种植密度对两种穗型小麦品种分蘖期茎蘖生理特性的影响

选用分蘖成穗率不同的2种穗型冬小麦品种,通过3个密度水平大田试验研究了分蘖期主茎和不同蘖位分蘖间的干物质积累与光合特性的差异,以探讨2种穗型品种分蘖成穗的生理机制.结果显示:(1)在冬小麦分蘖期间,分蘖成穗率低的大穗型品种'兰考矮早八'高位分蘖干物质积累速率较慢,分蘖与主茎的差距较大;而分蘖成穗率高的多穗型品种'豫麦49-198'分蘖与主茎的干物质积累速率差距较小.(2)2品种分蘖与主茎干物重比值(蘖/茎)均随着种植密度增加而降低,成穗分蘖的蘖/茎值拔节期均大于0.5,而同期未成穗分蘖均低于0.5.(3)在分蘖期间,'兰考矮早八'分蘖的净光合速率随生育进程增长比主茎缓慢,且随密度增加分蘖与主茎的差距进一步加大;'豫麦49-198'分蘖与主茎的光合速率差异较小,且种植密度对其影响也较小.(4)拔节中前期种植密度对2品种的荧光参数影响较小,拔节后期2品种分蘖的初始荧光(F0)均显著大于主茎,而PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)却显著低于主茎;随种植密度增加,2品种主茎与分蘖的F0和Fv/Fm差异增大,且这种趋势随蘖位上升表现得更加明显.研究表明,大穗型品种'兰考矮早八'拔节期主茎与分蘖间干物质积累和光合性能的差异过大是其分蘖成穗率低的主要原因.     

小麦‘兰考矮早八’茎蘖分蘖节的内源激素差异及其密度调控效应

选用分蘖成穗率低的大穗型品种‘兰考矮早八’,研究主茎和两分蘖间分蘖节部位的激素差异与分蘖成穗的关系及其密度调控效应。结果表明,在分蘖两极分化过程中,不同茎蘖间分蘖节中IAA和zR含量及其IAA／ABA和z刚ABA比值为主茎〉分蘖Ⅰ〉分蘖Ⅱ,而ABA含量为分蘖Ⅱ〉分蘖Ⅰ〉主茎。ZR含量、ABA含量及其IAA／ABA和zR／ABA比值与分蘖成穗关系密切,较高的zR含量、IAA／ABA和zR／ABA比值以及较低削BA含量有利于分蘖成穗,反之则将导致分蘖衰亡。随种植密度增加和蘖位升高,激素含量及其平衡在分蘖与主茎间差距加大,分蘖弱势程度更突出,进而导致分蘖衰亡,且分蘖衰亡时间提前。     

再生小麦

“再生小麦”是指小麦在拔节后至成熟前,植株主茎或大蘖受伤害后,当水分、养分、温度和湿度都较好时,茎节或分蘖节上已经休眠的蘖芽伸长长成较大的分蘖并抽穗结实。笔者1986年在温室内进行小麦盆栽试验,当小麦达籽粒半仁期时将主茎穗剪掉,不久即从地上第二节间基部长出新的分蘖,并迅速地拔节、抽穗、结实;同时还长出了次生根(气根,只是节间数比主茎少了1节(封面照片)。但是,这种于半仁期失去主穗后又长分蘖并能结实的现象在田间     

水稻主茎与分蘖间的物质运输

本试验借助放射性同位素C~(14)、P~(32)从地上部和地下部分研究了水稻各生育期(分蘖期、抽穗期、乳熟期) 主茎与分蘖间同化物运转的规律,所得结果如下: 1.水稻植株在不同生育期主茎与分蘖间同化物的运转各有特点,分蘖期主茎叶片的同化物和根部吸收的P~(32)均可流向分蘖内,抽穗至乳熟期同化物极少(几乎没有)流入分蘖。分蘖中的物质在分蘖期亦流入主茎;抽穗期同化物则极少流入主茎,乳熟期光合产物流入主茎的量显著增加。 2.分蘖期主茎叶片光合产物流入分蘖的量比分蘖流入主茎的量多16.47%;主茎根系所吸收的P~(32)流入分蘖的量比分蘖流入主茎的量少12.87%。主茎与分蘖地上部与地下部物质相互运转差别直到抽穗期物质相互运转极少的情况下仍然存在。 3.主茎与分蘖间同化物运转与植株各生育期光合产物的积累,各器官对物质的需要,养分(C~(14),P~(32))进入植株体内的途径不同有着密切关系,有自主性,也有相关性。 4.试验征明:水稻植株内养分能互相协调成一个完整的有机联系,看来分蘖植株对水稻体内营养物质有调节的良好影响。特别应当指出的是乳熟期分蘖植株竟有1/3的光合产物转向主茎穗部积极参与主茎结实器官形成,这无疑地对增加主穗重起着有利作用。     

