On the relationship between glycerophosphoglycolipids and lipoteichoic acids in Gram-positive bacteria. I. The occurrence of phosphoglycolipids

1. Gram-positive bacteria out of the families of Streptococcaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Micrococcaceae and Bacillaceae were investigated with respect to the occurrence and the concentration of phosphoglycolipids. 2. Phosphatidylglycolipids occur exclusively in group D Streptococci and in Streptococcus hemolyticus D-58. Phosphatidyl-alpha-kojibiosyldiacylglycerol, the prevalent species, accounts for up to 28% of the polar lipids. The related glycerophospho-phosphatidyl-alpha-kojibiosyldiacylglycerol is restricted to Streptococcus faecalis. 3. Glycerophosphoglycolipids, usually minor components, comprise thirteen compounds most of which have so far not been described. Except Micrococcus lysodeikticus all examined bacteria contained one or more glycerophosphoglycolipids. Their occurrence parallels, therefore, that of lipoteichoic acids, which supports the hypothesis of a metabolic relationship between these two membrane components.     

基于TLR4/NF-κB信号通路探究涤浊汤对高尿酸血症大鼠肠道菌群紊乱的调节作用

探究TLR4/NF-κB信号通路能否成为涤浊汤调节高尿酸血症大鼠肠道菌群紊乱的机制。

将70只SPF级雄性SD大鼠随机分为NC组、HUA组、DZTL组、DZTM组、DZTH组、阳性对照组和DZTH+LPS组,每组10只。检测大鼠血清中尿酸（SUA）、肌酐（Cr）、尿素氮（BUN）、黄嘌呤氧化酶（XOD）和内毒素（LPS）水平。 HE染色观察肾组织病理学变化;16S rDNA测序检测肠道菌群alpha多样性与肠道菌群群落结构;蛋白质印迹法检测肾组织中TLR4和p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达。

与NC组相比,HUA组大鼠血清中SUA、Cr、BUN、XOD及LPS水平均显著升高（均P＜0.05）;与HUA组相比,DZTL组、DZTM组、DZTH组和阳性对照组大鼠血清中SUA、Cr、BUN、XOD、LPS水平以及Shannon指数、Sobs指数、Chao1指数、Ace指数均显著降低,DZTH组和阳性对照组变化最显著（均P＜0.05）;与DZTH组相比,DZTH+LPS组大鼠血清中SUA、Cr、BUN、XOD、LPS水平以及Shannon指数、Sobs指数、Chao1指数、Ace指数均显著升高（均P＜0.05）。与NC组相比,HUA组厚壁菌门、放线菌门、梭状芽胞杆菌属、瘤胃菌属、乳杆菌属、颤螺菌属和双歧杆菌属相对丰度均显著降低,拟杆菌门、变形菌门、TM7菌门、拟杆菌属、产芽胞菌属和TM-3菌属相对丰度均显著升高（均P＜0.05）;与HUA组相比,DZTL组、DZTM组、DZTH组和阳性对照组厚壁菌门、放线菌门、梭状芽胞杆菌属、瘤胃菌属、乳杆菌属、颤螺菌属和双歧杆菌属相对丰度均显著升高,拟杆菌门、变形菌门、TM7菌门、拟杆菌属、产芽胞菌属和TM-3菌属相对丰度均显著降低（均P＜0.05）;与DZTH组相比,DZTH+LPS组厚壁菌门、放线菌门、梭状芽胞杆菌属、瘤胃菌属、乳杆菌属、颤螺菌属和双歧杆菌属相对丰度均显著降低,拟杆菌门、变形菌门、TM7菌门、拟杆菌属、产芽胞菌属和TM-3菌属相对丰度均显著升高（均P＜0.05）。与NC组相比,HUA组大鼠肾组织中TLR4、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达均显著增加（均P＜0.01）;与HUA组相比,DZTL组、DZTM组、DZTH组和阳性对照组肾组织中TLR4、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达均显著降低（均P＜0.01）;DZTH组大鼠肾组织中TLR4、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达和阳性对照组相比差异无统计学意义（P=0.559）;与DZTH组相比,DZTH+LPS组大鼠肾组织中TLR4、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达显著增加（P＜0.01）。

