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1.
D. S. Glazier 《Oecologia》2000,122(3):335-345
Relationships between body storage (estimated as fat content and residuals of body mass regressed against body length) and
offspring investment [brood mass, brood size (number of embryos per brood) and embryo mass] were examined within and among
populations of the amphipod Gammarus minus in ten cold springs in central Pennsylvania, USA. Two major hypotheses and six corollary hypotheses were tested. Total reproductive
investment (brood mass and brood size) was usually strongly positively correlated with maternal body length and body storage
both within and among populations. These positive associations between reproductive and somatic investments are expected if
individual variation in resource acquisition exceeds that of resource allocation. That is, individuals or populations that
are able to acquire more resources should also be able to allocate more resources to both reproduction and somatic reserves
than those acquiring fewer resources. This hypothesis is consistent with evidence showing that individual differences in body
storage in G. minus and other amphipods are related to differences in resource acquisition. Positive associations between reproductive and somatic
investments do not mean that energy costs of reproduction do not exist in G. minus. Evidence for reproductive energy costs included the lower body-fat contents of brooding versus nonbrooding females and the
relatively low body mass per length of females who had just deposited eggs in their brood pouch. Unlike brood mass and brood
size, individual embryo mass was usually unrelated to maternal body length and body storage. This pattern is largely consistent
with optimal offspring investment theory, which predicts that offspring size should be insensitive to variation in parental
resource status. However, in contrast to theory, embryo mass increased in winter when brooding females were significantly
”fatter”, presumably due to the availability of autumn-shed leaf food. This seasonal change in offspring size may be a maternally
mediated effect of increased resource availability, though other explanations are possible. Overall, this study suggests that
”fatter” female amphipods are fitter than ”thinner” ones, though both the costs and benefits of increased body storage and
brood size require investigation to substantiate this claim. This study also suggests that effects of individual variation
in resource acquisition on life-history patterns deserve more theoretical and empirical attention by ecologists than they
have received. It should be recognized that positive and/or nonsignificant correlations between life-history traits are just
as interesting and important as are the negative correlations predicted by many theoretical models.
Received: 20 January 1999 / Accepted: 26 September 1999 相似文献
2.
Mammalian mating systems are thought to be shaped by the spatial distribution and abundance of key resources, which in turn
influence the spacing behaviour of individuals. In particular, female home range size is predicted to reflect the availability
of key resources. We documented the availability and distribution of food and shelter resources for two neighbouring populations
of bobucks, or mountain brushtail possums, Trichosurus cunninghami, that were characterised by different mating systems: our “forest population” was socially monogamous, whereas the “roadside
population” was polygynous. Both silver wattle, Acacia dealbata, the main food resource for bobucks, and den-trees, which provided shelter, occurred at significantly higher density at the
roadside site. The pattern of distribution of these two resources also differed between the sites. Both food and den-trees
were scattered evenly throughout the roadside habitat. In contrast, den-trees were located predominantly at one end of the
forest site, while silver wattle trees were located at the other. There was no significant difference in the amount of silver
wattle, or in the number of den-trees, located within the home ranges of individual females at the two sites. However, forest
females had home ranges, on average, almost three times the size of those of roadside females. At the roadside site, the size
of female home ranges varied inversely with the density of silver wattle, indicating that these females ranged over as large
an area as necessary to gain access to sufficient silver wattle trees. There was no such relationship among forest females.
These populations provide a clear example of resource distribution determining female home range size. This influenced the
number of female home ranges a male’s home range overlapped with, which in turn determined the mating system. Such clear links
between resource availability and mating system have not previously been established in a marsupial. 相似文献
3.
Richard Bellon 《Journal of the history of biology》2006,39(1):1-39
Joseph Hooker first learned that Charles Darwin believed in the transmutation of species in 1844. For the next 14 years, Hooker
remained a “nonconsenter” to Darwin’s views, resolving to keep the question of species origin “subservient to Botany instead
of Botany to it, as must be the true relation”. Hooker placed particular emphasis on the need for any theory of species origin
to support the broad taxonomic delimitation of species, a highly contentious issue. His always provisional support for special
creation waned during the 1850s as he lost faith in its expediency for coordinating the study of plant geography, systematics
and physiology. In 1858, Hooker embraced Darwin’s “considerable revolution in natural history,” but only after Darwin had
carefully molded his transmutationism to meet Hooker’s exacting specifications. 相似文献
4.
