Effects of leaf litter and precipitation on germination and seedling survival of the endangered tree Beilschmiedia miersii

Question: What effects do leaf litter and rainfall regime have on seed germination (time and probability) and seedling survival of the endangered tree species Beilschmiedia miersii (Lauraceae)? Location: The species is a native tree from the mediterranean climate region of Chile. Seeds were collected from La Campana National Park (Chile). The study was carried out under controlled conditions at the Laboratory of Ecology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. Methods: During April 2001,200 seeds were assigned to four experimental treatments: high precipitation, with and without litter and low precipitation, with and without litter. Each treatment had 50 individual seeds, each seed in an individual pot. For statistical purposes, we considered each seed as one replicate. High and low values of artificial rainfall corresponded to mean dry and wet years, respectively, for the period 1958–1993 in the central zone of Chile. Results: Seeds germinated earlier, and in higher proportion, in the presence of leaf litter, but only under low rainfall. Seedling survival was insensitive to both litter and precipitation. Conclusions: We conclude that the presence of litter in native populations facilitates seed germination and recruitment of B. miersii, particularly during dry years. We suggest that the reduction of leaf litter due to extraction for gardens and horticultural activities might preclude regeneration of this endangered species.     

加快棕种子萌发和幼苗生长的研究

棕种子萌发和幼苗生长十分缓慢 ,为了探索加快种子萌发和幼苗生长的方法 ,对棕种子进行不同处理、不同时间催芽和催芽后不同处理等试验 ,结果表明 :(1)生长调节剂 3号 ABT生根粉、吲哚丁酸和 2 ,4 - D可提高种子萌发率 ,促进幼苗生长。 (2 )播种前催芽可促使种子提前萌发 ,延长幼苗生长期 ,使当年生苗更粗壮 ;贮藏 3个月后催芽可提高 10 %～ 15%的发芽率。 (3)催芽后用 50 mg/ L和 10 0 mg/ L的 3号 ABT生根粉、或者 10 0 mg/ L的萘乙酸浸泡都可以提高幼苗出土率 ,但对幼苗生长没有明显影响。     

土壤菲污染对两种草坪草种子萌发及其幼苗生长的影响

采用培养皿中的种子暴露试验方法,研究了2种城市绿化草种——多年生黑麦草和三叶草在不同多环芳烃菲污染浓度梯度和不同土壤改良方式下的种子萌发及其幼苗生长反应。结果表明:不同浓度菲污染对2个草种的发芽率和幼苗生长没有显著差异;除了低浓度胁迫下黑麦草处理外,所有处理的萌发指标大都随着菲胁迫浓度的提高而降低。此外,污染土壤的几种改良方式在一定程度上对草种的萌发及其幼苗生长有积极的作用。总的来说,表面活性剂和树木凋落物复合的改良作用效果要好于二者单独使用的效果。     

铝浸种对荞麦种子萌发和幼苗生理的影响

对2个荞麦(Fagopyrum esculentumMoench)品种(小白花叶和溪荞5号)在铝浸种后萌发特性和幼苗的生理变化进行了初步研究。结果表明,10~1000mg.L-1的铝浸种处理对2个荞麦品种的发芽率和发芽指数影响不明显,低浓度铝(≤100mg.L-1)处理可降低荞麦种子细胞膜透性,减少细胞内营养物质的外渗,促进种子的萌发。5000mg.L-1的铝处理降低了荞麦的发芽指数。种子萌发后,铝对荞麦根的伸长有抑制作用,并且随着铝浓度的增加,抑制作用增大。10~1000mg.L-1的铝浸种处理对荞麦叶片内MDA含量影响较小,但高浓度的铝处理(5000mg.L-1)明显增加了MDA的含量;POD、SS、Pro随着铝浓度增加都有先降低后增加的趋势;不同品种叶片内CAT活性变化趋势不同,小白花叶内CAT活性对铝的敏感性大于溪荞5号。试验结果可以看出,荞麦种子和幼苗对环境中的铝都有较强的耐受性,在铝胁迫下,荞麦可以通过升高POD活性以及增加SS和Pro含量来缓解铝毒害,不同荞麦的基因型对铝毒害的反应有一定的差异性。     