外源IAA对高粱幼苗内源激素含量及分蘖发生的影响

本试验以高粱品种"辽杂10"和"辽杂19"为试验材料,分别用0、100和200mg·L-13个浓度的IAA在高粱三叶期进行叶面喷施,研究外源IAA喷施对高粱内源激素含量及分蘖发生的影响。结果表明:喷施外源IAA在短时期内可以显著影响高粱内源激素的含量,喷施3 d后,高粱内源IAA和GA3含量显著升高,ZR和ABA含量显著降低;喷施6 d后,高粱内源IAA、GA3和ABA含量明显回落,而ZR含量明显升高;外源IAA提高了高粱分蘖节第一和第四节位分蘖发生的概率,降低了第二节位分蘖发生的概率;外源IAA抑制了单株多个分蘖的产生,减少了单株2~3个分蘖发生的概率,使单株1个分蘖发生的概率有所增加;同时,外源IAA降低了高粱分蘖发生和无效分蘖产生的概率;外源IAA提高了高粱穗长、千粒重及穗粒重等主要农艺性状,对高粱产量的提升起到一定的促进作用。     

BAU-9403吸收转运效果的初步研究

采用2个BAU-9403剂量,4种处理方式对4个基因型小麦的主茎叶片进行处理,通过检测各处理分蘖穗的雄性不育性及其叶片的光合特性,探讨BAU-9403的吸收和转运效果.结果表明:(1)小麦主茎叶涂施BAU-9403后,不仅诱导主茎穗雄性不育,且可吸收转运到分蘖穗产生雄性不育;(2)分蘖叶叶色变淡,叶绿素含量较CK低,较主茎叶高,差异均显著;(3)主茎叶和分蘖叶的净光合速率分别为7.89和8.87μmol CO2·m-2·s-1,均比CK(10.45μmol CO2·m-2·s-1)低,主茎叶与CK差异显著(T=2.447);(4)分蘖穗不育度因基因型敏感性、处理方式和剂量的不同而异.说明BAU-9403处理小麦后可吸收转运到未处理部位产生效果.对反应敏感的基因型,使用较大剂量和增大处理面积利于BAU-9403的吸收转运,但对植株会有一定程度的损伤,对光合性能产生不利影响.     

干旱灌区冬小麦根系的生长冗余

采用管栽试验通过人为去除根系的方法对甘肃河西绿洲灌区2个冬小麦品种根系的形态特征及根系与地上部分的关系进行了研究。结果表明:去除根系的冬小麦的前期生长受到一定程度的限制,与对照相比,其根冠比及其它根系指标均有所下降,且根系去除程度越大降低幅度越大;生长后期小麦根系出现了超补偿效应;成熟期,去除1/4根系和去除1/2根系处理的冬小麦无论是主茎还是分蘖的穗长、穗质量、穗粒数、粒质量等均比对照增加;但前者主茎各项指标的增幅较大,而后者分蘖的各项指标增幅较大。初步确定冬小麦在充分灌溉条件下至少有1/4的根系是冗余的。     

营养胁迫下东乡野生稻生物学特性鉴定初报

以东乡野生稻中东塘、东塘西侧2个居群和耐低磷品种大粒稻、低磷敏感品种新三百粒为材料,采用砂培法和土培法,鉴定营养胁迫下东乡野生稻的生物学特性。砂培试验表明,在低氮、低磷、低钾胁迫下,东塘、东塘西侧地上部干重、生物学产量降低;根冠比显著增大,其中低氮胁迫下表现尤为明显。土培试验表明,低氮胁迫下株高和分蘖动态变化与无肥基本一致;各胁迫下,大粒稻和新三百粒分蘖后期有分蘖数下降阶段,东塘和东塘西侧的分蘖数基本保持不变;低磷胁迫下,东塘叶重、根重、茎鞘重和东塘西侧剑叶长、叶重、茎重、总产量性状与全肥处理相比差异显著。其他性状与全肥处理无显著差异。低钾胁迫下,东塘除叶重、根重外其他11个性状与全肥处理无显著差异;东塘西侧除着粒密度、穗重外其他11个性状与全肥处理无显著差异。初步表明,东塘和东塘西侧2个居群无耐低氯特性,具有耐低磷、低钾特性,且不同居群时低磷、低钾的忍耐能力有一定差异。     