5.
N. V. Joshi 《Journal of genetics》1992,71(3):105-119
Competition between seeds within a fruit for parental resources is described using one-locus-two-allele models. While a “normal”
allele leads to an equitable distribution of resources between seeds (a situation which also corresponds to the parental optimum),
the “selfish” allele is assumed to cause the seed carrying it to usurp a higher proportion of the resources. The outcome of
competition between “selfish” alleles is also assumed to lead to an asymmetric distribution of resources, the “winner” being
chosen randomly. Conditions for the spread of an initially rare selfish allele and the optimal resource allocation corresponding
to the evolutionarily stable strategy, derived for species with n-seeded fruits, are in accordance with expectations based
on Hamilton’s inclusive fitness criteria. Competition between seeds is seen to be most intense when there are only two seeds,
and decreases with increasing number of seeds, suggesting that two-seeded fruits would be rarer than one-seeded or many-seeded
ones. Available data from a large number of plant species are consistent with this prediction of the model.
Based on a talk given at the Haldane Centenary Symposium held on 6 November 1992 at Ahmedabad as part of the 58th Annual Meeting
of the Indian Academy of Sciences. 相似文献
6.
Mackay AL 《Journal of biosciences》2003,28(5):539-546
Conclusion We must conclude that the sub-title of Bernal’s “The Social Function of Science” — “What science does: what science could
do” is still the relevant challenge and indicates Bernal’s chief contribution, besides the foundation of molecular biology
to our civilization. It is manifest that resources spent on armaments are a monstrous pathological symptom of our social structure.
The ancient problem of “what is property” and what may be “owned” and by whom or by what organs of society is awakening. 相似文献
7.
Deborah R. Coen 《Journal of the history of biology》2006,39(3):493-523
Vienna’s Institute of Experimental Biology, better known as the Vivarium, helped pioneer the quantification of experimental biology from 1903 to 1938. Among its noteable scientists were the director Hans Przibram and his brother Karl (a physicist), Paul Kammerer, Eugen Steinach, Paul Weiss, and Karl Frisch. The Vivarium’s scientists sought to derive laws describing the development of the individual organism and its relationship to the environment. Unlike other contemporary proponents of biological laws, however, these researchers created an explicitly anti-deterministic science. By “laws” they meant statistical regularities or “patterns.” They interpreted their experimental results in ways that forged a “third way” between determinism and pure spontaneity, aiming to capture the complexity of the interaction between the organism and its environment. This common feature of their research was made possible by the availability at the Vivarium of the latest in climate-control technology and of methods borrowed from statistical physics. The deeper roots of this search for a “third way” lay, I suggest, in the shared educational, social, and aesthetic experiences of the laboratory’s workers. 相似文献
8.
Johanna Painer Petra Kaczensky Oyunsaikhan Ganbaatar Klaus Huber Chris Walzer 《European Journal of Wildlife Research》2011,57(2):225-232
The Przewalski’s horse (Equus caballus przewalskii) became extinct in the wild during the 1960s. Based on a successful captive breeding program, Przewalski’s horses were reintroduced
to the Great Gobi Part “B” strictly protected area (SPA) in SW Mongolia in the late 1990s. The Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus hemionus), Przewalski’s horse, and sometimes domestic horses live sympatricly in the Gobi B SPA. Previously published data demonstrates
that, as a result of their different requirements and utilization of the park’s resources, their home-range size and social
structure differ. Parasitological examinations in the three equid species show how the factors “home range, social structure,
and resource selection” significantly impact parasitic burden. Asiatic wild asses are potentially exposed to a higher risk
of parasite re-infection due to their temporal aggregation in very large groups. This study demonstrates a highly significant
greater parasite load in the Asiatic wild ass for the majority of parasites evaluated (Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, Trichostrongylus axei, Strongyloides westeri, Parascaris equorum) compared to Przewalski’s horses and domestic horses in the same habitat. Domestic horses had higher parasite loads for eggs
of strongylids, eggs of anoplocephalidae, and Eimeria leuckarti. The potential risk of cross infection between sympatric living equids is high, as is the cross infection between ruminants
and equids. Furthermore, this study reports for the first time the occurrence of lungworms in free-ranging Przewalski’s horses.
Whereas, Asiatic wild asses and Przewalski’s horses seem to cope very well with the sometimes high parasite burden, Mongolian
domestic horses manifested typical parasite burden symptoms. 相似文献
9.
