Characterization of maltose biosynthesis from α-d-glucose-1-phosphate in Spinacia oleracea. L.

The de novo synthesis of maltose in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) was shown to be catalyzed by a maltose synthase, which converts two molecules of -d-glucose-1-phosphate (-G1P) (K_m 1.5 mmol l^-1) to maltose and 2 orthophosphate (Pi). This enzyme was purified 203-fold by fractionated ammonium sulfate precipitation and by column chromatography on Sepharose 6B. The addition of -G1P (15 mmol l^-1) to the isolation buffer is required to stabilize the enzyme activity during the extraction and purification procedure. Molecular weight determination by gel filtration yielded a value of 95,000. -Gluconolactone, ATP and Pi are competitive inhibitors toward the substrate -G1P. The maltose synthase catalyzes an exchange of the phosphate group of -G1P with [³²P] orthophosphate; this transfer reaction suggests that the synthesis of maltose occurs via a glucose-enzyme in a double displacement reaction. The physiological role of this enzyme as a starch initiator system is discussed.Abbreviations Fru fructose - Glc glucose - -G1P -d-glucose-1-phosphate - -G1P -d-glucose-1-phosphate - G6P d-glucose-6-phosphate This enzyme is tentatively called maltose synthase in this publication     

Application of in vitro pollination of opened ovaries to obtain Brassica oleracea L. × B. rapa L. hybrids

This study presents the results of experiments concerning: (1) interspecific hybridization of Brassica oleracea × Brassica rapa via application of in vitro placental pollination and (2) embryological analysis of the process of resynthesis of Brassica napus. In order to overcome certain stigma/style barriers, B. rapa pollen was placed in vitro on an opened B. oleracea ovary (with style removed). Pollinated ovaries were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. After 24-d culture, the developing embryos were isolated from immature seeds and transferred onto MS medium supplemented with 0.47 μM kinetin, 0.49 μM 1-naphthaleneacetic acid, and 10% (v/v) coconut water. When the embryos had turned green, they were immediately placed onto MS medium with 100 μM kinetin. After development of the seedling, plantlets were transferred to soil. Chromosome doubling was achieved after another week. Cytometric analysis of nuclear DNA confirmed the hybrid nature of the plants. Resynthesis of B. napus can be performed through interspecific hybridization of B. oleracea × B. rapa followed by embryo rescue and genome doubling.     

Functional properties of a chitinase promoter from cabbage （Brassica oleracea var.capitata）

The 5‘-region of the chitinase gene cabch29,derived from Brassica oleracea var.capitata,has been sequenced and analyzed for cis-acting elements important in controlling gene expression in transgenic tobacco plants.Different 5‘-deletion fragments were linked to reporter gene β-glucuronidase (GUS) as translational fusions,and the expression of these chimeric genes was analyzed in vegetative organs and tissues.Sequences up to-651 showed some basal GUS activity with nearly equal levels in wounded and intact tissues.The addition of further upstream sequences(-651 to-1284) enhanced expression level,and the expression driven by this fragment was inducible by a factor of two to three-fold by wounding.Histochemical analysis of different tissue from transgenic plants that contain cabch29 promoter-gus fusion gene demonstrated woundinducible and tissue-specific cabch29 promoter activity in plants containing the 1308 base pair fragment.The location of GUS activity appears to be cell-specific,being highest in vascular cells and epidermal cells of stem,leaf and roots.Meanwhile,the temporal and spatial expression of cabch29-GUS fusion gene has been investigated.Among the different vegetative organs,a high level of GUS activity was observed in stem and a moderate one in roots;whereas,wounding stress led to a high level of GUS in stem and moderate one in leaf.     

Generation and characterization of Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis – B. oleracea var. capitata monosomic and disomic alien addition lines

Journal of Genetics - Five monosomic alien addition lines (MAALs) of Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis – B. oleracea var. capitata were obtained by hybridization and backcrossing between B. rapa...     

Uber Komplikationen des Blütenstandes derBrassica oleracea L. var.gemmifera DC

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Die Wildformen aus dem Verwandtschaftskreis „Brassica oleracea L.“

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Segregation of genetic markers among plants regenerated from cultured anthers of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. ‘italica’)

Summary An experiment was conducted to determine critical factors in the recovery of embryos from cultured anthers of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) and to unambiguously distinguish whether embryos were of gametophytic origin. Among factors tested, genotype, genotype x anther developmental stage, and method of anther culture had a distinct impact on embryo recovery, whereas length of anther exposure to the culture medium did not. However, extreme heterogeneity of embryo emergence within and among replications precluded statistical contrasts. Among 762 plants derived from embryos of four independent cultivars, only one was determined to be of sporophytic origin by use of heterozygous codominant isozyme markers. Two of the cultivars tested were heterozygous at two or more loci. While segregation among loci was consistent with previously published linkage data, segregation of alleles was consistently non-random. In all of seven separate cases involving four cultivars, a significant over-representation of the fast-migrating class was observed. It appears, therefore, that populations of plants derived from microspores within cultured anthers of broccoli do not necessarily represent a random gametic array, and that care must be exercised in breeding and genetic applications.     

