西藏墨脱发现林八哥

正2013年11月4日,西藏自治区林业调查规划研究院和国家林业局昆明勘察设计院在西藏自治区岗日噶布山脉南翼山脉进行全国第二次陆生野生动物资源调查的过程中,在墨脱县格挡乡兴凯村(29°28'20.45″N,95°45'19.19″E,2160 m)拍摄到2只林八哥Acridotheres grandis,经查阅《西藏鸟类志》(郑作新等,1983)、《中国鸟类分类与分布名录(第2版)》(郑光美,2011)和     

西藏墨脱县发现家八哥

2019年10月31日和11月3日,在西藏自治区墨脱县达木乡(95°27′48.39″E,29°29′39.22″N,海拔1 577 m)观察到1只椋鸟科 Sturnidae鸟类在民房屋顶活动,该鸟头黑色,身体褐色,喙黄色,眼周有明显的黄色裸皮区域,脚黄色,尾下覆羽具白色端斑(图1),经鉴定为家八哥Acridotheres tristis。     

西藏墨脱县发现长尾阔嘴鸟

正2015年10月21日,在西藏自治区墨脱县德兴乡(29°20′9.97″N,95°19′13.20″E,海拔780 m)观察到阔嘴鸟2只,该鸟体长约25 cm,顶冠及颈背黑色,头顶具蓝色小点斑,喙呈黄绿色,脸及喉部呈黄色,眼后有一黄色点斑,体呈绿色且两翼有蓝斑,尾呈楔形(图1),经鉴定为长尾阔嘴鸟(Psarisomus dalhousiae)。MacK innon等(2000)认为该鸟种分布于西藏东南部,而Bruce(2003)在《世界鸟类手册》中引用了前者的描述。然而,因缺乏实际观察记录,之后我国鸟类学者的著作中均未将长尾阔嘴鸟列为在西藏有分布的鸟类(郑光美2011)。虽     

西藏自治区鸟类新记录——仓鸮

2020年8月2日西藏自治区墨脱县达木乡(95°27′48. 39″E,29°29′39. 22″N,海拔1577 m),护林员扎西在例行巡护时,听到一阵阵类似小孩的叫声,走进后发现是1只翅膀受伤的鸟类躲避在老百姓的柴垛旁,待其状态稳定后,护林员将其救护到笼中,并移交墨脱县林业和草原局进行救护,同时墨脱县林业和草原局拍...     

西藏札达发现印度寿带

正在开展西藏第二次陆生野生动物资源调查工作过程中,于2015年6月18、19日在西藏自治区札达县底雅乡什布奇村(78°44'45.6″E,31°48'33.8″N,3110 m)、6月19日在底雅乡底雅村(78°52'5.1″E,31°46'55.5″N,2977 m)观察并拍摄到雌性印度寿带各1只。经鉴定,为印度寿带印巴亚种Terpsiphone paradisi leucogaster(图1)。     

西藏墨脱县发现灰喉山椒鸟

正2016年3月9日,在西藏自治区墨脱县德兴乡那尔东村(29°21'16.84″N,95°8'39.98″E,海拔1 874 m)观察到雌、雄山椒鸟各1只,该鸟体长18~25 cm,雄鸟、雌鸟头部均为灰色。雄鸟背部亮黑色,腰、尾、胸部覆羽及下体呈朱红色,翅黑色,具一大一小2道"7"字形朱红色翼斑;中央尾羽黑色,外侧尾羽基部黑色,端部红色。雌鸟胸部及整个下体均为黄色,腰和尾上覆羽亦为黄色,翅和尾为黄色,颜色分布与雄鸟大致相似(图1),经鉴定为灰喉山椒鸟Pericrocotus solaris。虽然MacK innon等(2000)     

西藏墨脱发现黑胸楔嘴鹩鹛（Sphenocichla humei）

2014年11月10日在西藏自治区林芝地区墨脱县于墨脱公路海拔1 437 m处(29°35′45″N,95°28′25″E)路边灌丛中发现1群约7只黑胸楔嘴鹩鹛(Sphenocichla humei),经查阅文献,确认这是该物种在中国于印控藏南地区之外的首次记录。     