基因型×环境互作效应对水稻穗部性状杂种优势的影响

采用包括基因型×环境互作效应的加性显性加性×加性上位性遗传模型,分析了籼粳杂交穗部性状杂种优势的两年资料。结果表明,7个穗部性状的杂种优势既由基因型控制也受环境(年份)互作效应影响。主穗粒数、主穗长、一次和二次枝梗总长和着粒密度表现较强的正向群体平均优势,而一次和二次枝梗数则表现显着的负向优势。基因型×环境互作预测结果表明,主穗粒数、主穗长、一次枝梗总长在两年中的环境互作表现正效应,一次和二次枝梗数则为负效应,着粒密度和二次枝梗总长表现不同方向的效应。利用IR66158-37(P₁)、IR65600-85(P₂)、明恢63(P₄)和R669(P₆)进行杂交配组,其杂种后代易获得重穗型的穗部结构,可在超高产育种中加以利用。     

松嫩平原水淹恢复演替过程中羊草无性系种群构件的年龄结构

对松嫩平原羊草草甸水淹恢复演替过程中不同大小羊草无性系斑块的种群构件年龄结构进行了研究。结果表明 ,羊草种群分蘖株在斑块中心由 4个龄级组成 ;最外圈层由 3个龄级组成。根茎在斑块中心和中间圈层均由 2～ 4个龄级组成 ,最外层由1～ 2个龄级组成。潜在种群冬性苗和分蘖节芽总量各圈层均由 4个龄级组成。斑块中心的分蘖株种群为稳定型年龄结构 ,向外发展至增长型年龄结构。根茎长度和潜在种群在各圈层均呈增长型年龄结构。在水淹羊草草甸的恢复过程中 ,不同大小羊草无性系斑块均呈不断扩展的趋势。在生存空间充足时 ,羊草的分蘖节在一个生长季里可以繁殖多个世代。通过羊草根茎的年龄结构可预测演替的进程     

水稻主茎节位分蘖及生产力补偿能力

本研究选用两个籼稻杂交品种西农优1号和冈优725,采用人工去蘖形成分蘖初期的早发、中发、迟发三个处理,在群体条件下研究分蘖和生产力的补偿能力。本研究发现,迟发处理高节位群的分蘖补偿能力最明显,但绝对补偿量小。迟发处理高节位群的生长势、有效分蘖倍数增加,抽穗期单茎叶面积有增加的趋势,但抽穗期有效穗数、叶面积系数降低;迟发处理冠层光分布增加,叶绿素、蛋白质含量提高,叶片细胞内保护酶类(Superoxide dismutase, SOD、catalase,CAT)活性下降慢,叶片衰老慢,但是漏光率增加,截光率下降;迟发处理净光合生产率（Net assimulation rate, NAR）增加,同化物分配合理,经济系数有增加的趋势,但物质积累速度（Crop growth rate ,CGR）和干物质生产量减少。在本实验条件下,早发与中发处理的经济产量差异不显著,但早发与迟发处理的经济产量差异达极显著。本研究结果表明大苗秧对生物、非生物因素胁迫,如本田前期一定程度的人工去蘖,具有一定的分蘖补偿能力。     

Hormonal regulation of tiller dynamics in differentially-tillering rice cultivars

Tiller number can contribute significantly to yield potential of rice, but little knowledge is available on hormonal regulation of tillering and tiller dynamics. In the present study, Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), kinetin (6-furfuryl amino purine) and Gibberellic acid (GA₃) treatments have been applied at the early tillering stage to two rice cultivars that contrast for tiller number. The responses of the hormones were studied on growth, development, grain yield, senescence patterns, assimilate concentration of the panicle and ethylene production in different classes of tillers. The leaf area, panicle grain number, fertility percentage and grain yield of tillers were higher in the low-tillering cultivar than that of high-tillering cultivar; the treatment of kinetin was more effective in the latter than in the former. High ethylene production was responsible for reduction of growth duration and grain yield of the tillers. Kinetin application reduced ethylene production of the late-tillers significantly for the benefit of grain yield.     

Insights on the role of tillering in salt tolerance of spring wheat from detillering

Tillering is reduced by salinity, with the primary and secondary tillers being more affected than is the mainstem. To understand the importance of tillering in the salt tolerance of wheat plants, two contrasting genotypes of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown in a greenhouse under saline or non-saline conditions and were subjected to five progressive levels of detillering. Regardless of the genotype and salinity, shoot dry weight, seed yield and seed number per plant were all significantly decreased in the treatments where only one or two tillers per plant remained compared with the untouched treatment (more than three tillers), whereas these same variables per tiller tended to be increased on a per tiller (mainstem or substem tiller) basis. The increased seed yield per tiller observed with tiller reduction may be attributed to the enhanced seed number within the spikelet. Under saline conditions, the reductions in shoot dry weight, seed yield and seed number per plant for the salt-tolerant genotype Kharchia were of a greater magnitude in the treatments where only one or two tillers per plant were present compared with the untouched treatment, whereas the magnitude of this reduction in the salt-sensitive genotype Sakha 61 was decreased.     