Species’ life histories are often classified on a continuum from “fast” to “slow”, yet there is no consistently used definition
of this continuum. For example, some researchers include body mass as one of the traits defining the continuum, others factor
it out by analysing body-mass residuals, a third group performs both of these analyses and uses the terms “fast” and “slow”
in both ways, while still others do not mention body mass at all. Our analysis of European and North American freshwater fish,
mammals, and birds (N = 2,288 species) shows the fundamental differences between life-history patterns of raw data and of body-mass residuals.
Specifically, in fish and mammals, the number of traits defining the continuum decreases if body-mass residuals are analysed.
In birds, the continuum is defined by a different set of traits if body mass is factored out. Our study also exposes important
dissimilarities among the three taxonomic groups analysed. For example, while mammals and birds with a “slow” life history
have a low fecundity, the opposite is true for fish. We conclude that our understanding of life histories will improve if
differences between patterns of raw data and of body-mass residuals are acknowledged, as well as differences among taxonomic
groups, instead of using the “fast–slow continuum” too indiscriminately for any covarying traits that appear to suit the idea. 相似文献
10.
Brada B 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2011,35(2):285-312
This essay argues that what makes “global health” “global” has more to do with configurations of space and time, and the claims
to expertise and moral stances these configurations make possible, than with the geographical distribution of medical experts
or the universal, if also uneven, distribution of threats to health. Drawing on a study of public–private partnerships supporting
Botswana’s HIV/AIDS treatment program, this essay demonstrates ethnographically the processes by which “global health” and
its quintessential spaces, namely “resource-limited” or “resource-poor settings,” are constituted, reinforced, and contested
in the context of medical education and medical practice in Botswana’s largest hospital. Using Silverstein’s work on orders
of indexicality, I argue that the terms of “global health” are best understood as chronotopic, and demonstrate how actors
orient themselves and others spatio-temporally, morally, and professionally by using or refuting those terms. I conclude by
arguing that taking “global health” on its own terms obscures the powerful forces by which it becomes intelligible. At stake
are the frames within which medical anthropologists understand their objects of study, as well as the potential for the spaces
of “global health” intervention to expand ever outward as American medical personnel attempt to calibrate their experiences
to their expectations. 相似文献
11.
Summary In this paper we analyze Carl Gegenbaur’s conception of the relationship between embryology (“Ontogenie”) and comparative
anatomy and his related ideas about homology. We argue that Gegenbaur’s conviction of the primacy of comparative anatomy and
his careful consideration of caenogenesis led him to a more balanced view about the relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny
than his good friend Ernst Haeckel. We also argue that Gegenbaur’s ideas about the centrality of comparative anatomy and his
definitions of homology actually laid the conceptual foundations for Hans Spemann’s (1915) later analysis of homology.
We also analyze Gegenbaur’s reception in the United States and how the discussions between E.B. Wilson and Edwin Conklin about
the role of the “embryological criterion of homology” and the latter’s argument for an even earlier concept of cellular homology
reflect the recurring theme of preformism in ontogeny, a theme that finds its modern equivalent in various genetic definitions
of homology, only recently challenged by the emerging synthesis of evolutionary developmental biology. Finally, we conclude
that Gegenbaur’s own careful methodological principles can serve as an important model for proponents of present day “evo-devo”,
especially with respect to the integration of ontogeny with phylogeny embedded in comparative anatomy. 相似文献
12.
Lloyd T. AckertJr. 《Journal of the history of biology》2007,40(1):109-145
Historians of science have attributed the emergence of ecology as a discipline in the late nineteenth century to the synthesis
of Humboldtian botanical geography and Darwinian evolution. In this essay, I begin to explore another, largely neglected but
very important dimension of this history. Using Sergei Vinogradskii’s career and scientific research trajectory as a point
of entry, I illustrate the manner in which microbiologists, chemists, botanists, and plant physiologists inscribed the concept
of a “cycle of life” into their investigations. Their research transformed a longstanding notion into the fundamental approaches
and concepts that underlay the new ecological disciplines that emerged in the 1920s. Pasteur thus joins Humboldt as a foundational
figure in ecological thinking, and the broader picture that emerges of the history of ecology explains some otherwise puzzling
features of that discipline – such as its fusion of experimental and natural historical methodologies. Vinogradskii’s personal
“cycle of life” is also interesting as an example of the interplay between Russian and Western European scientific networks
and intellectual traditions. Trained in Russia to investigate nature as a super-organism comprised of circulating energy,
matter, and life; over the course of five decades – in contact with scientists and scientific discourses in France, Germany,
and Switzerland – he developed a series of research methods that translated the concept of a “cycle of life” into an ecologically
conceived soil science and microbiology in the 1920s and 1930s. These methods, bolstered by his authority as a founding father
of microbiology, captured the attention of an international network of scientists. Vinogradskii’s conceptualization of the
“cycle of life” as chemosynthesis, autotrophy, and global nutrient cycles attracted the attention of ecosystem ecologists;
and his methods appealed to practitioners at agricultural experiment stations and microbiological institutes in the United
States, Western Europe, and the Soviet Union. 相似文献
13.