陕西省鸟类新纪录——红颈瓣蹼鹬和尖尾滨鹬

正2012—2015年在对陕西省蒲城卤阳湖国家湿地公园(109°23'24″~109°35'09″E,34°47'41″~34°50'07″N)进行鸟类调查期间陆续发现了一些陕西省新分布鸟类,其中有2种于2014年8月23日和2015年8月11日拍摄到了清晰的照片,根据其外部形态特征,经查阅《中国鸟类野外手册》(马敬能等,2000)和《中国鸟类志》(赵正阶,2001),分别确定为红颈瓣蹼鹬Phalaropus lobatus和尖尾滨鹬Calidris acuminata。据《中国鸟类分类与分布名录(第二版)》(郑光美,2011)以及相关文献,并检索中国     

西藏墨脱发现栗苇鳽

2016年5月2日在墨脱县县城附近湿地(29°19′43.18″N,95°20′03.40″E,海拔1035 m),观察记录到苇鸦属(lxobrychus)鸟类1只。发现时,该鸟位于草丛中的一条小溪边,短暂停留,然后迅速藏匿于草丛中。5月3日再次到该位置观察,发现该鸟仍在该区域活动,并由草丛飞至蕨类植物上做短暂停留后,飞至草丛中藏匿。     

陕西省鸟类新纪录——小滨鹬

正2017年10月3日,笔者在陕西省定边县苟池(107°30'48″E,34°15'46″N)观察到8只小滨鹬Calidris minuta。经查阅《中国鸟类野外手册》(约翰·马敬能等,2000)、《中国鸟类志》(赵正阶,2001)、《中国鸟类分类与分布名录(第三版)》(郑光美,2017)等相关学术著作及网络数据库,确认其为陕西省鸟类新纪录。小滨鹬属鸻形目Charadriiformes鹬科Scolopacidae。观察时,其在苟池(咸水)的水边觅食,进食时快速跑动,用嘴快速啄食     

西双版纳热带雨林蚁科昆虫区系分析

在西双版纳热带雨林已鉴定蚊科昆虫９亚科７６属２６７种。西双版纳地区的蚂蚁区系以热带至亚热带分布的东洋界成分最为丰富。在属级水平上,与马来西亚界关系最为密切。与澳洲界关系较密切;与非洲界和马拉加西界的关系知中。与新北界,新热带界和古北界的关系最为疏远。可见西双版纳的蚂蚁区系具有典型的热带亚洲起源特征,同时与澳洲和非洲的热带区系有一定的渊源关系。     

Quantitative data on training new world primates to urinate

This study assessed the effectiveness of operant conditioning in training three species of captive callitrichid primates (Leontopithecus rosalia, Callithrix geoffroyi, and Saguinus imperator) to urinate on demand. There were three goals to the study: 1) to develop a system for quantitatively assessing positive reinforcement training; 2) to ascertain whether or not positive reinforcement techniques can be used to train callitrichid monkeys to urinate on demand, and if so, how many training sessions are required; and 3) to determine the effect on urination behavior of the trainer entering the cage to collect a urine sample. Positive reinforcement with a continuous reinforcement schedule was used to capture a natural behavior: urination. Training sessions (30 min each) were conducted at dawn thrice weekly during five consecutive phases: habituation, control, training (animals were rewarded for urinating), maintenance (animals had reached a defined training criteria and continued to be rewarded for urinating), and collection (animals were rewarded for urinating, and the trainer entered the cage to collect the sample). The numbers of 30-min training sessions required to train the three monkey species (L. rosalia, C. geoffroyi, and S. imperator) were five, six, and eight, respectively. For the three species, the mean number of urinations per animal was significantly greater during the training, maintenance, and collection phases compared to the control phase. However, the three species differed significantly in the manner in which the rates of urination changed across the five phases. A higher proportion of subjects urinated during the training, maintenance, and collection phases compared to the control phase. Latency to first urination varied significantly across the five phases, with significantly reduced latencies to urinate during the training, maintenance, and collection phases compared to the control phase. The entry of the trainer into the cage to collect the urine sample did not appear to alter urination behavior. We demonstrate that operant conditioning techniques, which typically incur minimal cost, time investment, and disturbance, can be used to increase the quantity of urine samples collected for physiological analysis, the proportion of animals that urinate, and the speed of sample collection.     

