵量均显著低于对照,且随着香茅精油浓度的提高其产卵量逐渐减少,当浓度为10000μg/mL时,产卵驱避率为70.06%。采用气相色谱—质谱联用(GC-MS)技术分析了香茅精油的化学成份,结果发现该精油挥发物中含量较高的是3-蒈烯,香茅醛,香叶醇,香茅醇,柠檬烯。     

Angiostrongylus costaricensis: culture of third-stage larvae to young adults in a defined medium

The third-stage larvae of Angiostrongylus costaricensis were successfully cultured to young adults in a chemically defined medium. The most suitable medium for the development was Waymouth's medium among eight defined media examined. Twenty-eight days after cultivation in this medium, 77% of the larvae developed to young adults, although these worms gradually died thereafter. When Waymouth's medium was supplemented with mouse red blood cells, these young adult worms continued their development. The mean body lengths of the worms cultivated in Waymouth's medium supplemented with RBCs were significantly larger than those of the worms in the medium without RBCs on Days 14 and 21 after cultivation. Addition of RBCs was essential for their further development. At 28 days after cultivation, the maximum body length of the worms was 2.1 mm for males and 3.3 mm for females. Additions of serum, yeast extract lactalbumin hydrolysate, and growth factors to Waymouth's medium did not provide any additional benefits for worm development.     

Efficacy of fiber bands impregnated with Beauveria brongniartii cultures against the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Use of 50 × 500 mm non-woven fiber bands impregnated with cultures of entomopathogenic fungi was investigated for control of Anoplophora glabripennis. Fungal bands produced as a commercial pest control product and obtained from industry contained Beauveria brongniartii NBL 851 while lab-produced bands contained B. brongniartii WU 20 or Metarhizium anisopliae VD 1. In the laboratory, adult longevity decreased when adult A. glabripennis were forced to walk for 5 s on bands impregnated with B. brongniartii NBL 851 and for 25 s on B. brongniartii WU 20 and M. anisopliae VD 1 bands. A field experiment was conducted over a 31-day period in Huaiyuan, Anhui, China, by attaching bands impregnated with B. brongniartii NBL 851 or WU 20 around the trunks of willows (Salix sp.) at two sites infested with A. glabripennis. Treatments were compared directly, by monitoring adult longevity, and indirectly, by counting oviposition scars and exit holes per tree to quantify relative oviposition per female. Adults collected from trees treated with B. brongniartii WU 20 died more quickly than adults from the trees treated with B. brongniartii NBL 851 or controls. At the site with higher A. glabripennis population densities, relative oviposition per female was significantly lower for both fungal treatments compared with the control treatment. Between fungal treatments, B. brongniartii NBL 851 had a 5 day earlier negative effect on oviposition per female than B. brongniartii WU 20.     

体外培养日本血吸虫成虫生殖器官超微结构的观察

将日本血吸虫成虫于851培养基中培养23天后,对其生殖器官进行透射电镜观察。观察结果显示,雌虫卵巢内卵母细胞出现不同程度的变性、坏死;成熟卵黄细胞的卵黄小滴融合,脂质小滴数量增多、体积增大;培养后期卵壳形成发生障碍,最终导致无活性、无卵壳的畸形卵形成。超微结构观察首次显示,体外初产期虫卵卵壳中有条带状低电子密度区和高电子密度区相间排列。     

Studies on Hymenolepis microstoma in vitro. II. Effect of yeast extract on development and maturation.

Four day old in vivo Hymenolepis microstoma were cultured in vitro for 6 days in media containing 2, 1, 0.5 and 0.1% yeast extract. Worms from all groups including control group increased in length and produced nearly equivalent numbers of proglottids. However, worms grown in yeast extract added media produced significantly more mature proglottids and were heavier than those in the control medium. The possibility of pyridoxin involvement has been contemplated. Effects of osmotic pressure and pH on the development of worms are discussed.     

Drug Absorption Efficiency in Caenorhbditis elegans Delivered by Different Methods

Background

Caenorhbditis elegans has being vigorously used as a model organism in many research fields and often accompanied by administrating with various drugs. The methods of delivering drugs to worms are varied from one study to another, which make difficult in comparing results between studies.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We evaluated the drug absorption efficiency in C. elegans using five frequently used methods with resveratrol with low aqueous solubility and water-soluble 5-Fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FUDR) as positive compounds. The drugs were either applied to the LB medium with bacteria OP50, before spreading onto Nematode Growth Medium (NGM) plates (LB medium method), or to the NGM with live (NGM live method) or dead bacteria (NGM dead method), or spotting the drug solution to the surface of plates directly (spot dead method), or growing the worms in liquid medium (liquid growing method). The concentration of resveratrol and FUDR increased gradually within C. elegans and reached the highest during 12 hours to one day and then decreased slowly. At the same time point, the higher the drug concentration, the higher the metabolism rate. The drug concentrations in worms fed with dead bacteria were higher than with live bacteria at the same time point. Consistently, the drug concentration in medium with live bacteria decreased much faster than in medium with dead bacteria, reach to about half of the original concentration within 12 hours.

Conclusion

Resveratrol with low aqueous solubility and water-soluble FUDR have the same absorption and metabolism pattern. The drug metabolism rate in worms was both dosage and time dependent. NGM dead method and liquid growing method achieved the best absorption efficiency in worms. The drug concentration within worms was comparable with that in mice, providing a bridge for dose translation from worms to mammals.