Expanding course goals beyond disciplinary boundaries: physiology education in an undergraduate course on psychoactive drugs

The topic of psychoactive drugs is one of inherent interest to college students. We used this insight to design and implement a multidisciplinary undergraduate course with psychoactive drugs as the central theme. The Medical Science of Psychoactive Drugs examines the biological mechanisms underlying all major effects of psychoactive drugs, including the effects on the brain and other organs and tissues. Physiological principles, molecular mechanisms, and genetic factors involved in drug-induced therapeutic and adverse effects are emphasized. The course is open to undergraduate students at all levels and carries no prerequisites, and enrollment is limited to approximately 50 students. Major teaching modes include lecture, short homework papers on topics related to the previous class meeting, small-group discussions at several points during each class, and whole class discussions. Because of the diversity of students' knowledge of basic science, we employ a variety of methods designed to help students grasp the necessary scientific concepts. Our methods are intended to be inquiry based and highly interactive. Our goals are 1) to foster the development of an organized knowledge base about psychoactive drugs that will have practical applicability in the daily lives of the students; 2) to promote the rational application of this knowledge in thinking about current medical, social, legal, and ethical issues involving psychoactive drugs; and 3) to cultivate science literacy, critical thinking, and communication skills among students.     

The Darmstadt workshop on molecular modeling: Past and future

The majority of the contributions in this issue of the Journal of Molecular Graphics are papers that were presented at the Seventh Darmstadt Molecular Modeling Workshop, which took place at the Technical University Darmstadt on May 18–19, 1993. The technical organization of this workshop was again in the hands of the physical chemistry staff of the Technical University, Darmstadt, as it has been for the past six years. The scientific program was coordinated by Stefan Kast from the author's research group. The Darmstadt Workshop has been quite an informal and inexpensive event throughout the years. From 1994 onward, it will also be a specific meeting of the recently founded German-speaking branch of the Molecular Graphics Society. The following notes should help to provide an overview of the past activities and present some ideas for the future of this meeting.     

Ablastin: The phenomenon

A brief report is made of a conference held on the subject of ablastic immunity. Included are the background of the meeting, its organization, and its purpose, which was to summarize our knowledge of the subject and to consider future research plans. A list of some of the research problems discussed by the participants and possible experimental approaches for their resolution are presented. The report also serves as an introduction to a series of papers by the participants of the conference published concurrently.     

Death of phone service indicates Canadians not willing to pay for medical advice

The two physicians who started Canada''s first national pay-per-use medical-advice line closed the service after determining that Canadians are not willing to pay directly for their medical services. The issue of public versus private payments will likely be raised during the CMA''s annual meeting later this month.     

如何学好人体断层解剖学

断层解剖学作为解剖学与医学影像学等学科相结合的交叉学科,对现代化的影像技术及临床应用具有非常重要的意义。要学好断层解剖学:必须明确断层解剖学的重要性;培养学习的兴趣,注意临床针对性;抓好学习的重点,注意学习方法;打好局部解剖学知识的基础,始终贯彻断层标本与影像相结合的原则;并高度重视现代化多媒体资料的应用。     

Professional and popular views of chronic fatigue syndrome.

OBJECTIVE--To study the coverage of the chronic fatigue syndrome in the popular and professional press. DESIGN--Search of all original research papers on the chronic fatigue syndrome published in British journals from 1980 onwards and of professional trade papers, national newspapers, and women''s magazines. Interviews with six medical journalists. SETTING--British scientific, medical, and popular press. RESULTS--37 (49%) articles in research journals did not favour organic causes and 23 (31%) favoured organic causes. By contrast 31 (55%) articles in the medical trade press and 118 (69%) in national newspapers and women''s magazines favoured organic causes. CONCLUSIONS--Press coverage of chronic fatigue syndrome has amplified and distorted divisions in the research community concerning the chronic fatigue syndrome. Articles in the press concentrate on a simple medical model of illness reinforcing the stigma of psychological illness and dissatisfaction with traditional medical authority.     

Privileged Communications—The Effect of California's New Evidence Code As It Concerns Physicians and Psychotherapists

A physician has an ethical duty to hold in confidence communications made to him by his patient. A legal recognition of this ethical duty is found in the concept of privilege, which is the subject of this article. January 1967 will bring to California physicians a new protection for patients'' communications. The physician-patient privilege has been redefined to include confidential communications made during diagnostic evaluation, those made to non-licensed physicians, interns and medical aides, and those overheard by eavesdroppers. There has been added a psychotherapist-patient privilege designed to facilitate communications required in psychotherapy as well as in behavioral research.This paper first presents a brief historical background and discusses the protections and limitations afforded by the new California Evidence Code. There follows a section on the psychotherapist-patient privilege with the recommendation that in the context of psychotherapy, patients of physicians who are not psychiatrists should be afforded the additional benefits of the psychotherapist-patient privilege. Lastly, advice is given concerning the physician''s conduct in relation to his duty to claim privilege under the new code.     