不同光照对望天树种子萌发和幼苗早期生长的影响

在不同光照梯度的人工遮荫和森林生境中,研究了西双版纳季节雨林标志树种望天树的种子萌发和幼苗早期生长特征.结果表明,裸地上的强光照和深度遮荫均不利于望天树种子的萌发,中等程度的遮荫有利于种子萌发.望天树种子萌发率在林窗中央最大,而且萌发迅速,林窗边缘和林下生境不利于种子萌发.幼苗株高、基径和单株叶面积等生长指标均在部分遮荫处理条件下最大;幼苗根冠比在裸地上最高,且随遮荫程度的增加而降低;幼苗比叶面积在一定光照强度范围内随遮荫程度的增加而增大,在3层遮荫最大.除幼苗根冠比以外的其它生长参数均在林窗中央最大.讨论了环境因子(主要是光照强度和光质)对望天树种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.     

种子特征和播种深度对辽东栎种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

该文在玻璃温室内的遮阴环境下,采用盆播方法研究了辽东栎种子特征(大小和种皮)和播种深度(0、3、6、10 cm)对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:(1)辽东栎大种子萌发率、萌发速率、萌发值和萌发指数在所有播种深度均高于小种子。其中非去皮种子萌发率、萌发速率和萌发指数在0 cm播种深度的不同大小种子间差异显著,去皮种子所有萌发参数在6和10 cm播种深度的不同大小种子间均差异显著;去皮可促进大种子萌发,但抑制小种子萌发;不同大小种子所有萌发参数均在0 cm播种深度最大,在10cm播种深度最小。(2)不论有无种皮,大种子萌发幼苗的叶片数、单株叶面积、总干物质质量和根冠比在所有播种深度均大于小种子萌发幼苗;去皮种子萌发幼苗的株高、基径、叶片数、单株叶面积和总干物质质量在所有播种深度均不同程度地小于非去皮种子萌发幼苗,但前者根冠比在0、3、6 cm播种深度大于后者;随着播种深度增大,幼苗株高、叶片数、单株叶面积、总干物质质量和根冠比等生长参数均呈减小趋势,但基径随播种深度增大而增大。     

生物土壤结皮对种子萌发和幼苗建植的影响研究进展

生物土壤结皮（BSC）在陆地生态系统中具有重要的生态地位,尤其是旱地生态系统中,BSC占据了种子植物之间的广阔地面。因此,BSC的发展必然影响种子植物更新过程与植被空间格局;但其作用方式、影响程度等因相关研究涉及多气候要素、土壤类型、BSC组成物种和种子植物物种的差异及其不同组合,导致目前的研究结论存在广泛争议。研究综合论述了BSC改变地表微形态对种子传播过程的影响;BSC改变土壤特性（物理、化学、生物学）对种子萌发和幼苗存活与建植等关键环节的影响;并结合种子形态特征及种子萌发、幼苗建植的性状等,综合分析了BSC对种子传播、种子萌发与幼苗建植等更新过程的潜在影响机理;探讨了目前研究矛盾性结论产生的原因。总体来说,深入研究并全面揭示BSC对种子植物更新过程的影响,应加强学科交叉,将分子生物学、植物生理学、生物化学等微观研究,与遥感、野外生态因子过程监测、控制实验等宏观、中观研究结合,从机理到过程方面动态研究BSC对种子植物更新过程的影响,并引入水文模型、气候模型、种群动态模型等模型预测方法,研究气候变化、各类干扰频发的情景下,BSC对种子传播、萌发及幼苗建植过程的潜在影响,以期促进对BSC与种子植物间相互关系的研究,加深对干旱脆弱生态系统植被发展规律的认识。     