涤浊汤可改善高尿酸血症大鼠肠道菌群平衡状况,发挥抗高尿酸血症的作用,其作用机制与抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路活化有关。

     

敦煌莫高窟中细菌多样性的研究

【目的】通过对敦煌莫高窟内细菌多样性及生理生化特征的分析,为壁画微生物病害防治提供试验依据。【方法】采用纯培养与16S rDNA等技术对莫高窟245#窟内空气样品、壁画样品进行分析,并在培养基中添加壁画颜料测试其对细菌生长的影响。【结果】分离出可培养细菌76株,分属于8个属。其中空气中有6个属,分别为Bacillus、Arthrobacter、Pseudomonas、Acinetobacter、Enterobacter、Kocuria,优势菌为Bacillus、Arthrobacter。壁画上有Bacillus、Arthrobacter、Paenibacillus、Erythrobacter 4个属,优势菌为Bacillus、Arthrobacter;并发现DHXJ05(Enterobacteriaceae)、DHXJ08(Bacillaceae)、DHXJ15(Erythrobacteraceae)、DHXJ16(Bacillaceae)和DHXJ17(Bacillaceae)能在含有铁红、铅丹、朱砂的环境中良好生长。【结论】为后期研究壁画颜料的变色机理及选择相应的细菌防治制剂提供了条件。     

施用微生物制剂对育蚌水体微生物区系的影响

研究了育蚌水体分别施用微生物制剂利水素与鱼虾菌乐后水样中微生物区系的变化。试验结果表明:施用利水素的水样革兰氏阴性杆菌和嗜水气单胞菌含量分别下降26.67%、20%,芽胞杆菌和表皮葡萄球菌含量分别上升13.33%、26.67%;施用鱼虾菌乐的水样革兰阴性杆菌和嗜水气单胞菌含量分别下降20%、13.33%,芽胞杆菌和表皮葡萄球菌含量分别上升6.67%、13.33%;未施用微生物制剂的水样革兰阴性杆菌和嗜水气单胞菌含量均上升13.33%,芽胞杆菌消失,新增肠杆菌和链球菌。施用微生物制剂利水素和鱼虾菌乐,可有效优化养殖水体微生物种群结构,改良养殖水质环境。     

枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)Tpb55灌根与烟草根围细菌多样性变化的相关性北大核心CSCD

【目的】利用454高通量测序技术分析生防菌株枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)Tpb55对烟草根围土壤细菌群落的影响;同时测定施加Tpb55处理对烟草黑胫病的大田防效。【方法】试验设置Tpb55菌剂108 CFU/m L灌根和空白对照2个处理,分别在处理0、10、22 d采集烟草根围土壤,提取土壤细菌总DNA,扩增细菌16S r DNA V1-V3区,对扩增产物进行454高通量测序,使用Qiime软件分析不同处理的细菌群落结构。【结果】对照和处理样品测序后共获得了41207个优质序列,鉴定属于细菌的25个门。所有样品中优势菌群均为放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)。在病情发展过程中,放线菌门的细菌丰度逐渐下降,变形菌门含量呈上升趋势。施用Tpb55后,酸杆菌门含量明显上升并高于对照。对照中芽孢杆菌科(Bacillaceae)和多样性指示菌草酸杆菌科(Oxalobacteraceae)的细菌丰度均明显下降,Tpb55处理的样品中芽孢杆菌科含量不断上升,草酸杆菌科含量相对稳定。Chao1、ACE和Shannon指数分析表明,Tpb55处理的样品中细菌多样性和丰富度不断提高且高于对照。Tpb55处理后10 d和22 d,OTU序列数据库中与Tpb55 16S r DNA V1-V3区PCR产物高度同源OTU数目分别为31和45。Tpb55处理的烟草黑胫病病情指数(5.29)显著低于对照(38.52)。【结论】施用Tpb55可以提高根围土壤细菌多样性和群落结构稳定性,这可能是其发挥良好生防作用的重要机制之一。     