湖北省褐飞虱对吡虫啉、噻嗪酮及氟虫腈的抗药性监测

采用稻茎浸渍法监测湖北省武穴、天门、监利、通城、孝感、公安及枣阳七地褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Sta1)田间种群对吡虫啉、噻嗪酮、氟虫腈的抗药性。结果表明:2006、2007和2008年3年7地褐飞虱种群对吡虫啉的抗性分别为98.89～389.19倍、69.00～153.33倍和56.32～116.89倍,达高水平至极高水平抗性,但3年期间总体抗性水平呈现一定程度的下降趋势;2007和2008年2年7地褐飞虱对噻嗪酮的抗性分别为13.39～41.06倍和6.94～20.44倍,达低水平至高水平抗性;2007和2008年2年7地褐飞虱对氟虫腈抗性分别为0.97～2.64倍和0.63～1.42倍,为敏感阶段。此外,还对褐飞虱的治理进行讨论。     

Transmitter-Induced Calcium Responses Differ in Astrocytes Acutely Isolated from Rat Brain and in Culture

Abstract: Glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes isolated from the cerebral cortices of 3–10-day-old rats frequently showed increased intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration responses to l -glutamate and glutamate analogues. However, few of the acutely isolated cells responded to ATP, and no such cells responded to serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)]. The same cell that failed to respond to ATP or 5-HT often responded to glutamate. Culturing acutely isolated cells in media containing horse serum decreased Ca²⁺ responses to glutamate but increased the responses to ATP and induced responses to 5-HT. In primary cultures prepared from the cerebral cortices of 1-day-old rats and cultured in horse serum, fewer of the cells responded to glutamate, but almost all cells responded to ATP and 5-HT. The lack of, or limited response to, 5-HT or ATP in the acutely isolated cells seems unlikely to be due to selective damage to the respective receptors because acutely isolated GFAP-negative cells showed responses to ATP, several different proteases and mechanical dissociation yielded cells that also responded to glutamate but not to ATP, and exposure of primary cultures to papain did not abolish Ca²⁺ responses to several transmitters. The responses of the acutely isolated cells to glutamate but limited or lack of responses to ATP and 5-HT also correspond to what has been seen so far for astrocytes in situ. Thus, the present studies provide direct evidence that some of the receptors seen in primary astrocyte cultures may reflect a response to culture conditions and that, in the context of the relevant information so far available, acutely isolated astrocytes seem to reflect better the in vivo state.     

Social cognition

Social cognition concerns the various psychological processes that enable individuals to take advantage of being part of a social group. Of major importance to social cognition are the various social signals that enable us to learn about the world. Such signals include facial expressions, such as fear and disgust, which warn us of danger, and eye gaze direction, which indicate where interesting things can be found. Such signals are particularly important in infant development. Social referencing, for example, refers to the phenomenon in which infants refer to their mothers' facial expressions to determine whether or not to approach a novel object. We can learn a great deal simply by observing others. Much of this signalling seems to happen automatically and unconsciously on the part of both the sender and the receiver. We can learn to fear a stimulus by observing the response of another, in the absence of awareness of that stimulus. By contrast, learning by instruction, rather than observation, does seem to depend upon awareness of the stimulus, since such learning does not generalize to situations where the stimulus is presented subliminally. Learning by instruction depends upon a meta-cognitive process through which both the sender and the receiver recognize that signals are intended to be signals. An example would be the 'ostensive' signals that indicate that what follows are intentional communications. Infants learn more from signals that they recognize to be instructive. I speculate that it is this ability to recognize and learn from instructions rather than mere observation which permitted that advanced ability to benefit from cultural learning that seems to be unique to the human race.     