木麻黄原生境种子萌发及幼苗存活的影响因素分析

木麻黄无法天然更新已严重影响了海南岛木麻黄海防林发挥其永续的防护效能。该文以海口木麻黄海防林为原生境试验基地,采用5因素2水平的因子试验设计方法,共设计36个处理组合,探究木麻黄种子萌发及幼苗存活的影响因素及障碍因子。结果表明：(1)木麻黄种子发芽率最高的处理组合为林窗-不浇水-沙土-保水-盖土(GJ0SBM),发芽率为37.33%,显著高于其他处理组合(P<0.05);平均株高最高的处理组合为林窗-浇水-红土-不保水-不盖土(GJRB0M0),平均株高为6.43 cm/53 d,显著高于其他处理组合(P<0.05);存活率最高的组合为林窗-浇水-沙土-保水-盖土(GJSBM),存活率为79.00%/73 d,显著高于其他处理组合(P<0.05)。(2)林分光照条件和盖土方式是木麻黄种子发芽率及发芽势的影响因素,保水方式对种子发芽速度有显著影响。(3)林分光照条件是影响木麻黄幼苗株高的影响因素。(4)浇水方式是影响木麻黄幼苗存活率的主要影响因素。综上所述,木麻黄自身无法天然更新的障碍机制不在于种子萌发,而是因为木麻黄幼苗在海南旱季因缺乏必要的水分而无法存活,从而导致其...     

四川大头茶地理种群种子大小变异及对萌发、幼苗特征的影响

研究了四川大头萘６个分布地,７个地理种群种子大小变异特征、种子萌发及幼苗发育特征。结果表明,种子大小地理变异,南方种群种子变异较大,北方种上对较小,云南文山的种子最大最重,广西阳塑最轻最小,且最重约为最轻的２～３倍,不同种群种子萌发率也存在差异。南方种子差异较大,北方种子差异较小,大种子普遍有较高萌发率。种子太小小对苗生长速率、苗高、生物量（鲜重）有明显影响。     

Seed germination in Chrysophyllum sp. nov., a large-seeded rainforest species in north Queensland: effects of seed size,litter depth and seed position

Leaf litter affects seed germination in many ways and past studies have shown greater impacts on relatively small seeds, both within and among species. In this shade-house experiment I examined the impact of forest litter on seed germination in Chrysophyllum sp. nov. (Sapotaceae), a large-seeded (2.4 g) rainforest tree from north Queensland. Seed mass varies more than 30-fold in this species, making it useful for studying the role of litter as a possible selective pressure in the evolution of seed size in large-seeded species. Seeds of varying size (small, medium, large) were sown in planting boxes containing one of three litter levels (low, medium, high) and placed either below or on top of the litter. Seed size and litter biomass had no significant impact on the number of germinating seeds or the time to germination but seeds placed below the litter germinated around twice as frequently, and 20% sooner, than seeds placed on top of the litter. There were no significant interactions between any of the three factors. This shade-house experiment suggests that leaf litter is not an important selective pressure in the evolution of seed size in this species. However, if litter disturbance under field conditions differentially affects the probability of seed germination in relation to seed size and/or litter biomass, then litter could still act as a selective pressure in the evolution of seed size in Chrysophyllum and other large-seeded species.     

四种苔藓植物提取液对二种蓼科植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

研究卵叶泥炭藓(Sphagnumovatum),卷叶凤尾藓(Fissidenscristatus),弯叶灰藓(Hypnumcallichroum)和大金发藓(Polytrichumcommune)的水粗提取液对维管植物虎杖和皱叶酸模种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果显示:四种苔藓植物的粗提取液对两种植物的种子萌发率并没有显著影响。然而,弯叶灰藓,、卵叶泥炭藓和卷叶凤尾藓的提取液抑制了皱叶酸模种子的活力指数。除此之外,卷叶凤尾藓还显著地抑制了它幼苗的干重。四种藓类的提取液对虎杖的种子活力指数和干重,但是卷叶凤尾藓的提取液对幼苗的生长有显著的影响。苔藓植物粗提取液对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响的机制并不清楚,有待进一步研究。     

光照对辽东栎种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

研究了不同光照梯度[55.4%自然全光照(natural sunlight,NS)、18.9%NS、5.5%NS、2.2%NS、0.5%NS和0.3%NS]对辽东栎种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:辽东栎种子的萌发率和萌发指数在55.4%NS处理达到最大,分别为72.5%和0.22,然后随着光照减弱而逐渐减小,在0.3%NS处理下最小,分别为42.5%和0.11;强光照对种子萌发进程有一定的延迟作用,萌发活力指数随着光照的减弱而增大(0.5%NS处理最大);强光下种子萌发的延迟可能是其对多种命运的权衡性选择.强光照有利于辽东栎幼苗基径和根系生长,以及幼苗干物质的积累,但株高最小(6.06 cm);不同光强处理的辽东栎幼苗具有较大的形态学可塑性,其幼苗阶段对光环境的适应性较强,0.5%NS处理的幼苗比叶面积、比枝长、比根长、叶片叶绿素b含量及叶绿素总量均最大,分别为142.57 cm2.g-1、156.86 cm.g-1、271.87 cm.g-1、0.07 g.cm-2和0.24 g.cm-2,55.4%NS处理下最小,分别为44.89 cm2.g-1、52.84 cm.g-1、101.98 cm.g-1、...     

