Zur Wirkung von Sauerstoff auf die 32P-Markierung von Polyphosphaten und organischen Phosphaten bei Ankistrodesmus braunii im Licht

Summary Short time incorporation of ³²P was carried out with synchronised algae (young cells) depleted of phosphate. For the separation and determination of the acid-insoluble phosphate fractions of the cells an improved fractionation procedure was applied. In order to exclude competition by carbon dioxide all experiments were done in the absence of CO₂.Compared with nitrogen, CO₂-free air produces an increase in the labelling of phosphorylated compounds in the light. In strong white light, at high pH, air effects a remarkable increase of ³²P in the acid-insoluble phosphate (P_u), mainly in inorganic polyphosphates (P_ul), whereas the total phosphate uptake remains almost unchanged. The increase in labelling of acid-insoluble phosphate is, therefore, accompanied by a substantial decrease in the labelling of acid-soluble compounds (P_l). In weak white light or in far-red light, at low pH even in strong white or red light, an increase of phosphate uptake and an increased labelling of the acid-stable organic acid-soluble fraction (P_os) is observed instead. The effect of oxygen increases somewhat with increasing light intensity up to light saturation, and it increases markedly with increasing oxygen concentration.An essential contribution by oxidative phosphorylation to this oxygen effect can be ruled out on account of its much higher sensitivity to oxygen. Pseudocyclic photophosphorylation is also not regarded as the main force because of its higher oxygen affinity. Occurrence of photorespiration has not been clearly established so far in related algae (Chlorella), and its use for phosphorylation is unknown. A better, although not complete explanation is given by comparing the oxygen effect with the well-known inhibition of photosynthesis by oxygen (Warburg effect), which leads to an increase in glycolate formation and a simultaneous decrease in the pool sizes of carbon reduction cycle intermediates, even in the absence of CO₂. Since the photophosphorylation process, as well as the photosynthetic electron flow, seem unaffected by high oxygen concentrations whereas the formation of organic phosphate compounds is partially inhibited, excess ATP may be available for polyphosphate synthesis. This explanation would be consistent with the assumption that polyphosphate-ADP kinase mediates an equilibrium between ATP and polyphosphates, mainly at higher pH. At low pH and in other cases the excess ATP might be available for an increased phosphate uptake and for phosphorylation of endogenous carbohydrates.

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Herrn Prof. Dr. W. Simonis zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Das Haarkleid des Rexkaninchens und sein Verhalten bei der Kreuzung

Ohne ZusammenfassungMit 19 Textfiguren     

Das Verhalten der Schuppen erwachsener Fische bei Regenerations- und Transplantationsversuchen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Das Verhalten der Spermatozoen Zwischen Begattung und Befruchtung bei Oktopus Vulgaris

Ohne Zusammenfassung Mit 1 Textabbildung.     

Variation von Glycerin,Sorbit und anderen Metabolitgehalten infolge von Temperaturstress bei Larven von Callitroga macellaria

Sorbitol, sorbitol phosphate, glycerol, α-glycerol phosphate, lactic and pyruvic acid were determined after storing of non-feeding Callitroga larvae hot or cold. Compared with controls, the high levels of pyruvic acid and lactic acid indicate the increase of anaerobic metabolism by temperature stress. At the same time glycerol increased about threefold, sorbitol increased about seventeenfold after heating and about thirty-fourfold after cooling. The level of glycerol phosphate is lowered after heating and after cooling. Sorbitol phosphate shows after heating a trend to decrease. Heat causes a great standard error.Based on this and other facts it is supposed that different kinds of stress result in a lack of metabolic energy. Thus the pathway of glucose phosphate to direct oxidation and formation of triose phosphate by the pentose phosphate cycle is energetically favoured because the phosphorylation of hexose phosphate to hexose diphosphate is avoided. Triose phosphate can enter the glycolytic pathway. The reduced coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) is generated by the formation of polyols (or polyolphosphates).     

Das Verhalten der Chondriosomen bei Kappenplasmolyse

Zusammenfassung Die Chondriosomen bleiben bei vital-reversibler Kappenplasmolyse nach Form und Grö\e unverÄndert erhalten. Sie verquellen nicht, wenn Cytoplasma und Zellkern auf ein Vielfaches ihres Ausgangsvolumens aufquellen, und sind somit in ihrem Hydratationsvermögen vom Plasma, dem sie eingebettet sind, stark verschieden.Nach systrophischer Plasmasammlung liegen die Chondriosomen stets flÄchig nebeneinander, nicht mehrschichtig übereinander (Abb. 4, 5). In der intaktenAllium- Zelle strömen sie meist langsamer als die SphÄrosomen. Sie scheinen einer weiter nach au\en gelegenen Plasmaschicht anzugehören.Wir danken Herrn Dr. A. Diskus herzlich für die Anfertigung der Zeichnungen.     