The first archaeobotanical evidence of Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach) in late 12th–mid 13th century a.d. France

Macroscopic charred remains of Spinacia oleracea L. (Amaranthaceae) have been found in the Pyrenean village of Montaillou, France, in several contexts of a house dated to the end 12th–mid 13th century a.d. This is the first archaeobotanical record of this vegetable in France and the earliest European archaeobotanical material so far found. The paper presents the morphological criteria used for identifying the charred remains of the species. After a review of archaeobotanical finds in Europe, hypotheses on the economic status of this vegetable, which is unknown as a wild plant in Europe, are discussed with reference to medieval written and illuminated sources and to archaeological deposits. It appears that Spinacia was first introduced into France from Moorish Spain where it was cultivated at least since the 11th century. The French evidence of Spinacia thus represents a milestone in the history and geographic diffusion of this vegetable into temperate Europe.     

Versuche zur Heterosiszüchtung bei Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea L. var.gongylodes L.)

Zusammenfassung Eine Verbesserung der Frühzeitigkeit der Sorte Prager weißer Treib durch Selektion war nicht möglich.Durch langjährige Selbstung konnten morphologisch einheitliche, z. T. inzuchtgeschädigte Stämme entwickelt werden.Durch Kreuzung dieser Stämme untereinander konnten Heterosiseffekte erzielt werden, die signifikant über der Leistung der Vergleichssorte lagen.Die Kreuzungen mit Sorten ergaben Heterosiseffekte, die die Leistungen der Stammeskreuzungen signifikant übertrafen.Eine Steigerung der Frühzeitigkeit unter Ausnutzung des Heterosiseffektes konnte nachgewiesen werden.Für die sorgfältige Betreuung und Auswertung der Versuche möchte ich an dieser Stelle der technischen Assistentin Frl. M. Nowak besonders danken.Mit 4 AbbildungenQuedlinburger Beiträge zur Züchtungsforschung Nr. 51.     

Molecular cloning and primary sequence analysis of a gene encoding a putative chitinase gene in Brassica oleracea var.capitata

INTRODUCTIONPlantshavedevelopedseveralbi0chemicaldefensemechanismsinresp0nsetopath0gensandabioticstress.Fo1l0wingpathogenattack,plantsynthesizephenyl-propaniodpr0ductssuchaslignin,l0wm0l.wt.antimicrobia1comp0undsknownasphyt0alexins,andseveraldefense-relatedproteins.Amongthesepr0teinsare"pathogenesis-relatedproteins"includingthefungalcellwalldegradingenzymeschitinaseandP-1,3-glucanase[1].Endochitinasefromhigherplantscatalyzethehydr0lysis0fchitin,aP-1,4-linkedhomop0lymerofN-acetyl-D-glucos…     

Molecular cloning and primary sequence analysis of a gene encoding a putative shitinase gene in Brassica oleracea var.capitata

Chitinase,which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the β-1,4-acetyl-D-glucosamine linkages of the fungal cell wall polymer chitin,is involved in inducible plants defense system.By construction of cabbage(Brassica oleracea var. capitata) genomic library and screening the library with pRCH8,a probe of rice chitinase gene fragment,a chitinase genomic sequence was isolated.The complete uncleotide sequence of the putative cabbage chitinase gene (cabch29) was determined,with its longest open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of 413 aa.This polypeptide consists of a 21 aa N-terminal signal peptide,two chitin-binding domains different from those of other classes of plant chitinases,and a catalytic domain.Homology analysis illustrated that this cabch29 gene has 58.8% identity at the nucleotide level with the pRCH8 ORF probe and has 50% identity at the amino acid level tiwh the catalytic domains of chitinase from bean,maize and sugar beet.Meanwhile,several kinds of cis-elements,such as TATA box,CAAT box,GATA motif,ASF-1 binding site,wound-response elements and AATAAA,have also been discovered in the flanking region of cabch29 gene.     

Analysis of S-locus and expression of S-alleles of self-compatible rapid-cycling Brassica oleracea ‘TO1000DH3’

Brassica oleracea is a strictly self-incompatible (SI) plant, but rapid-cycling B. oleracea ‘TO1000DH3’ is self-compatible (SC). Self-incompatibility in Brassicaceae is controlled by multiple alleles of the S-locus. Three S-locus genes, S-locus glycoprotein (SLG), S-locus receptor kinase (SRK) and S-locus protein 11 or S-locus cysteine-rich (SP11/SCR), have been reported to date, all of which are classified into class I and II. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism behind alterations of SI to SC in rapid-cycling B. olerace ‘TO1000DH3’. Class I SRK were identified by genomic DNA PCR and PCR-RFLP analysis using SRK specific markers and found to be homozygous. Cloning and sequencing of class I SRK revealed a normal kinase domain without any S-domain/transmembrane domain. Moreover, S-locus sequencing analysis revealed only an SLG sequence, but no SP11/SCR. Expression analysis showed no SRK expression in the stigma, although other genes involved in the SI recognition reaction (SLG, MLPK, ARC1, THL) were found to have normal expression in the stigma. Taken together, the above results suggest that structural aberrations such as deletion of the SI recognition genes may be responsible for the breakdown of SI in rapid-cycling B. oleracea ‘TO1000DH3’.     