油菜对3种作物种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用

油菜是我国重要的绿肥作物,除增加土壤肥力外,对后茬作物也有一定的化感作用。本文研究了不同浓度油菜浸提液(0.025、0.05和0.1 g·mL^-1)对3种作物(燕麦、玉米和向日葵)种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理生化的影响。结果表明: 油菜浸提液对3种作物种子发芽率的影响不显著,但对燕麦有“低促高抑”的趋势,对向日葵有抑制的趋势。油菜浸提液高浓度处理对燕麦幼苗根和茎长、玉米幼苗茎长以及向日葵幼苗根长起抑制作用,低浓度处理对玉米幼苗根茎长起促进作用。燕麦和向日葵幼苗在浸提液浓度为0.05 g·mL^-1时蛋白质含量最大,玉米在0.025 g·mL^-1时蛋白质含量最大,显著高于对照。3个浓度下,向日葵脯氨酸含量均显著降低,玉米脯氨酸含量在浓度为0.05 g·mL^-1时显著高于对照。玉米过氧化物酶(POD)活性在浸提液浓度为0.05 g·mL^-1时最大,向日葵POD活性在浓度为0.025 g·mL^-1时最大,与对照有显著差异,其余浓度处理与对照无显著差异。油菜浸提液浓度为0.025 g·mL^-1时显著降低了燕麦超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,3种作物幼苗过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性与对照均无显著差异。加入油菜浸提液后,向日葵幼苗丙二醛(MDA)含量在浓度为0.1 g·mL^-1时显著增加,玉米幼苗MDA含量在不同浓度处理下均显著低于对照。综合分析,油菜浸提液对向日葵的化感抑制作用最强,其次为玉米、燕麦。     

黑果枸杞种子萌发及幼苗生长对盐胁迫的响应

研究不同浓度(0、1、2、3、6、9、14、18g.L-1)的盐溶液(NaCl、MgSO4、盐渍土壤)对河西走廊中部荒漠边缘的黑果枸杞种子吸胀、萌发和幼苗生长的影响,并观察胁迫解除后种子的反应。结果表明:黑果枸杞种子吸胀速率随NaCl、MgSO4和土壤溶液浓度的增大呈先升后降的趋势,吸水速度随胁迫时间的延长而减慢;种子萌发率随3种盐浓度的增大而降低,盐胁迫解除后种子仍具有较高的萌发率;发芽指数、活力指数、根长、下胚轴随3种盐浓度的增大而降低或先升后降,根轴比随盐胁迫的增强先升后降;随3种盐浓度的增大,种苗损害率增大,3种盐的胁迫效应依次NaCl>MgSO4>盐渍土壤溶液。黑果枸杞种子萌发和幼苗生长对NaCl胁迫较为敏感,其耐受的临界阈值是6g.L-1;种子萌发能耐受较高浓度的MgSO4的胁迫,幼苗生长对MgSO4胁迫较敏感,其耐受的临界阈值是9g.L-1;种子萌发和幼苗生长对生境盐渍土壤具有较强的耐受能力和适应性。     

不同种源及基质对水青树种子萌发及幼苗初期生长的影响

通过对4个不同种源地的水青树种子进行形态与生理特征的研究,探讨了不同种源、基质及温度对水青树种子萌发和幼苗初期生长的影响,以了解该物种种群自然更新困难的原因。结果表明:(1)不同种源的种子,其千粒重、饱满度及形态学方面存在显著差异。(2)不同种源的种子的萌发率分别为:74.67%(雷波)、41%(马边)、67%(九寨沟)、0%(美姑),对应的发芽势分别为38.33%、10%、27.33%、0(P<0.01);(3)在不同的萌发基质中,腐殖土中的萌发率、萌发势及幼苗的长势均优于生境土和沙土,而沙土中种子的萌发与幼苗的生长最差,因此水青树生境地的土壤不是其自然更新的限制因素;(4)常温下不同基质中,水青树种子的萌发率均高于恒温条件,表明适宜的变温处理有利于种子萌发及幼苗存活;(5)综合分析可知,雷波的水青树种子品质较好,马边的则较差。     