Approximately 1 500 angiosperm species, in previous papers, have been sampled for the assessment of the amino acids (a. a.)
in their nectar. We reaffirm that the findings provide statistically significant data linking differences in the concentration
with pollinator type. Flowers that are pollinated by animals that have alternative sources of protein-building a. a.’s show
lower a. a. concentration than those that are not. There is a tendency for woody plant nectar a. a.’s to be less concentrated
than those of herbaceous plants, but there can be “phylogenetic constraints” which may reduce the correlations of a. a. concentration
with pollinator type and with life form. The individual a. a.’s form complements which are qualitatively extremely constant
within species. Proline is a normal constituent of many nectars and does not necessarily indicate contamination of the nectar
by pollen. Criticism of our findings byGottsberger & al. (1984) is answered by reference to our previous publications and those of other workers, and to the presentation of
data from California native species, not published previously. All previous postulates are borne out by these new data with
the exception of positive correlations of a. a. concentration with “primitive” and “advanced” floral characteristics taken
one at a time, which appear to be inconsistent and are affected strongly by the nature of the family in which they occur.
Summary data are provided for families and genera which indicate that high or low a. a. concentration can typify certain families
and genera of both relatively “primitive” and relatively “advanced” nature. Needs for future research on an ecosystem basis
are quoted. 相似文献
14.
This article attempts to convey the joys and frustrations of skimming the Internet trying to find relevant information concerning
an academic’s work as a scientist, a student or an instructor. A brief overview of the Internet and the “do’s and don’ts”
for the neophyte as well for the more seasoned “navigator” are given. Some guidelines of “what works and what does not” and
“what is out there” are provided for the scientist with specific emphasis for biologists, as well as for all others having
an interest in science but with little interest in spending countless hours “surfing the net”. An extensive but not exhaustive
list of related websites is provided. 相似文献
15.
During localization of a moving sound source, a shift of the perceived position relative to the actual one of the starting
point is an expression of the perception of sluggishness of the auditory system. In this study, the human ability to localize
starting points during a gradual or abrupt movement of fused auditory images (FAIs) was compared with the ability to localize
the position of a stationary sound image. Sound images moved from the midline of the head in the direction of each of the
ears. The subject’s responses were recorded using a graphics table. There was a tendency to shift the starting point of the
trajectory in the direction of the movement. This tendency was stronger for gradual rather than for abrupt FAI movement and
for shorter stimuli (100 ms) than for long ones (200 ms). The value of the starting point’s displacement depended on the final
interaural time delay. The results obtained are discussed in terms of the “snapshots” and “movement detector” theories, as
well as in terms of the sluggish and anticipatory ability of auditory perception. 相似文献
16.
G. Bauer 《Oecologia》1998,115(1-2):154-160
Rhagoletis alternata is a common tephritid fly in central Europe, whose larvae feed on the hypanthium of rose hips. The resource-consumer system
is “non-interactive”, i.e. the insect has little or no impact on host plant fitness and therefore is not able to influence
the rate at which larval food resources are renewed. The system is “reactive”, since fluctuations in the carrying capacity
(hip density) of the host plant are important for determining year-to-year fluctuations in the insect's population size. Insect
fluctuations exceed those of its carrying capacity. The insect's efficient exploitation strategy, maximizing its fitness at
high as well as low resource supply, must be attributed to the variable and unpredictable relationship between resource availability
and consumer density. The only regulatory mechanism is contest competition when larval densities exceed the carrying capacity.
Due to the low impact of the insect, its exploitation strategy is apparently not opposed by mechanisms selecting for defence
in the host plant. This lack of defence and the efficient exploitation strategy may be important factors for the frequently
observed high degree of the resource utilization by the insect.