Translokation und biochemisches Verhalten von D- und L-Phenylalanin bei Vicia faba

Summary D,L-Phenylalanine (phe) applied to the first primary leaf of a young Vicia faba plant moves into the sieve tubes and appears in the honey dew of aphids feeding on the third primary leaf. Ethanol extracts of the treated leaf contain labeled phe and an acidic compound which could be identified as N-malonyl-D-phe.D-phe-l-¹⁴C was obtained pure by enzymatic decarboxylation of the L-isomer of commercially available D,L-phe-l-¹⁴C, using an enzyme from red algae (Hartmann, 1967). The uptake of the D-isomer of phe by the sieve tubes is independent of the age of the treated leaf. L-phe applied to a young leaf is completely incorporated into protein; L-phe taken up by an older leaf is translocated in considerable amounts.Pulse-labeling with the two isomers shows that D-phe entering the sieve tube system is quickly removed to the parenchyma where it is acylated with malonic acid to the phloem immobile N-malonyl-D-phe. L-phe does not react with malonic acid at all. It is translocated to the centers of protein synthesis.

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Herrn Prof. Dr. Maximilian Steiner zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Das pyroelektrische Verhalten und das permanente elektrische Moment von menschlichem und tierischem Sehnengewebe

Zusammenfassung Bei menschlichem und tierischem Sehnengewebe wurde pyroelektrisches Verhalten festgestellt. Pyroelektrisches Verhalten bedeutet, daß eine permanente makroskopische elektrische Polarisation und somit ein permanentes elektrisches Moment in Richtung der pyroelektrischen Achse vorhanden ist.Die pyroelektrische (und daher auch piezoelektrische) Achse verläuft in der Längsrichtung der Sehnenfasern bzw. ihrer Kollagenfibrillen. Sie stimmt überein mit der optischen Faserachse, in deren Verlauf positiv einachsige Doppelbrechung bekannt ist. Sehnen mit leidlicher Parallelausrichtung ihrer Faserbündel zeigen dementsprechend makroskopisch eine pyroelektrische Achse parallel zur physiologischen Sehnenlängsachse. Bei seilartiger Bündelung der Fibrillen oder anderen histologischen Unregelmäßigkeiten im Faserverlauf zeigen sich korrespondierende Unregelmäßigkeiten des pyroelektrischen Achsenverlaufs.In genau korrespondierenden Abschnitten der gleichen Sehne verschiedener Individuen fand sich eine sehr erhebliche biologische Streubreite der pyro- und piezoelektrischen Effekte.In situ hatte das permanente elektrische Moment der untersuchten menschlichen und Rinder-Sehnen, sowie der Schwanzsehnen von Ratten eine festliegende gleichsinnige Vektorrichtung bei allen Individuen. Die Vektorrichtung war bei den untersuchten korrespondierenden Sehnen von Mensch und Rind sowie bei den Rattenschwanz-Sehnen analog.Die Vektorrichtung der permanenten elektrischen Polarisation bei Sehnengewebe, und wahrscheinlich auch bei anderen kollagenhaltigen Strukturen, scheint in Beziehung zur morphogenetischen Entwicklungsrichtung der Tiere zu stehen.

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Summary Tendons are pyroelectric. Pyroelectrical behaviour is identical with a permanent electrical moment in the direction of the pyroelectrical axis. There exists a pyroelectrical (and consequently also piezoelectrical) axis corresponding to the longitudinal axis of the tendon fibres and their collagen fibrils, and also corresponding to their optical axis, in the direction of which a positive birefringence is known.Accordingly in tendons with an approximately parallel alignment of the collagen fibres the pyroelectrical (and piezoelectrical) axis corresponds to the physiological longitudinal tendon axis. In rope-like or any other histological irregular forms of the collagen fibre alignment corresponding irregularities of the electrical axis direction were found.The pyro- and piezoelectric effects show large biological variations in corresponding tendons of different individuals.In situ the permanent electrical moment in the examined tendons of men and ox and of rat-tail respectively is always in the same vector direction in each individual. This vector direction is analogical in all examined corresponding tendons of men, ox, and also in rat-tail. The permanent electrical moment of tendons (as well as of other collagen-containing tissues) seems to correspond to the morphogenetical development axis of animals.The results of this investigation may be understood by the assumption that the rod-like collagen molecule (i.e. tropocollagen) represents an electrical dipole with a permanent electrical moment in the longitudinal direction of the rod.

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Unterstützt durch Sachbeihilfen der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Das Verhalten einiger Cyanophyceen bei osmotischen Impulsen

Ohne ZusammenfassungDie Herstellung der photographischen Tafeln verdanke ich den Herren Dr. R. Jarosch und Dr. W. Url.