Seed germination and seedling survival in a colony of the common cormorant,Phalacrocorax carbo

Germination and seedling survival of some woody plants were examined in a colony of the common cormorant at Unoyama, central Japan. The germination ofQuercus serrata andPinus densiflora was less successful in the colony than outside the colony. The percentage of germination success was negatively correlated with the amount of cormorant faeces scattered on the ground and also with the soil water conent. Most of the germinated seedlings inside of the colony died with symptoms such as necrosis spreading from the edge of leaves. Saplings ofQ. serrata also tended to die more in the colony than outside the colony. The survival rate ofQuercus glauca seedlings with scattered faeces on their leaves and/or on the the surrounding soil was significantly lower than the rate of those free of faeces. These results suggest that in the cormorant colony, germination of seeds and seedling survival are greatly inhibited due to both the direct and indirect effects of cormorant faeces.     

海草种子休眠、萌发、幼苗生长及其影响因素的研究进展

海草床是沿岸海域重要的初级生产者,具有极其重要的生态价值和经济价值,是重要的浅海生态系统之一.本文综述了近年来国内外对海草种子休眠、萌发、幼苗生长及其影响因素的研究进展,总结了海草种子的休眠方式和休眠历期及其影响因素,探讨了盐度、温度、光、激素、溶解氧及种群等因素对海草种子萌发、幼苗存活和生长的影响,并对目前研究中存在的问题和今后的研究方向进行了展望.     

Fruit colour polymorphism in Acacia ligulata: seed and seedling performance, clinal patterns, and chemical variation

Fruit colour polymorphisms are widespread in nature, but their ecological and evolutionary dynamics remain poorly understood. Here we examine Acacia ligulata, a shrub of the Australian arid zone which exhibits a red/orange/yellow aril colour polymorphism. We asked whether the polymorphism had a genetic basis; whether selection acted differentially on morphs during the seed and seedling stages; whether geographic variation in morph frequencies was correlated with environmental factors; and whether morphs differed in physical or chemical characteristics that might influence selection on them. When grown to maturity in a common greenhouse environment, maternal families of seeds showed phenotypic patterns consistent with biparental genetic control of the polymorphism. In contrast to other fruit-colour polymorphic species, progeny of A. ligulata morphs did not vary in rates of seedling emergence or survival in a common garden. Sampling along a 580 km transect revealed clinal variation in morph frequencies. Frequencies of the yellow morph decreased, and frequencies of the red morph increased, across a gradient of decreasing temperature and increasing rainfall. Morphs did not differ in seed mass, aril mass, or in profiles of fatty acids and flavonoids in either arils or seeds. However, morphs showed consistent differences in carotenoid profiles' and elemental content of arils, suggesting that selection by avian and insect seed dispersers, seed predators and herbivores should be investigated. These patterns indicate that both abiotic and biotic factors may contribute to selection on the A. ligulata polymorphism. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

沙埋对醉马草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为探讨醉马草(Achnatherum inebrians)种群繁殖和扩散机理,并为其防控和开发利用提供理论基础,研究了不同沙埋深度(0、1、2、3、4和5cm)对醉马草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:埋深对醉马草幼苗出土率、首次出苗时间、幼苗生长高度以及生物量的分配均有极显著影响(P<0.001);种子萌发和幼苗出土率在2cm沙埋下达到最高(92%),在5cm沙埋下最低(58.7%);幼苗最大高度(10.8cm)出现在3cm的沙埋,最小高度(6.3和7.1cm)出现在0和5cm的埋深;埋深为2cm时,地上和地下生物量最大,埋深5cm时地上和地下生物量均最小;最大根长(约5cm)和最小根长(1cm)分别出现在2～3cm和5cm的埋深。2～3cm的埋深是醉马草种子萌发和幼苗生长的最佳深度。