Tillering in grain sorghum over a wide range of population densities: identification of a common hierarchy for tiller emergence,leaf area development and fertility

Most studies of tiller development have not related the physiological and morphological features of each culm to its subsequent fertility. This introduces problems when trying to account for the effects of tillering on yield in crop models. The objective of this study was to detect the most likely early determinants of tiller fertility in sorghum by identifying hierarchies for emergence, fertility and grain number of tillers over a wide range of assimilate availabilities. Emergence, phenology, leaf area development and dry weight partitioning were quantified weekly for individual tillers and main culms of tillering and uniculm plants grown at one of four densities, from two to 16 plants m(-2). For a given plant in any given density, the same tiller hierarchy applied for emergence of tillers, fertility of the emerged tillers and their subsequent grain number. These results were observed over a range of tiller fertility rates (from 7 to 91%), fertile tiller number per plant at maturity (from 0.2 to 4.7), and tiller contribution to grain yield (from 5 to 78 %). Tiller emergence was most probably related to assimilate supply and light quality. Development, fertility and contribution to yield of a specific tiller were highly dependent on growing conditions at the time of tiller emergence, particularly via early leaf area development of the tiller, which affected its subsequent leaf area accumulation. Assimilate availability in the main culm at the time of tiller emergence was the most likely early determinant of subsequent tiller fertility in this study.     

Modulation of leaf elongation, tiller appearance and tiller senescence in spring barley by far-red light

Supplemental far-red (FR) illumination of light-grown grass seedlings inhibits tiller production while enhancing leaf elongation. Although much is known about FR enhancement of internode elongation in dicots, relatively little research has been conducted to determine the effects of FR on monocot development. In growth chamber experiments, fibre optics were used to direct supplemental FR to elongating leaf blades, main stem bases and mature leaf blades of light-grown barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings. Our objective was to identify specific sites of perception for FR enhancement of leaf elongation and inhibition of tiller production, and to assess potential FR effects on tiller senescence. Far-red illumination of elongating leaves or of the main stem base reduced the total number of tillers per plant, primarily by reducing secondary and tertiary tiller production, and enhanced leaf elongation. However, leaf elongation was less sensitive to stem base treatments than to illumination of the elongating blade. Increased leaf length resulted from increased leaf elongation rate, while the duration of leaf elongation was unaffected. Exposure of mature leaf blades to FR had no effect on tillering or leaf elongation. None of the FR treatments led to tiller senescence. Localization of FR perception in vertically oriented tissues such as elongating blades and stem bases permits early detection of reflected light from neighbouring plants, allowing rapid response to impending competition.     

Effect of the Duration of the Vegetative Phase on Shoot Growth, Development and Yield in Pearl Millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke)

Craufurd, P. Q. and Bidinger, F. R. 1988. Effect of the durationof the vegetative phase on shoot growth, development and yieldin pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke).–J.exp. Bot. 38: 124–139 The duration of the vegetative phase (DVP) in millet, whichis the major cause of variation in the crop duration, has markedeffects on the number of productive tillers per plant and onmainshoot (MS) and tiller grain yield. Daylength extensionswere used to vary the DVP and the effect on factors affectingpanicle (tiller) number per plant and panicle yield examinedin millet hybrid 841A x J104, grown in the field at Hyderabad,India. Tiller appearance, shoot leaf appearance and leaf area,and stem and panicle growth, in both MS and primary tillers(PTs), were monitored at frequent intervals over the season.At maturity grain yield per shoot was measured The concept of thermal time was used to describe shoot development.The rates of tiller appearance and shoot leaf appearance werelinearly related to thermal time and were not affected by DVPtreatments. The duration of the growth phase from panicle initiationto flowering (GS2) and from flowering to maturity (GS3) was320 and 390 degree days (°Cd), respectively. There was nodifference in rates of leaf or tiller appearance or developmentbetween MS and PTs. Tiller appearance, tiller leaf appearanceand tiller apical development all ceased at the same time inthe later initiated PTs, approximately 550 °Cd from sowing,shortly after rapid stem growth had begun. Tillers that didnot survive were all vegetative or in the early stages of reproductivedevelopment at this time The rate of accumulation of dry matter per plant was similarin all DVP treatments, but in the longer DVP treatments a greaterproportion of the dry matter was partitioned to the MS. Mainshootstem and panicle growth rates were increased by a longer DVP,as was grain yield on the MS, and these were related to increasedMS leaf area. Concurrently, growth rates and yields in laterinitiated tillers were reduced in relation to their leaf areas.Stem growth rate was proportionately increased more than paniclegrowth rate in the longer DVP treatments and this, combinedwith a longer duration of stem growth, resulted in greater stemdry matter at maturity and, therefore, in reduced harvest index.     

