花粉管生长和极性引导的孢子体和配子体控制研究进展

双受精是被子植物特有的生殖方式,精细胞只有通过花粉管穿过花柱才能到达子房、胚珠受精。花粉管在母本组织中的生长和引导包括孢子体控制(sporophytic control)和配子体控制(gametophytic control)两个连续的过程,现已克隆出不同阶段花粉管生长和引导的基因,通过分析其表达调控揭示出花粉管生长和引导的分子机制。该文就近年来国内外有关花粉管生长和极性引导的调控机制研究进展进行综述,并对禾本科(Poaceae)和十字花科(Brassicaceae)植物花粉管引导的异同点进行了比较分析。     

Kisspeptin调控鱼类生殖内分泌的研究进展

Kisspeptin是近10年新发现的调控动物生殖内分泌的关键因子,是kiss基因所编码的多肽产物,属神经内分泌肽类激素,为G蛋白偶联受体54(GPR54)的内源性配体。Kisspeptin具多个功能性的分子结构形态,在鱼类中,主要结构形式为Kisspeptin-10肽。Kisspeptin/GPR54系统在生殖中具重要功能。该文综合现有研究资料,就Kisspeptin在鱼类生殖内分泌调控中的概况、Kisspeptin神经元在鱼脑中的分布和定位、鱼类Kisspeptin分子的多态性、Kisspeptin调控鱼生殖内分泌的功能多样性、Kisspeptin调控鱼类生殖内分泌的机制、Kisspeptin的分子进化以及Kisspeptin和其他功能分子对鱼类生殖内分泌的协同调控进行了初步阐述,同时对Kisspeptin在鱼类生殖内分泌调控中的研究进行了展望。     

水稻小穗器官发生分子调控机制的研究进展

小穗是否正常发育直接影响水稻的产量和后代繁殖,其发育的分子调控机制一直是作物生殖发育研究的热点之一。水稻小穗发育包括花分生组织命运决定及转变、退化颖片和不育外稃的发育、花器官属性确立和形态建成,以及花分生组织终止生长等一系列连续的过程。重点介绍近年来国内外研究者在四聚体模型、内外稃属性、花分生组织命运转变以及小穗发育的表观遗传调控等方向的最新研究进展。     

模式植物拟南芥开花时间分子调控研究进展

植物从营养生长到生殖生长的转变是开花发育的关键,在合适的时间开花对植物的生长和繁衍极为重要,植物开花时间的调控对农业生产发展意义重大。植物开花是由遗传因子和环境因子协同调节的一个复杂过程。近年来,对不同植物开花调控的研究,特别是对模式植物拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana（L.） Heynh.）的开花调控研究取得了显著进展,已探明开花时间分子调控的6条主要途径分别是光周期途径、春化途径、自主途径、温度途径、赤霉素途径和年龄途径。各遗传调控途径既相互独立又相互联系,构成一个复杂的开花调控网络。本文综述了模式植物拟南芥开花时间调控分子机制相关研究的最新进展,并对未来的研究进行了展望。     

骨形态发生蛋白家族及其受体在生殖调控中的作用

骨形态发生蛋白 (bonemorphogenelicprotein ,BMP)又称骨形成蛋白 ,属于转化生长因子超家族成员。本文从理化特性、受体种类、信号转导机制 ,以及在动物生殖调控中的作用和受体基因突变所导致的多胎机制等方面 ,详细阐述了有关BMP近年来的研究状况 ,旨在为研究绵羊或其它物种的多胎机制提供参考     

十字花科蔬菜抽薹开花性状的调控机理和分子育种研究进展

十字花科植物抽薹开花是植株由营养生长向生殖生长转变的关键时期,其相关性状涉及作物繁殖和产品器官形成,它们大都是由多基因控制的数量性状,并受到环境信号和内源因素多路径的调控。本文从十字花科蔬菜作物抽薹开花性状的分子标记和分子调控机理两方面进行综述,并就研究中存在的问题和发展方向进行了探讨,以期为全面阐明十字花科蔬菜抽薹开花机制提供综合信息和新线索,为蔬菜作物抽薹开花遗传改良和高产优质栽培提供理论依据。     

植物开花时间调控的信号途径

开花是植物从营养生长到生殖生长的一个重要转折点。花启动的时机对生殖生长的成功至关重要。开花时间受内在因子和环境因子的共同调节。通过对拟南芥的分子遗传学研究,确定至少存在4条调控开花时间的信号途径,即光周期途径、春化途径、自主途径和赤霉素途径。本文以拟南芥 (Arabidopsis thaliana) 为主要研究对象简要综述了近年来在开花时间调控领域的研究进展。     