The failure of the 1976 swine influenza immunization program

The program to immunize 210 million Americans against swine flu failed. It set back the Federal government''s relations with state health agencies, private physicians, pharmaceutical manufacturers, and the insurance industry. It increased mistrust of immunization programs and of government health programs in general.The well-intentioned plan had far-reaching consequences because its scope and the speed with which it was implemented were overreactions to the threat. Its size magnified every one of its faults, legal, medical and political. Organizational and scientific capacity were less than expected. Local health agencies could not administer the program with the inadequate funds from HEW and pharmaceutical companies could not produce a safe, effective children''s vaccine.Because of the urgency given the program, Congress neglected the opposition of consumer advocates and state health officials, and did not spend time trying to include immunization against childhood disease in the swine flu program.The failure illustrates the dangers of hasty decisions, of considering only direct medical costs and benefits and not social and political effects on health policy, of launching a public health program whose scientific basis is weak and whose administrative requirements are untested.     

现代生物医学研究中医学研究生“大数据”利用能力的培养

科研能力的水平是我国研究生教育质量的重要指标。现代生物医学研究中呈现的"大数据"特点给研究生科研能力培养提出了新的要求。本文在分析"大数据"基本特点和总结医学科研思维模式在"大数据"影响下发生的转变的基础上,对提高医学研究生获取和利用"大数据"信息的能力提出一些具体建议,希望能够推动医学研究生科研能力的培养。     

Emergency physicians and sexual involvement with patients: an Ontario survey

OBJECTIVE: To describe Ontario emergency physicians'' knowledge of colleagues'' sexual involvement with patients and former patients, their own personal experience of such involvement, and their attitudes toward postvisit relationships. DESIGN: Mailed survey. SETTING: Ontario. PARTICIPANTS: Emergency physicians practising in Ontario. RESULTS: Of 974 eligible mailed surveys, 599 (61.5%) were returned. Of these respondents, 52 (8.7%) reported being aware of a colleague in emergency practice who had been sexually involved with a patient or former patient. When describing their own behaviour, 37 respondents (6.2%) reported sexual involvement with a former patient. However, of this group, only 9 (25.0%) had met the patient in an emergency department. Thus, of the total number of respondents, only 1.5% (9/599) reported sexual involvement arising out of an emergency department visit. Most respondents (82.4%) agreed that it is inappropriate behaviour to ask a patient for a date after an emergency assessment and before the patient''s departure, and 66.4% felt that it is inappropriate to contact the patient after discharge. However, only 10.6% believed it to be unacceptable to request a social meeting after encountering a patient previously cared for in the emergency department in a nonprofessional setting. Most respondents (96.5%) did not believe that sexual involvement could ever be therapeutic for the patient. However, only 66% felt that it was always an abuse of power and 62.4% supported zero tolerance of all sexual involvement between physicians and patients. CONCLUSIONS: Vague regulatory guidelines currently in place have failed to dispel confusion regarding what is acceptable social behaviour for physicians providing emergency care. Our results support the need for clarification, and suggest a basis for guidelines that would be acceptable to the emergency medical community: that an emergency visit should not form the basis for the initiation of personal or sexual relationships, yet neither should it preclude their development in nonmedical settings.     

Biogeography and ecology: two views of one world

Both biogeography and ecology seek to understand the processes that determine patterns in nature, but do so at different spatial and temporal scales. The two disciplines were not always so different, and are recently converging again at regional spatial scales and broad temporal scales. In order to avoid confusion and to hasten progress at the converging margins of each discipline, the following papers were presented at a symposium in the International Biogeography Society''s 2011 meeting, and are now published in this issue of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. In a novel approach, groups of authors were paired to represent biogeographic and ecological perspectives on each of four topics: niche, comparative ecology and macroecology, community assembly, and diversity. Collectively, this compilation identifies points of agreement and disagreement between the two views on these central topics, and points to future research directions that may build on agreements and reconcile differences. We conclude this compilation with an overview on the integration of biogeography and ecology.     

The 1st EMBO workshop on PVC bacteria—Planctomycetes–Verrucomicrobia–Chlamydiae superphylum: Exceptions to the bacterial definition?

The PVC superphylum is a phylogenetically supported collection of various related bacterial phyla that comprise unusual characteristics and traits. The ‘PVC’ abbreviation derives from Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia and Chlamydiae as members of this superphylum, while additional bacterial phyla are related. There has recently been increasing and exciting interest in the cell biology, physiology and ecology of members of this superphylum, including evolutionary implications of the complex cell organization of some species. It is timely that international researchers in the PVC superphylum field met to discuss these developments. The first meeting entirely dedicated to those bacteria, the EMBO workshop “PVC superphylum: Exceptions to the bacterial definition” was held at the Heidelberg University to catalyze the formation of a vital scientific community supporting PVC-bacterial research. More than 45 investigators from more than 20 countries (PIs, senior scientists and students) attended the meeting and produced a great starting point for future collaborative research. This Special Issue will focus on the EMBO-PVC meeting. This Perspective briefly summarizes the history of PVC-research, focusing on the key findings and provides a brief summary of the meeting with a focus on the major questions that arose during discussion and that might influence the research in the years to come.     