调亏灌水和分蘖干扰对冬小麦生长的补偿效应

为探索抑制个体功能的生长冗余以实现群体性能优化并挖掘作物高产潜力的途径,通过桶栽试验,选择分蘖能力中等的小偃22号和分蘖能力较强的郑麦7698,对比研究2种灌水模式（全生育期充分灌水和分生育期调亏灌水）和3种分蘖干扰（从拔节期开始去除所有小分蘖,仅保留主茎和1个大分蘖;抽穗期去除所有无效分蘖;以不作任何干扰为对照）,来模拟不同水分供应和不可预测干扰对冬小麦生理生长、产量和水分利用效率的补偿机制.结果表明： 2个冬小麦品种均存在生长冗余.与小偃22号相比,郑麦7698有效分蘖数较高,但穗部性状较差.调亏灌水和抽穗期去除无效分蘖均可减少生长冗余,弱化竞争能力,改变源 库关系,提高资源分配.但冗余消除过度（拔节期干扰）则会破坏植株固有的根冠平衡和功能结构,导致生长的不足补偿.与对照相比,调亏灌水联合抽穗期去除无效分蘖可在时空尺度上充分开发和利用作物自身调控潜力实现补偿生长,在不显著影响籽粒产量的同时可提高水分利用效率20.4%～25.4%,是适宜的减冗增效措施.     

Effects of imazamethabenz on the main shoot growth and tillering of wild oat (Avena fatua L.)

Foliar application of imazamethabenz at sublethal doses of 100 and 200 g a.i./ha to wild oat plants at the two-leaf stage without tillers greatly inhibited the growth of the main shoot but increased tillering. The near cessation of sheath and the main stem elongation indicated that the major effect of imazamethabenz on the main shoot was inhibition of intercalary growth. Low doses of imazameth-abenz treatment resulted in more leaves (including leaf primordia) in the main stem but did not affect mature first and second leaves. Sublethal doses of imazamethabenz only briefly inhibited tiller growth. A later increase in tillering in treated plants resulted from the stimulated resumed growth of tillers and the increased initiation of tiller buds. Such enhanced tillering mainly resulted from the release of apical dominance due to the inhibition or cessation of the main stem growth with imazamethabenz treatment. Both doses of imazamethabenz (100 and 200 g a.i./ha) significantly reduced the biomass of shoots and roots, but increased the ratio of roots/ shoots dry weight.     

Leaf and Tiller Production of Prairie Grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth) and Two Ryegrass (Lolium) Species

A detailed morphological study of three prairie grass cultivars(Bromus willdenowii Kunth) was conducted under ‘vegetative’and ‘reproductive’ growth conditions (short andlong photoperiods) and at different temperatures. Perennialryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and Westerwolds ryegrass (Loliummuhiflorum Lam.) were compared during vegetative growth. Prairie grass had higher leaf appearance rates (leaves per tillerper day) and lower site filling (tillers per tiller per leafappearance interval) than the ryegrass species. Tillering rates(tillers per tiller per day) were also lower, except under vegetativeconditions at 4C. Low tiller number in prairie grass was notdue to lack of tiller sites but a result of poor filling ofthese sites. Lower site filling occurred because of increaseddelays in appearance of the youngest axillary tiller and lackof axillary tillers emerging from basal tiller buds. In prairiegrass, no tillers came from coleoptile buds while only occasionallydid prophyll buds develop tillers. Low tiller number in prairiegrass was compensated for by greater tiller weight. Prairiegrass had more live leaves per tiller, greater area per leafand a high leaf area per plant. Considerable variation between cultivars was found in prairiegrass. The cultivar ‘Bellegarde’ had high leaf appearance,large leaves and rapid reproductive development, but had lowlevels of site filling, tillering rate, final tiller numberand herbage quality during reproductive growth. ‘Primabel’tended to have the opposite levels for these parameters, while‘Grasslands Matua’ was intermediate and possiblyprovided the best balance of all plant parameters. prairie grass, Bromus willdenowii Kunth, perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L., Westerwolds ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum Lam., temperature, photoperiod, leaf appearance, leaf area, tillering, site filling, tillering sites, yield