Induction of Oxidative Stress in Roots of Oryza sativa L. in Response to Salt Stress

With the imposition of salt stress (0.5 to 3 % NaCl or CaCl₂) a decrease in germination rate and accumulation of proline was observed in the root tissue. Both NaCl and CaCl₂ solutions induced an increase in the total peroxide content and lipid peroxidation and decrease in catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in root tissues suggesting an oxidative stress in the salt sensitive rice cultivar.     

Morphogenetic Aspects of Gynogenetic Embryoid and Callus in Ovary Culture of Oryza sativa L.

This paper is a further study on the morphogenetic processes of gynogenetic embryoid and callus formation in rice unpollinated ovary culture. Techniques for culture and for specimen preparation were basieany the same as in previously reported experiments in our lab. During early stage of culture, gynogenetic structures within the embryo sacs were predominantly young pear-shaped proembryos. A few of them developed later along a more or less normal pathway into differentiated embryoids. However, most proembryos grew much larger without embryo differentiation and finally turned to callusing. A discussion is given to the morphogenetic aspects of such kind of callus, which is considered to be a structure somewhat similar to the “protocorm” described by Nostog in barley proembryo culture. In this paper, the process of proembryo abortion and the oecurenee of polyembryony are reported as well.     

Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Rice Cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) Under Salt Stress and Low Nitrogen Conditions

Improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) under salt stress has become crucial for rice as it is increasingly facing two major environmental constraints: excessive nitrogen fertilization and soil salinization. However, the interaction between salinity and N levels is very complex and has not yet been considered from the perspective of reduced nitrogen input. We conducted a hydroponic experiment at the early tillering stage on the Yoshida solution to evaluate the impact of rising NaCl and decreasing N application on NUE of four rice cultivars cultivated under three NaCl (0, 56, and 113 mM) and four N (2.86, 1.43, 0.72, and 0.36 mM) concentrations. After 4 weeks, physiological NUE (pNUE), absorption NUE (aNUE), agronomical NUE (agNUE), N transport efficiency (NTE), and physiological traits were evaluated. Significant interactions between N and NaCl-applied concentrations were found in all measured parameters. In all cultivars, increasing the NaCl-applied concentration markedly decreased aNUE and agNUE. For each NaCl treatment, lowering the N applied sharply increased aNUE and agNUE, and this effect was stronger when the NaCl applied was higher. The effect of N lowering on pNUE depended on the NaCl treatment: it enhanced pNUE in the absence of NaCl but had no influence under the highest NaCl-applied concentration. Cultivars largely differed in response to NaCl. The aNUE—but not pNUE—differed between salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive cultivars: aNUE markedly decreased with NaCl concentration in the most salt-sensitive cultivar, whereas it was the highest at the intermediate NaCl concentration in the most salt-tolerant cultivar, especially under low N levels. This finding suggests that under salt conditions, the use of salt-tolerant rice genotypes combined with reducing N level application is necessary to improve NUE. The study of NUE in rice should be focused on the improvement of aNUE with a strong emphasis on the salt tolerance of cultivars.

     

水稻新种质资源的耐盐性鉴定评价

用0.5%的NaCl溶液作灌溉水,对2000-2002年江苏省水稻区域试验参试品系和近年引进的部分水稻种质资源进行苗期耐盐性鉴定.结果表明:株高矮化是苗期盐胁迫的一种形态特征;耐盐性鉴定易受环境影响;就整体而言,籼稻种质资源的苗期耐盐性好于粳稻;综合2年结果,籼156和64608两种质资源的苗期耐盐性较强.     

Phytochrome action in Oryza sativa L.