可可西里碱性土壤样品细菌的分离和生物学特性

可可西里是位于青海玉树藏族自治州的自然环境保护区,由于当地的恶劣气候特点,其土壤微生物多样性很少被研究.采用5种分离培养基对来源于可可西里的12个盐碱土壤样品进行选择性分离,共分离得到5株细菌.其中4株菌分别属于游动微菌属(Planomicrobium)、库克菌属(Kocuria)、气球菌属(Aerococcus)和芽...     

Comparative allostery of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthetase as a molecular basis for classification

The allosteric pattern of control for 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAHP) synthetase has previously been shown to be strongly conserved among the member species of a given genus in bacteria. The implications of this finding as a procedural tool of bacterial phylogeny were pursued by a study of two organisms, Sporosarcina ureae and Aeromonas formicans, the taxonomic positions of which have been historically controversial. S. ureae has characteristics of both Bacillaceae and Micrococcaceae, and A. formicans has characteristics of both Enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonads. Since the patterns of control for DAHP synthetase in all four of these microbial groups are different from one another but internally homogeneous within each group, the results obtained from the two test organisms were unambiguous. It was concluded that S. ureae is properly classified within Bacillaceae, probably deserving generic rank, and that A. formicans belongs with the family Enterobacteriaceae.     

Possible involvement of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillaceae in structural modifications of Tuber borchii fruit bodies

Previous studies on Tuber borchii fruit bodies in early maturation stages suggested a role of bacteria in sporocarp structural modifications. In order to verify this hypothesis, in the present study we investigated by means of microbial and ultrastructural approaches, the bacterial population of T. borchii sporocarps from intermediate maturation phases to advanced decomposition stages, paying particular attention to chitinolytic and cellulolytic bacteria and to their relationships with ascii and ascospores. We found that Pseudomonas fluorescens and spore-forming Bacillaceae, both able to degrade cellulose and chitin, are present inside the sporocarps in all maturation stages investigated. Moreover, rod-shaped bacteria seem able to erode ascus walls and colonize the interior of ascii containing mature spores. These results suggest a possible role of these bacteria in the process of ascus opening. Moreover, the presence of P. fluorescens and Bacillaceae on isolated mature spores after decontamination suggests an intimate association between these bacteria and the ascospores.     

Genome sequence of strain TW25, a novel member of the genus Ornithinibacillus in the family Bacillaceae

Ornithinibacillus sp. strain TW25, belonging to the family Bacillaceae, was isolated from a dead ark clam during a mass mortality event. Here, the draft genome sequence of strain TW25 (3,843,870 bp, with a G+C content of 36.7%) is reported. This is the first Ornithinibacillus genome to be sequenced.     

Inhibition of the Anaerobic Growth of Brochothrix thermosphacta by Lactic Acid

Brochothrix thermosphacta can grow aerobically in the presence of 210 mM l-lactate and anaerobically in its absence at pH values down to at least 5.5. Anaerobic growth is, however, inhibited by l-lactate, the concentration of undissociated lactic acid being the governing factor. Postrigor meat usually contains sufficient lactic acid to select against the anaerobic growth of B. thermosphacta. At least some Lactobacillaceae strains are more resistant to lactic acid and so their growth is favored on vacuum-packaged meat.     