环境化学物对精母细胞的损伤及其分子机制研究进展

研究表明,许多环境化学物可影响男性精子质量和生殖能力。精母细胞是男性生殖系统中的重要组成细胞,承担着减数分裂等重要任务,具有高度复杂的基因调控网络及表观遗传修饰稳态,可能是环境化学物影响精子质量重要的作用靶点。环境化学物不仅可干扰基因调控网络使精母细胞损伤或减数分裂异常,还可能影响精子中重要蛋白的形成,导致精子质量下降。该文聚焦环境化学物损伤精母细胞及其分子机制的国内外进展,以期为探明精子异常及男性不育的分子机制、降低环境化学物的生殖危害、促进男性生殖健康提供线索。     

植物茎分枝的分子调控

植物茎分枝结构决定了不同植物的不同形态结构.本文从腋生分生组织的发生、腋芽的生长两个方面综述了近年来植物分枝发生发育相关的分子机理研究及其进展.发现在不同植物中腋分生组织形成的基本机制是相似的,LS（lateral suppressor）及其同源基因在不同植物中都参与腋生分生组织的形成,而BL(blind)及其同源基因也参与调控腋生分生组织的形成.腋生分生组织的形成可能也是受激素调控的.目前,对腋芽生长的分子调控机制的认识主要集中于生长素通过二级信使的作用调控腋芽的生长.而生长素调控腋芽生长的机制已经较为清楚的有两条途径：一是生长素通过抑制细胞分裂素合成来调控腋芽的生长;另一途径是一种类胡萝卜素衍生的信号物质参与生长素的运输调控(MAX途径)来调控腋芽的生长.最新研究表明,TB1的拟南芥同源基因在MAX途径的下游负调控腋芽的生长.此外,增强表达OsNAC2也促进腋芽的生长.     

绵羊胚胎附植分子调控研究进展

胚胎附植是哺乳动物复杂的生殖生理过程,是妊娠建立的标志和首要环节。早期胚胎发育、母体妊娠识别、胚胎附植和妊娠维持都严格依赖于孕体和中间的信号联系。大量研究证明,在绵羊胚胎附植过程中,来源于胚胎、母体子宫及宫外组织的多种生殖激素、黏附分子、细胞外基质、细胞活素物质和生长因子通过极其精密的协调共同参与和维持了孕体的发育、子宫内膜的重塑、分泌功能和子宫生长。综述了近年来绵羊胚胎附植的相关分子调控机制的最新研究进展,对胚胎附植分子调控信号的掌握将有助于诊断和确定那些引起妊娠失败的原因,为提高家畜和人类妊娠率提供参考。     

Molecular phylogenetic systematics of twelve species of Acipenseriformes based on mtDNA ND4L -ND4 gene sequence analysis

Acipenseriformes is an endangered primitive fish group, which occupies a special place in the history of ideas concerning fish evolution, even in vertebrate evolution. However, the classification and evolution of the fishes have been debated. The mitochondrial DMA (mtDNA) ND4L and partial A7D4 genes were first sequenced in twelve species of the order Acipenseriformes, including endemic Chinese species. The following points were drawn from DNA sequences analysis: (i) the two species of Huso can be ascribed to Acipenser; (ii) A. dabryanus is the mostly closely related to A. sinensis, and most likely the landlocked form of A. sinensis; (iii) genus Acipenser in trans-Pacific region might have a common origin; (iv) mtDNA ND4L and ND4 genes are the ideal genetic markers for phylogenetic analysis of the order Acipenseriformes.     

Molecular phylogenetic systematics of twelve species of Acipenseriformes based on mtDNA ND4L -ND4 gene sequence analysis

Acipenseriformes is an endangered primitive fish group, which occupies a special place in the history of ideas concerning fish evolution, even in vertebrate evolution. However, the classification and evolution of the fishes have been debated. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) ND4L and partial ND4 genes were first sequenced in twelve species of the order Acipenseriformes, including endemic Chinese species. The following points were drawn from DNA sequences analysis: (i) the two species of Huso can be ascribed to Acipenser; (ii) A. dabryanus is the mostly closely related to A. sinensis, and most likely the landlocked form of A. sinensis; (iii) genus Acipenser in trans-Pacific region might have a common origin; (iv) mtDNA ND4L and ND4 genes are the ideal genetic markers for phylogenetic analysis of the order Acipenseriformes.     