Summary In-vivo phytochrome determinations in totally etiolated rice seedlings with a dual-wavelength spectrophotometer showed that on a fresh weight basis phytochrome concentration was highest in the coleoptile apex (0.175 of mean) ( O.D.) g^-1 (fresh weight). The age of the seedlings had little effect on the pattern of phytochrome distribution in the coleoptiles.The extent of growth inhibition observed 2 days after the irradiations was proportional to the logarithm of P _fr amount in the coleoptiles at the time of initial exposure to either red or blue light. Ultraviolet irradiation, however, did not induce either reversible growth inhibition or optically detectable phytochrome changes in vivo.After the conversion of P _r to P _fr bya brief red irradiation, non-photochemical transformation of phytochrome was observed in intact coleoptile tissues. Most of the optically measurable P _fr disappeared within 6 hours at 27°, when the total ( O.D.) decreased to about one fifth of the original level. The optical data did not agree with the fact that 50% of the initial physiological reversibility was still observed 9 hours later. No significant difference in dark transformation rate was seen between intact and excised coleoptile tissues.Abbreviations P _r red light absorbing form of phytochrome - P _fr far-red light absorbing form of phytochrome - ( O.D.) the change in the optical density difference reading at two wavelengths, following irradiation of the sample with actinic sources of red and far-red light - UV ultraviolet light     

Phytochrome action in Oryza sativa L.

Summary The mechanical properties of the cell wall were measured in coleoptiles of totally etiolated rice seedlings. Coleoptiles were either decapitated or briefly exposed to red (R) and/or far-red (FR) light. The elastic and plastic extensibilities of the cell wall changed with age (length) of the coleoptiles. Decapitation and exposure to R induced changes in these properties, and the time-courses were similar. Following decapitation or R irradiation, the plastic extensibility of the cell wall decreased more conspicuously than elastic extensibility. Exogenous application of auxin immediately following decapitation alleviated the effect of removal of the tip. FR irradiation reduced both kinds of extensibilities, but its effect was much less than that of R, and it reversed the R-induced effect to the level of tissue treated with FR only. In repeated R-FR treatments, the decrease of elastic extensibility by R and its reversal by FR could be repeated, but the effect of a second irradiation with R after FR on plastic extensibility was not as apparent as that of the first. Reduction of cell-wall extensibility of etiolated rice coleoptiles caused by R light appeared, at least partly, to be due to a reduced auxin supply in the elongating region from the tip, similar to that caused by decapitation.     

Linkage Disequilibrium in Salt Tolerant Genotypes of Rice (Oryza sativa L)

Genome wide linkage disequilibrium (LD) was investigated in a set of 32 genotypes representing salt tolerant improved varieties and landraces and six salt sensitive genotypes of rice with 64 microsatellite markers to identify the genomic regions that are associated with salt tolerance in rice. Out of 64 markers analyzed, 36% SSR pairs exhibited significant LD at 0.05. A few regions were identified as targets of selection in 10 chromosomes with high r ² values. The model-based groups from Bayesian clustering analysis are largely consistent with known pedigrees of the lines. The increased percentage of association of SSR loci in the improved varieties indicated the role of selection in linkage disequilibrium especially for salt tolerance. LD was extended as far as 100 cM in the present study. Most of the markers (43.8%) with significant LD values were observed in the genomic regions of reported QTL for salt tolerance in rice.     

Influence of Short-Term Silicon Application on Endogenous Physiohormonal Levels of Oryza sativa L. Under Wounding Stress

The current study was conducted in order to investigate the short-term effects (6, 12, and 24?h) of silicon (Si) on the endogenous hormonal composition of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Dongjin-beyo), with and without wounding stress. Si applied in different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0?mM) significantly promoted shoot length, plant biomass, and chlorophyll content of rice plants. Plants treated with different concentrations of sole Si for 6, 12, and 24?h had higher endogenous jasmonic acid contents than control. However, a combined application of wounding stress and Si induced a significantly small quantity of endogenous jasmonic acid as compared with control. On the contrary, endogenous salicylic acid level was significantly higher in sole Si-treated plants, while after wounding stress, a similar trend was observed yet again. After 6, 12, and 24?h of Si applications, with and without wounding stress, ethylene levels were significantly lower in comparison to their respective controls. The findings of the present study perpetrate the beneficial role of Si on the growth and development of rice plant by relieving physical injury and stress. Si also affects endogenous jasmonic acid and ethylene levels, while an inverse correlation exists between jasmonic acid and salicylic acid under wounding stress conditions.     