Enumeration and characterization of cellulolytic bacteria from refuse of a landfill

Enumeration and phenotypic characterization of aerobic cellulolytic bacteria were performed on fresh, 1 year old and 5 years old refuse samples of a French landfill site. Numbers of cellulolytic bacteria ranged from 1.1x10(6) to 2.3x10(8) c.f.u. (g dry wt.)(-1) and were lower in 5 years old refuse samples. A numerical analysis of phenotypic data based on 80 biochemical tests and performed on 321 Gram-positive isolates from refuse, revealed a high phenotypic diversity of cellulolytic bacteria which were distributed into 21 clusters. Based on the phenotypic analysis and the sequencing of 16S rDNA of five representative strains of major clusters, the predominant cellulolytic groups could be assigned to the family of Bacillaceae and to the genera Cellulomonas, Microbacterium and Lactobacillus. Furthermore, chemical parameters such as pH, carbohydrates and volatile solid contents influenced the composition of the cellulolytic bacterial groups which were reduced essentially to the family of Bacillaceae in the oldest refuse samples.     

Studies on the cellulolytic bacteria and cellulose degradation in a cattle waste-fed biogas digester

Summary Production of acetate, the key substrate for methane formation in anaerobic digesters, is limiting in cattle waste-fed biogas digesters due to the lignocellulosic nature of the substrate. Since the rate of cellulose hydrolysis affects acetate production, and the number and type of cellulolytic bacteria that exist in a cattle waste biogas digester is not known, 110 cellulolytic bacterial isolates belonging to the Bacillaceae, Propionibacteriaceae and Lactobacillaceae, and coryneform bacteria likeCellulomonas, were isolated from different depths of an operating 10³ KVIC type biogas digester. The population of cellulolytic bacteria varied between 2.0×10³ and 1.4×10⁵/g slurry. Some bacterial isolates exhibited higher cellulase activity than others, with acetate as the major end-product. In general, acetate, propionate and butyrate were the common end-products but one isolate was homoacetogenic and a few others produced propionate or butyrate orisobutyrate in small amounts with acetate. Cellulose degradation rate in the digester was dependent upon the cellulose: lignin ratio.

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Resumen La producción de acetato, substancia clave para la formación de metano en digestores anaerobios, es el factor limitante en las plantas de biogás, alimentadas mediante residuos de ganado, debido a la naturaleza lignocelulósica del material de partida. La velocidad de hidrolisis de la celulosa afecta a la producción de acetato, sin embargo, nose conocen ni el tipo ni la cantidad de bacterias que existen en una planta de biogas de dichas características. Se aislaron 110 cepas bacterianas con propiedades celulolíticas que pertenecían a los grupos de Bacillus, Propionibacterias, y coryneformes, (como el géneroCellulomonas). Estudiando la población de bacterias celulolíticas a distintas profundidades de un digestor de biogás del tipo 10³ KVIC, se observó que ésta variaba entre 2.10³ y 1.4 10³ celulas/g de residuo liquido analizado. Algunos de los aislados bacterianos mostraron una mayor actividad celulolitica que otros, siendo el acetato el producto final mayoritario. En general los productos finales más corrientes fueron: acetato, butirato y propionato; sin embargo, una de las cepas aisladas era homoacetogénica y algunas otras produjeron pequeñas cantidades de propionato, butirato oisibutirato junto con acetato. La velocidad de degradación de la celulosa dependía de la relación celulosa: lignina.

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Résumé Dans les digesteurs anaérobies produisant du biogaz à partir de fumier de bovins, la production d'acétate, qui est l'étape essentielle conduisant au méthane, est limitée à cause de la nature ligno-cellulosique de la matière première. Il a été procédé à des prelévements à différentes profondeurs dans un digesteur KVIC en service, et à 110 isolements de bactéries cellulolytiques appartenant aux Bacillaceae, Propionibacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae et bactéries coryneformes du typeCellulomonas. Les populations de bactéries cellulolytiques dénombrées varient entre 2,0×10³ et 1,4×10⁵ par g. d'échantillon. Certaines des bactéries isolées ont une activité cellulase plus élevée que d'autres, et dans tous les cas l'acétate est le produit prédominant. D'une manière générale, l'acétate, le propionate et le butyrate constituent les produits principaux. Une souche est homo-acétogène. Un petit nombre d'autres produisent, en dehors de l'acétate, de faibles quantités de propionate, de butyrate et d'isobutyrate. La vitesse de dégradation de la cellulose dans le digesteur dépend du rapport cellulose/lignine.