Peptide Growth Factor Phytosulfokine-α Stimulates Cell Divisions and Enhances Regeneration from B. oleracea var. capitata L. Protoplast Culture

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation - Protoplasts of six cabbage accessions were isolated from leaf mesophyll and cultured in the presence of 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 µM...     

Systematische Gliederung des Weltsortimentes des weißen Kopfkohles (Brassica oleracea var.capitata f.alba)

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert einen Beitrag zur Geschichte des Anbaues sowie der Züchtung von weißem Kopfkohl (Brassica oleracea var.capitata f.alba). Die hauptsächlichsten europäischen sowie außereuropäischen Kopfkohlsorten, die in den Jahren 1953–59 im Sortiment des Forschungsinstitutes für Gemüsebau in Olomouc (SSR) im Anbau waren, wurden zusammengestellt und taxonomisch gegliedert. Dabei wurden die Ergebnisse vonLizgunova (1948) zugrunde gelegt und nach eigenen Erfahrungen bei der Sortenprüfung wesentlich erweitert und modifiziert. Wie aus Tab. 1 ersichtlich, gliedern wir die weißen Kopfkohle in drei Subspecies, neun Gruppen und eine Anzahl Sortentypen, die gleichzeitig einen Überblick über einige wichtige morphologische und wirtschaftliche Eigenschaften der betreffenden Sorten ermöglichen. Die Angaben wurden durch Beifügung von synonymen und anderssprachigen Benennungen, oftmals auch kurzen Hinweisen zur Geschichte der Sorten ergänzt. Die Resultate der systematischen Gliederung dürften Züchtern und Gemüsebauern eine gute Hilfe bei ihrer Arbeit leisten.Mit 16 Abbildungen     

α-1,4-Glucan phosphorylase forms from leaves of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) I. In situ localization by indirect immunofluorescence

Antisera were raised against two forms of -1,4-glucan phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) which had been purified from leaves of Spinacia oleracea L. Immunoglobulin G preparations were isolated from the antisera, and their specificity was ensured by immunoplobulin G preparations were used for in situ localization of the two phosphorylase forms in spinach leaf thin sections by indirect immuno-fluorescence. Both enzyme forms were present in the palisade and spongy parenchyma and in the guard cells, but their intracellular distribution was complementary. One phosphorylase form (designated as the chloroplastic form) was restricted to the stromal space of chloroplasts whereas the other (the non-chloroplastic form) was present only in the cytoplasm of chloroplast-containing cells. Thus, the phosphorylases represent two distinct compartment-specific enzyme forms which reside within the same photosynthetically active mesophyll cell.Abbreviations DBM diazobenzyloxymethyl - FITC fluorescein isothiocyanate - IgG immunoglobulin G - PMSF phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride     

α-1,4-glucan phosphorylase forms from leaves of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

Peptide patterns and immunological properties of the cytoplasmic and chloroplastic -1,4-glucan phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) from spinach leaves have been studied and were compared with those of phosphorylases from other sources. The two spinach leaf phosphorylases were immunologically different; a limited cross-reactivity was observed only at high antigen or antibody concentrations. Peptide mapping of the two enzymes resulted in complex patterns composed of more than 20 fragments; but no peptide was electrophoretically identical in both proteins. Approximately 13 to 15 of the fragments exhibited antigeneity but no cross-reactivity of any peptide was observed. Therefore, the two compartment-specific phosphorylase forms from spinach leaves represent isoenzymes possessing different primary structures. Peptide patterns of potato tuber and rabbit muscle phosphorylase were different from those of the two spinach leaf enzymes. Although the potato tuber phosphorylase resides in the plastidic compartment and is kinetically closely related to the chloroplastic spinach enzyme, it reacted more strongly with the anti-cytoplasmic-phosphorylase immunoglobulin G. Similar results were obtained with rabbit muscle phosphorylase. These observations support the assumption that the chloroplast-specific phosphorylase isoenzyme has a higher structural diversity than does the cytoplasmic counterpart.Abbreviations EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid - Hepes 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid - PEG polyethylene glycol (approx. MW 8000) I=Schächtele and Steup 1986     

大白菜(Brassica pekinensis)与甘蓝(B.oleracea)的种间试管受精

通过大白菜胚珠与甘蓝花粉的试管授粉和受精得到了杂种种子。杂交一代的植株形态和花粉发育情况及根尖细胞染色体数均表明为种间杂种。杂种植株具有父母本的特征,某些性状介于双亲之间;花粉粒发育不正常;根尖细胞染色体数为2n=19。本研究为其他十字花科植物的远缘杂交中克服不亲和性提供了依据。