Breaking the Ice and Forging Links: The Importance of Socializing in Research

When meeting someone for the first time—whether another PhD student, or the Founding Editor-in-chief of PLOS Computational Biology—nothing breaks the ice like eating pancakes or having drinks together. A social atmosphere provides a relaxed, informal environment where people can connect, share ideas, and form collaborations. Being able to build a network and thrive in a social environment is crucial to a successful scientific career. This article highlights the importance of bringing people together who speak the same scientific language in an informal setting. Using examples of events held by Regional Student Groups of the ISCB''s Student Council, this article shows that socializing is much more than simply sharing a drink.     

Mental well-being in settings of 'complex emergency': an overview

The mental state of people affected by war and other disasters has been a subject of special interest to academic researchers and practitioners in humanitarian assistance and public health for over two decades. The last decade in particular has seen a rise in the number of papers published in scholarly journals around the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) debate. Anthropologists have rarely engaged in this debate. Nevertheless, some of the most illuminating contributions have come from socio-medical anthropology (Last, 2000). This volume brings together a wide range of disciplines in the human sciences to address some of the key questions that bear upon the mental health and well-being of populations affected by war and displacement, with contributions from applied biosocial and medical anthropology (Almedom; Lewando-Hundt et al.); applied psychology/public health and social psychiatry (Carballo et al.; Snider et al.; Fullilove et al.); social work (Ahearn & Noble); and political sciences (Pupavac). The four themes that run through this set of papers (outlined below) remain topical areas of contention in contemporary humanitarianism. Scholars and practitioners in the biosocial sciences may wish to engage in the empirical study of human (if not humanitarian) responses to disaster focusing on questions as yet unanswered.     

Social cognition and psychopathology: a critical overview

The philosophical and interdisciplinary debate about the nature of social cognition, and the processes involved, has important implications for psychiatry. On one account, mindreading depends on making theoretical inferences about another person''s mental states based on knowledge of folk psychology, the so-called “theory theory” (TT). On a different account, “simulation theory” (ST), mindreading depends on simulating the other''s mental states within one''s own mental or motor system. A third approach, “interaction theory” (IT), looks to embodied processes (involving movement, gesture, facial expression, vocal intonation, etc.) and the dynamics of intersubjective interactions (joint attention, joint action, and processes not confined to an individual system) in highly contextualized situations to explain social cognition, and disruptions of these processes in some psychopathological conditions. In this paper, we present a brief summary of these three theoretical frameworks (TT, ST, IT). We then focus on impaired social abilities in autism and schizophrenia from the perspective of the three approaches. We discuss the limitations of such approaches in the scientific studies of these and other pathologies, and we close with a short reflection on the future of the field. In this regard we argue that, to the extent that TT, ST and IT offer explanations that capture different (limited) aspects of social cognition, a pluralist approach might be best.     

Using the first European Breeding Bird Atlas for science and perspectives for the new Atlas

Capsule: The first European Bird Census Council (EBCC) Atlas of European Breeding Birds has been widely used in scientific publications.

Aims: To quantify how scientific publications have used data from the first European Bird Census Council (EBCC) Atlas of European Breeding Birds, what the topics of these studies have been, and to identify key aspects in which a second European Breeding Bird Atlas will provide new opportunities for basic and applied science.

Methods: We searched Google Scholar to find papers published in scientific journals that cited the first atlas. We analysed the contents of a random selection of 100 papers citing this atlas and described the way these papers used information from it.

Results: The first atlas has been cited in 3150 scientific publications, and can be regarded as a fundamental reference for studies about birds in Europe. It was extensively used as a key reference for the studied bird species. A substantial number of papers re-analysed atlas data to derive new information on species distribution, ecological traits and population sizes. Distribution and ecology were the most frequent topics of studies referring to the atlas, but this source of information was used in a diverse range of studies. In this context, climate change, impact of agriculture and habitat loss were, by order, the most frequently studied environmental pressures. Constraints in the atlas, such as the poor coverage in the east of Europe, the lack of information on distribution change and the coarse resolution were identified as issues limiting the use of the atlas for some purposes.

Conclusions: This study demonstrates the scientific value of European-wide breeding bird atlases. A second atlas, with its almost complete coverage across Europe, the incorporation of changes in distribution between the two atlases and the inclusion of modelled maps at a resolution of 10?×?10?km will certainly become a key data source and reference for researchers in the near future.