Received: 3 November 1997 / Accepted: 22 January 1998 相似文献
17.
In cells, multi drug resistance (MDR) is associated with Pgp-like transporters expression extruding drugs from cellular membranes.
MDR is efficiently generated with a relatively small fraction of membrane transporters. As the insertion of drugs into cellular
membranes is widespread, there are no reasons why a drug should incorporate the membrane in the vicinity of a transporter.
As a result a further elusive hypothesis is usually invoked: these transporters act like “vacuum cleaners” of drugs embedded
in the membrane. Nonetheless, how these transporters attract drugs remains obscure. To clarify the “vacuum cleaner” notion,
we suggest that during its residency time in cellular membranes, the lateral movement of drugs from their point of insertion
to transporters is governed by Brownian’s diffusion, which allows the drugs/transporters interaction. Taking into account
the functionality of Pgp-like transporters, namely the extrusion of drugs from the plasma membrane inner leaflet, we characterize
how the state of drug resistance is triggered involving: membrane endocytosis, drug physico-chemical properties and the surface
density of Pgp-like transporters. In addition, the theory developed provides for the first time a theoretical proof of Lipinski’s
second rule with regard to drugs’ size (or MW) selectivity on their permeation across cellular membranes.
Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at ) and is accessible for authorized users. 相似文献
18.
Abundance–body size relationships are widely observed macroecological patterns in complete food webs and in taxonomically or functionally defined subsets of those webs. Observed abundance–body size relationships have frequently been compared with predictions based on the energetic equivalence hypothesis and, more recently, with predictions based on energy availability to different body size classes. Here, we consider the ways in which working with taxonomically or functionally defined subsets of food webs affected the relationship between the predicted and observed scaling of biomass and body mass in sediment dwelling benthic invertebrate communities at three sites in the North Sea. At each site, the energy available to body size classes in the “whole” community (community defined as all animals of 0.03125–32.0 g shell-free wet weight) and in three subsets was predicted from estimates of trophic level based on nitrogen stable isotope analysis. The observed and predicted scalings of biomass and body size were not significantly different for the whole community, and reflected an increase in energy availability with body size. However, the results for subsets showed that energy availability could increase or decrease with body size, and that individuals in the subsets were likely to be competing with individuals outside the subsets for energy. We conclude that the study of abundance–body mass relationships in functionally or taxonomically defined subsets of food webs is unlikely to provide an adequate test of the energetic equivalence hypothesis or other relationships between energy availability and scaling. To consistently and reliably interpret the results of these tests, it is necessary to know about energy availability as a function of body size both within and outside the subset considered. 相似文献
19.
Adam M. Goldstein 《Evolution》2009,2(2):326-333
I review George Levine’s provocative and highly original book Darwin Loves You. Levine, whose “home discipline” is English Literature, offers a compelling interpretation of Darwin’s works, evaluating
their content and Darwin’s prose style to identify a distinctly Darwinian attitude toward nature as a source of meaning and
value. Levine believes that Darwin exemplifies the capacity to feel “enchantment” about the natural world, suggesting that,
if Darwin’s example were followed, a “Darwinian re-enchantment of the world” would be brought about. This would offer a secular,
non-supernatural basis for purpose, meaning, and value. I conclude with a few critical remarks about the scope and cogency
of Levine’s proposal. 相似文献
20.
Rensch’s rule describes the pattern of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) claiming that in taxa where males are the larger sex,
larger species generally exhibit higher male to female body size ratios. Agreement with Rensch’s rule is manifested by the
slope of the allometric relationship between male and female body size exceeding one. In this paper we have tested the hypothesis
that recent rapid evolutionary changes of body size accompanying domestication process and morphological radiation of domestic
breeds follow Rensch’s rule. We have analyzed literature data on adult body size of males and females in domestic cows, yaks,
buffaloes and other bovines (315, 12, 24 and 2 breeds, respectively) and compared it with SSD in 18 wild species/subspecies
of the subfamily Bovinae. Male to female body mass ratio in domestic cows (1.48) was fairly comparable to that found in other species of domestic and
wild bovines except domestic buffaloes (1.19). In cows we have demonstrated clear positive allometry of male to female body
mass ratio (slope 1.21) predicted by Rensch’s rule, however, no such clear relationship was found when body mass was replaced
by shoulder height. These findings are in agreement with those we have previously reported in other livestock species, goats
and sheep. 相似文献