     

Microbial analysis of a composted product of marine animal resources and isolation of bacteria antagonistic to a plant pathogen from the compost

A composting product of marine animal resources has been used as a fertilizer and a soil conditioner in Japan. This compost was produced by a repeated fed-batch fermentation system with three successive aerobic bioreactors. Composting temperature reached about 75 degrees C without heating. The bacterial diversity in this compost was investigated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequence determination of the V3 region in the 16S rRNA genes. The sequence analysis showed that a majority of retrieved sequences corresponded to those of Bacillaceae, and we frequently found sequences similar to the 16S rDNA sequences of Bacillus thermocloacae and Bacillus thermoamylovorans. In addition, a bacterium antagonistic to a Fusarium strain was isolated from the compost. The isolate (Bacillus sp. NP-1) produced an antifungal compound, iturin A. These results suggest that this compost serves as a valuable source of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria including the antifungal bacteria.     

佳西热带雨林土壤芽胞杆菌分离与多样性分析

采用热处理法从海南省佳西热带雨林土壤中分离到147株芽胞杆菌,并利用16S rDNA PCR-RFLP与序列分析技术对其遗传多样性进行了研究。16S rDNA PCR-RFLP酶切图谱UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,在100%的相似性水平上,这些芽胞杆菌分属13个遗传类群。不同遗传类型代表菌株的16S rRNA基因序列分析结果显示,它们分布在Bacillaceae、Planococcaceae和Paenibacillaceae科的Bacillus、Lysinibacillus、Paucisalibacillus、Bhargavaea和Paenibacillus五个属,其中Bacillus为优势属(占50%);有3株芽胞杆菌的16S rRNA基因序列与数据库中相应模式菌株的最大相似性在98.3%~98.9%之间。结果表明,佳西热带雨林土壤中芽胞杆菌有着较为丰富的遗传多样性。     

发酵车间空气源细菌淀粉酶产生菌筛选及多样性分析

采用平板水解圈法(plate hydrolysis spot method)对分离自酒鬼酒发酵车间空气样品的细菌进行淀粉酶产生菌筛选,运用基于16S rRNA基因序列的分析方法对高酶活菌株进行系统发育多样性分析。结果表明,73个受试菌株中,有23株为淀粉酶产生菌,占受试菌株的31.5%,其中有9株为高酶活菌。23个淀粉酶产生菌类群多样性和物种多样性较高,属于4个大的系统发育类群(Actinobacteria、Deinococcus-Thermus、Firmicutes、Proteobacteria)中的10个科(Bacillaceae、Deinococcaceae、Intrasporangiaceae、Microbacteriaceae、Micrococcaceae、Nocardiaceae、Propionibacteriaceae、Pseudomonadaceae、Rhodobacteraceae、Xanthomonadaceae)的13个属,可分为21个物种。进一步分析表明,9株高酶活菌属于细菌域(Eubacteria)的4个大的系统发育类群(Actinobacteria、Deinococcus Thermus、Firmicutes、Proteobacteria)的7个科(Bacillaceae、Deinococcaceae、Micrococcaceae、Microbacteriaceae、Nocardiaceae、Rhodobacteraceae、Xanthomonadaceae),归属于8个属。研究结果表明,酒鬼酒发酵车间空气源细菌存在较高比例的淀粉酶产生菌,且这些菌株具有较高的类群多样性和物种多样性。     

Characterization of the surface layer glycoprotein of Clostridium symbiosum HB25.