Phylogenetic relationships of the North American sturgeons (order Acipenseriformes) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences

The evolutionary relationships of the extant species within the order Acipenseriformes are not well understood. Nucleotide sequences of four mitochondrial genes (12S rRNA, COII, tRNA(Phe), and tRNA(Asp) genes) in North American sturgeon and paddlefish were examined to reconstruct a phylogeny. Analysis of the combined gene sequences suggests a basal placement of the paddlefish with regard to the sturgeons. Nucleotide sequences of all four genes for the three Scaphirhynchus species were identical. The position of Scaphirhynchus based on our data was uncertain. Within the genus Acipenser, the two Acipenser oxyrinchus subspecies were very similar in sequence and found to be basal to the remaining Acipenser species examined. Based on our data, Acipenser transmontanus and Acipenser medirostris were sister taxa, as were Acipenser fulvescens and Acipenser brevirostrum. Comparison of our results with hypotheses of sturgeon relationships proposed by previous authors is presented. The sequence data presented here are phylogenetically useful and provide a solid foundation of genetic information for the North American Acipenseriformes that can be expanded to include Eurasian species to provide a global picture of sturgeon evolution.     

Phylogenetic perspective on the relationships and evolutionary history of the Acipenseriformes

The Acipenseriformes, as one of the earliest extant vertebrates, plays an important role in the evolution of fishes and even the whole vertebrates. Here we collected and analyzed all complete mitochondrial genomes of Acipenseriformes species. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the polytomous branch included Acipenseridae and Polyodontidae formed five clades. The Polyodontidae clade and the Scaphirhynchus clade both were monophyletic group, whereas the Acipenser species and the Huso species both were polyphyletic group. The Bayesian divergence times showed that the origin time for Acipenseriformes was at 318.0 Mya, which was similar to the some previous results of 312.1 Mya, 346.9 Mya and 389.7 Mya. The result was in good consistent with the paleontological data available and the split time of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans from the Jurassic to the Cretaceous (Laurasia splits in North America and Eurasia). The dN/dS ratios showed the evolutionary rates gradually slow down in five major Acipenseriformes clades from the Clade A (the Pacific sturgeons species) to Clade C (the genus Scaphirhynchus), which was related to the process of geographical formation.     

Molecular phylogenetic systematics of twelve species of Acipenseriformes based on mtDNAND4L—ND4 gene sequence analysis

Acipenseriformes is an endangered primitive fish group, which occupies a special place in the history of ideas concerning fish evolution, even in vertebrate evolution. However, the classification and evolution of the fishes have been debated. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)ND4L and partialND4 genes were first sequenced in twelve species of the order Acipenseriformes, including endemic Chinese species. The following points were drawn from DNA sequences analysis: (i) the two species ofHuso can be ascribed toAcipenser, (ii)A. dabryanus is the mostly closely related toA. sinensis, and most likely the landlocked form ofA. sinensis; (iii) genusAcipenser in trans-Pacific region might have a common origin; (iv) mtDNAND4L andND4 genes are the ideal genetic markers for phylogenetic analysis of the order Acipenseriformes.     

几种鲟鱼基因组大小、倍体的特性及鲟形目细胞进化的探讨

采用Ｆｅｕｌｇｅｎ－显微分光光度计方法,以鸡红细胞为标准ＤＮＡ（３．２２ｐｇ／２Ｃ）测定了长江白鲟、达氏鲟、中华鲟、史氏鲟和北美匙吻鲟的体细胞基因组大小（ＤＮＡ含量）。结果表明,上述五种鲟鱼ＤＮＡ含量分别为４．１１、８．２６、９．０７、６．０７和３．９６ｐｇ。长江白鲟和北美匙吻鲟均属于四倍体鱼类,分布在长江水系的中华鲟和达氏鲟两种鲟属鱼类为八倍体类型。史氏鲟初步判断为八倍体,据分析可能存在四倍体的     

Suspension and optical properties of the crystalline lens in the eyes of basal vertebrates