横断山区的蝶类资源与珍稀蝴蝶的保护

横断山区的蝶类561种,隶属于12科,208属.在12科中,种类最多的是蛱蝶科148种,其次是眼蝶科117种,灰蝶科65种,凤蝶科63种,粉蝶科60种,弄蝶科60种,蚬蝶科18种,绢蝶科12种,斑蝶科9种,环蝶科6种,喙蝶科2种,珍蝶科1种.分布于横断山区的珍稀蝴蝶有44种,其中国家Ⅰ级保护的1种,Ⅱ级保护的3种.     

Cold truths: how winter drives responses of terrestrial organisms to climate change

Winter is a key driver of individual performance, community composition, and ecological interactions in terrestrial habitats. Although climate change research tends to focus on performance in the growing season, climate change is also modifying winter conditions rapidly. Changes to winter temperatures, the variability of winter conditions, and winter snow cover can interact to induce cold injury, alter energy and water balance, advance or retard phenology, and modify community interactions. Species vary in their susceptibility to these winter drivers, hampering efforts to predict biological responses to climate change. Existing frameworks for predicting the impacts of climate change do not incorporate the complexity of organismal responses to winter. Here, we synthesise organismal responses to winter climate change, and use this synthesis to build a framework to predict exposure and sensitivity to negative impacts. This framework can be used to estimate the vulnerability of species to winter climate change. We describe the importance of relationships between winter conditions and performance during the growing season in determining fitness, and demonstrate how summer and winter processes are linked. Incorporating winter into current models will require concerted effort from theoreticians and empiricists, and the expansion of current growing‐season studies to incorporate winter.     

Investigating the mechanisms of photosynthetic proteins using continuum electrostatics

Computational methods based on continuum electrostatics are widely used in theoretical biochemistry to analyze the function of proteins. Continuum electrostatic methods in combination with quantum chemical and molecular mechanical methods can help to analyze even very complex biochemical systems. In this article, applications of these methods to proteins involved in photosynthesis are reviewed. After giving a short introduction to the basic concepts of the continuum electrostatic model based on the Poisson-Boltzmann equation, we describe the application of this approach to the docking of electron transfer proteins, to the comparison of isofunctional proteins, to the tuning of absorption spectra, to the analysis of the coupling of electron and proton transfer, to the analysis of the effect of membrane potentials on the energetics of membrane proteins, and to the kinetics of charge transfer reactions. Simulations as those reviewed in this article help to analyze molecular mechanisms on the basis of the structure of the protein, guide new experiments, and provide a better and deeper understanding of protein functions.     

Use of Biomarkers in Oil Spill Risk Assessment in the Marine Environment

Numerous molecular, cellular, and physiological biomarkers have been used to assess the responses of marine animals to petroleum compounds. To be used in ecological risk assessment after an oil spill, a biomarker response needs to be linked to petroleum exposure and not strongly influenced by internal and external confounding factors. Biomarker responses to petroleum PAH, dominated by alklated two-and three-ringed aromatics, can be quite different than responses to pyrogenic PAH, dominated by four-and five-ringed aromatics. In many field sites there is a mixture of petrogenic and pyrogenic PAH, along with other contaminants, making it difficult to relate biomarker responses to a particular contaminant class. Biomarkers used to assess marine animal responses in the field include the cytochrome P450 system, heat stress protein, histopathology, and bile fluorescent compounds (FAC). Other biomarkers, including DNA/chromosomal damage and phase 2 enzymes, have been shown to respond after laboratory exposure, but more work needs to be done to demonstrate their usefulness in the field. One of the most useful biomarkers of petroleum exposure are the FAC responses in fish, which can be used to distinguish between petrogenic and pyrogenic PAH exposure. Few of the presently used biomarkers are linked to higher order biological effects, e.g. toxicity, reproductive failure.