The cell surface of Clostridium symbiosum HB25 is covered by a squarely arranged surface layer (S-layer) glycoprotein. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the sodium dodecyl sulfate-soluble whole-cell extract showed the presence of several high-molecular-weight protein bands in a narrow range (approximate Mr, 140,000) which, upon periodic acid-Schiff staining, gave a positive reaction. After proteolytic degradation of the purified S-layer glycoprotein, a single glycopeptide fraction was obtained by gel permeation chromatography. Hydrolysis, treatment with aqueous hydrofluoric acid, and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies showed that the glycoprotein glycan is a high-molecular-weight polymer (approximate Mr, 15,000) of tetrasaccharide repeating units with the component sugars N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc), and N-acetylbacillosamine (BacNAc; 2-N-acetyl-4-amino-2,4,6-trideoxy glucose) linked by monophosphate diesters. The following structure is proposed: [----6)-alpha-D-ManpNAc-(1----4)-beta-D-GalpNAc-(1----3)-alpha-D-+ ++BacpNAc- (1----4)-alpha-D-GalpNAc-(1----PO3)----]n. The nuclear magnetic resonance data provided evidence for a charge interaction between the free amino group of BacNAc and the phosphate group of adjacent glycan chains. Since polycationic ferritin did not label the cell surface of intact cells, an electrostatic interaction can also be expected in vivo, leading to a charge-neutral outer surface, which is characteristic of all other S layers from members of the family Bacillaceae studied so far.     

小麦土霉素抗性内生细菌分离、鉴定及分布

研究通过培养的方法研究了小麦根际土壤、根、茎、叶各部位的土霉素抗性内生菌数量、种类和分布特征.结果表明,小麦内生菌数目在1×104cfu g-1～1.95×106 cfu g-1 之间,土霉素抗性内生菌数目介于6.9×103cfu g-1和5.67×105 cfu g-1,从中分离出22株土霉素抗性内生菌,包括15株G+和7株G-,经16s rRNA基因序列分析,它们与Bacillaceae,Alphaproteobacteria 和Gammaproteobacteria 三大类微生物聚在一起,其中Bacillaceae类细菌最多,占59.1%.土霉素抗性的Bacillus licheniformis在小麦根际土壤、根、茎等器官中都分离得到表明该抗性菌种在小麦内生系统中具有较高的传播性;具有土霉素抗性的人类机会致病菌Bacillus cereus和Stenotrophomonas属的细菌在小麦的根际土壤、根以及叶子中也均分离到,但是在小麦种子中没有分离到任何土霉素抗性的内生菌.     

质子泵抑制剂对慢性肝病患者肠道微生态的影响

目的探究质子泵抑制剂(PPIs)对慢性肝病患者肠道微生态的影响。方法选取郑州市第六人民医院2018年12月至2019年3月诊断及拟行PPIs治疗的慢性肝病患者31名,使用奥美拉唑进行治疗,20 mg/次,2次/d,疗程4周,检测治疗前后肠道菌群的构成。结果治疗前后患者肠道菌群构成差异显著:治疗后患者肠道菌群在Shannon指数(4.61±0.62 vs 5.01±0.83;t=2.889,P=0.005)、Simpson指数(0.89±0.09 vs 0.95±0.11;t=3.159,P=0.002)显著低于治疗前;治疗前患者肠道菌群中Coriobacteriaceae、Eggerthella、Ruminococcus、Anaerotruncus、Dorea、Turicibacter、Paraprevotella的相对丰度显著高于治疗后,治疗后肠道菌群中Veillonellaceae、Campylobacter、Haemophilus、Streptococcus、Streptococcaceae、Lactobacillus、Lactobacillaceae的相对丰度显著高于治疗前(均P<0.05)。结论PPIs可改变慢性肝病患者肠道菌群的构成。     

Genome sequence of Lentibacillus jeotgali Grbi(T), isolated from traditional Korean salt-fermented seafood

Lentibacillus jeotgali Grbi(T), isolated from a traditional Korean salt-fermented seafood, is a strictly aerobic, Gram-positive, nonmotile, endospore-forming, moderately halophilic bacterium belonging to the family Bacillaceae in the phylum Firmicutes. Here, the draft genome sequence of L. jeotgali Grbi(T) (3,775,822 bp with a G+C content of 42.5%) is reported. This is the first reported genome sequence from a Lentibacillus species.