Amelioration of Salinity Effect in Salt Tolerant Rice (Oryza sativa L.) by Foliar Application of Putrescine

Amelioration of NaCl (electric conductivity 15 mmho cm^–1)toxicity in the salt tolerant rice cultivar Co 43 was investigatedon 25th and 45th day old plants by foliar application of diamineputrescine (10 µM) in a pot culture experiment. Exogenoussupply of putrescine on salt stressed plants considerably increasedthe shoot growth (fresh weight and dry weight) and grain yield.Foliar application of putrescine inhibited the Na⁺ and Cl^–uptake, and accelerated the accumulation of K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺,proline and endogenous putrescine in the leaves of salt-stressedplants. Furthermore, putrescine application prevented degradationof chlorophyll and inhibited the reductions of soluble protein,total protein, RNA and DNA contents, and elevated their concentrationsin the leaves of plants exposed to salinization. The physiologicalrole of putrescine in several stress-related processes is discussedwith salt tolerance of plants. (Received March 15, 1991; Accepted May 10, 1991)     

Bioactive steroids from Oryza sativa L

Rice is one of the most interesting crops in the world from both the social and the economic point of views. The monoculture practices along with the heavy use of herbicides are characteristic of modern agriculture and are inducing the appearance of tolerant and/or herbicide resistant weed biotypes. This is the case the world's main weed of rice barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). Alternative strategies for weed suppression consist of the use of chemicals from rice due to necessity of obtaining new herbicides with new modes of action that could prevent resistance phenomena. In order to carry out a study that guides to the isolation of the most active compounds from rice, different extracts were achieved, and their activities evaluated. So, all the plant material was divided into three parts: fresh plant, dried plant, and fresh plant from Pluviotron. The aerial part was separated from roots in all cases and extracted in water, in organic solvents as well as with the Pluviotron device. The activity of the 12 extracts obtained was evaluated using a generalist bioassay, wheat etiolated coleoptiles bioassay, and a phytotoxic bioassay on barnyardgrass as target species. The bioactive extracts were fractionated and 15 compounds were isolated and identified by spectroscopic methods. Eight of these compounds were isolated for the first time in Oryza sativa. The most phytotoxic compounds on E. crus-galli were ergosterol peroxide and 7-oxo-stigmasterol. In the case of ergosterol peroxide the activity was higher than the commercial herbicide Logran. This is the first report of potential allelopathic activity of steroids on weeds based on their phytotoxicity.     

不同耐盐性水稻幼苗根氨同化酶对盐胁迫的反应

在盐胁迫下,检测了耐盐性不同的水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种根部氨同化酶及其相关参数的变化。结果表明,根的可溶性蛋白、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)及依赖于NADH的谷氨酸合酶(NADH-GOGAT)活性在高盐浓度下不同程度地降低,其影响大小依次为早花二号(盐敏感品种)、金珠一号(正常栽培品种)、津稻779(耐盐品种),与其耐盐性相一致。在盐胁迫条件下,在耐盐性较高的水稻品种中, GS和GOGAT活性比盐敏感品种高,NH4 浓度维持在较低的水平。Native-PAGE和活性染色结果表明,GSrb更容易受到外界环境的影响。在高浓度盐的胁迫下,早花二号、金珠一号的依赖于NADH的谷氨酸脱氢酶(NADH-GDH)活性都有较显著的升高,津稻779却无明显的变化,这和NH4 含量的变化相一致。盐不同程度地导致可溶性糖(TSS)在金珠一号和津稻779根部积累,而在早花2号的根部,可溶性糖的水平则随盐浓度的不同而表现出不同的变化。在所检测的品种中,脯氨酸的含量均有不同程度的升高,但在高盐浓度下,盐敏感品种的含量较低。这些结果提示,不同的水稻品种对盐胁迫的敏感程度与该品种GS以及GOGAT活性的高低有关。     