We have investigated the apparatus suspending the crystalline lens in the eyes of basal vertebrates. Data are presented for Holocephali (Chondrichthyes) and the actinopterygians Polypteriformes, Polyodontidae (Acipenseriformes), Lepisosteiformes, Amiiformes, and one teleost species, the banded archerfish (Toxotes jaculatrix). We also studied the optical properties of the lens in Polypteriformes, Lepisosteiformes, and the archerfish. Together with previously published results, our findings show that there are three basic types of lens suspension in vertebrates. These are i) a rotationally symmetric suspension (Petromyzontida, lampreys; Ceratodontiformes, lungfishes; Tetrapoda), ii) a suspension with a dorso‐ventral axis of symmetry and a ventral papilla (all Chondrichthyes and Acipenseriformes), and iii) an asymmetric suspension with a ventral muscle and a varying number of ligaments (all Actinopterygii except for Acipenseriformes). Large eyes with presumably high spatial resolution have evolved in all groups. Multifocal lenses creating well‐focused color images are also present in all groups studied. Stable and exact positioning of the lens, in many cases in combination with accommodative changes in lens position or shape, is achieved by all three types of lens suspension. It is somewhat surprising that lens suspensions are strikingly similar in Chondrichthyes and Acipenseriformes (Actinopterygii), while the suspension apparatus in Polypteriformes, usually being regarded as an actinopterygian group more basal than Acipenseriformes, are considerably more teleostean‐like. This study completes a series of investigations on lens suspensions in nontetrapod vertebrates, covering all major groups except for the rare and highly derived coelacanths. J. Morphol. 275:613–622, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Anatomy and early development of the pectoral girdle,fin, and fin spine of sturgeons (Actinopterygii: Acipenseridae)

Acipenseriformes hold an important place in the evolutionary history of bony fishes. Given their phylogenetic position as extant basal Actinopterygii, it is generally held that a thorough understanding of their morphology will greatly contribute to the knowledge of the evolutionary history and the origin of diversity for the major osteichthyan clades. To this end, we examined comparative developmental series from the pectoral girdle in Acipenser fulvescens, A. medirostris, A. transmontanus, and Scaphirhynchus albus to document, describe, and compare ontogenetic and allometric differences in the pectoral girdle. We find, not surprisingly, broad congruence between taxa in the basic pattern of development of the dermal and chondral elements of the pectoral girdle. However, we also find clear differences in the details of structure and development among the species examined in the dermal elements, including the clavicle, cleithrum, supracleithrum, posttemporal, and pectoral‐fin spine. We also find differences in the internal fin elements such as the distal radials as well as in the number of fin rays and their association with the propterygium. Further, there are clear ontogenetic differences during development of the dermal and chondral elements in these species and allometric variation in the pectoral‐fin spine. The characters highlighted provide a suite of elements for further examination in studies of the phylogeny of sturgeons. Determining the distribution of these characters in other sturgeons may aid in further resolution of phylogenetic relationships, and these data highlight the role that ontogenetic and comparative developmental studies provide in systematics. J. Morphol. 276:241–260, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

基于线粒体基因组全序列的鲟形目鱼类(Pisces: Acipenseriformes)的分子系统发育重建

为厘清鲟形目鱼类的系统发育, 研究新测定了中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)、长江鲟(A. dabryanus)、短吻鲟(A. brevirostrum)、纳氏鲟(A. naccarii)、鳇(Huso dauricus)和匙吻鲟(Polyodon spathula)共6种鲟类的线粒体全基因组序列。联合已测的17种鲟类的线粒体基因组数据, 利用最大似然法和贝叶斯法重建了鲟形目鱼类的分子系统发育关系, 并采用似然值检验对不同的树拓扑结构进行了评价。结果表明, 6种新测鲟类的线粒体基因组大小为16521—16766 bp, 编码13个蛋白质编码基因、22个转运RNA基因和2个核糖体基因, 与大多数已测的鲟类的线粒体基因组结构高度相似。基于23种鲟形目鱼类线粒体基因组数据, 系统发育分析的结果表明: (1)鲟形目的两个科, 匙吻鲟科(Polyodontidae)和鲟科(Acipenseridae)均为单系; (2)鲟科的内部亲缘关系复杂, 鲟属和鳇属的物种均不构成单系群。鲟科鱼类按分子系统发育重建结果可以分为3个类群: 尖吻鲟类(A. sturio - A. oxyrinchus clade)、大西洋鲟类(Atlantic clade)和太平洋鲟类(Pacific clade)。树拓扑结构的检验结果表明, 鲟科的系统发育关系为(尖吻鲟类(太平洋鲟类, 大西洋鲟类))。铲鲟属(Scaphirhynchus)是大西洋鲟类的基部类群。研究也说明线粒体基因组数据在鲟形目鱼类系统与进化研究方面具有重要应用价值。