盐胁迫下AM真菌对红花耐盐性的影响

在盐胁迫下,采用盆栽方法研究AM真菌对红花植株耐盐生理指标的影响,以不接种为对照。结果表明,在0、0．1％和0．2％浓度NaCl胁迫下,AM真菌促进红花幼苗的生长,接种真菌的红花叶片SOD和CAT活性、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白的含量都高于不接种处理的,叶片细胞质膜透性和MDA含量则低于不接种处理的,结果证明AM真菌可以提高植物的耐盐性。     

高温胁迫下水稻基因组DNA表观遗传变化MSAP分析

目的:研究高温胁迫对水稻基因组DNA甲基化变化的影响,筛选出一批与高温胁迫的相关基因,研究DNA基因化与基因转录水平之间的关系。方法:在人工气候箱子中,对四叶期的水稻幼苗进行38度高温处理,分别取0 h、2 h、4 h、8 h、12 h、16 h和24 h七个不同时间点的幼叶提取DNA与RNA,利用MSAP技术检测总甲基化水平变化,RT-PCR检测相关基因的转录本的表达量变化。结果:与对照组0 h幼叶相比,高温处理下的2 h、4 h、8 h、12 h、16 h和24 h幼叶的总体甲基化水平依次是37.14%、36.79%、36.00%、35.50%、35.43%、34.64%和34.57%,可知幼叶DNA甲基化水平在高温处理后不断降低。此外,RT-PCR结果显示筛选的两个与甲基化相关的基因(PP2C和RAFP)的转录水平与甲基化水平呈负相关。结论:基因组甲基化作为一种重要的表观遗传调控方式,可以通过调控相关的基因的表达量水平来防御高温胁迫。     

High amylose mutants of rice,Oryza sativa L.

Summary Five mutant lines of rice with increased amylose content in starch granules were identified among floury endosperm mutants. The amylose contents of the mutants ranged from 29.4% to 35.4% and were about twice as high as that of the normal counterpart. Starch properties of the high amylose mutants were analyzed by column chromatography, X-ray diffractometry, photopastegraphy and scanning electron microscopy. The high amylose mutants produced longer unit chains of amylopectin than those of the normal counterpart as well as an increased amount of amylose. A X-ray diffractogram of starch in the mutant was characterized by a type B pattern, while that in the normal counterpart showed a type A pattern which is typical for starches of common cereals. The temperatures at the initiation of gelatinization of the mutants were much higher than that for the normal counterpart. The endosperm cells of the mutant were loosely packed with irregular round-shaped starch granules, whereas those of the normal counterpart were densely packed with polyhedral starch granules. Judging from the results obtained, it was concluded that starch properties of the high amylose mutants of rice were similar to those of the amylose-extender (ae) mutant of maize.     

水稻蔗糖转运基因家族研究进展

蔗糖是韧皮部同化碳运输的主要形式,植物蔗糖转运体(SUT,Sucrose transporters)在参与植物碳素分配中起着重要的作用.编码SUT蛋白的基因在许多双子叶和单子叶植物中都已被分离.目前已经在水稻中鉴定出了5个蔗糖共运体(Sucrose symporter)基因家族成员.对这5个成员在水稻中的鉴定、克隆和表达分析,以及其蛋白结构、分类与进化进行了综述.这些信息可用于探索杂交稻高产的同化物分配和运输的分子原因.     

Identification of novel stress-regulated microRNAs from Oryza sativa L.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a type of small non-coding RNA found in eukaryotes. They play a key role in gene expression by down-regulating gene expression and are involved in the environment stress response in plants. Although a large number of miRNAs have been identified from Arabidopsis, few studies have focused on Oryza sativa miRNAs, especially on stress-related miRNAs. Five cDNA libraries of small RNAs from rice seedlings treated with cold, dehydration, salinity, and abscisic acid (ABA), as well as wild-type seedlings, were constructed. Seven rice novel miRNAs were identified by Northern analysis, and their expression patterns under different stress treatments were determined. Results showed that the expression of several novel miRNAs was regulated by one or more stress treatments. Our identification of novel stress-related miRNAs in rice suggests that these miRNAs might be involved in rice stress response pathways.