不同地区田间草地贪夜蛾卵巢的结构和发育

【目的】探明田间草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda卵巢的发育状态及其变化,为草地贪夜蛾种群的发生和迁飞动态提供精准监测依据。【方法】采用雌性生殖系统解剖法,比较不同日龄和地区的田间草地贪夜蛾雌蛾卵巢的形态差异,分析卵巢成熟状态与雌蛾交配的关系。【结果】草地贪夜蛾雌蛾生殖系统包含卵巢、输卵管、交配囊、导精管、受精囊、附腺和产卵器。根据形态特征可以将田间草地贪夜蛾卵细胞分为卵黄发生前期、卵黄期和成熟期3个时期。田间雌蛾1日龄卵巢中发育最快的卵仅处于卵黄期中期,卵巢管柄为空;3日龄卵巢出现分化,一部分卵巢仍然和1日龄相似,另一部分卵巢中存在成熟卵;这种卵巢发育分化到羽化后11 d时仍然存在。云南江城、弥勒,广西田阳以及浙江瑞安和镇海等地的田间雌蛾,到死亡时分别有61.5%, 51.7%, 41.7%, 42.1%和35.5%卵巢发育不成熟。室内饲养第1代雌蛾中,有39.6%的个体到死亡时卵巢未发育成熟,和田间雌蛾比例相似。交配雌蛾卵巢可以是发育成熟和未成熟的,但是未成熟卵巢的比例仅为18.0%±5.0%。【结论】结果提示同一代次的田间草地贪夜蛾可能同时存在迁飞和非迁飞个体,...     

一个新的家蚕油蚕白卵系BH863的基因型研究

家蚕卵色正常型为黑褐色,其突变种类丰富,其中白色卵系列不失为一特色。迄今研究报道的家蚕白卵突变基因有１２种之多（向仲怀,１９９４;江口正治等,１９８６;Ｆｕｊｉｉ,１９９８;Ｃｈｉｓｈｕｓｈｉ,１９７２;Ｋｉｎｇ,１９７６）。本研究室发现１９９４年由广东省农科院蚕业所移送西南农业大学家蚕基因库保存和鉴定的ＢＨ８６３系是一种新的油蚕白卵突变。ＢＨ８６３系是以家蚕品种湖２０４（♀）为受体,蓖麻蚕品种斑马（♂）为供体,经人工授精产生的子代中的家蚕变异品系（陈元霖等,１９９３）。其主要性状特征为：浆液膜…     

番茄潜叶蛾卵黄原蛋白受体基因TaVgR在生殖发育调控中的作用

【目的】本研究旨在明确卵黄原蛋白受体(vitellogenin receptor, VgR)在番茄潜叶蛾Tutaabsoluta生殖发育过程中的功能,为潜叶类害虫的绿色防控提供候选靶标。【方法】基于番茄潜叶蛾转录组数据,采用RT-PCR扩增TaVgR基因cDNA全序列,并进行生物信息分析;通过RT-qPCR分析TaVgR在番茄潜叶蛾不同发育阶段(1-4龄幼虫、1-7日龄雌蛹和雌成虫)和雌成虫不同组织(头、体壁、前肠、中肠、后肠、卵巢、脂肪体和马氏管)中的表达模式;进一步利用RNAi抑制番茄潜叶蛾雌蛹体内TaVgR的表达,并观测沉默TaVgR基因后番茄潜叶蛾卵巢发育及繁殖力的变化。【结果】克隆获得番茄潜叶蛾TaVgRcDNA(GenBank登录号: MZ682118)序列,其开放阅读框序列长5 496 bp,编码1 831个氨基酸,推测的蛋白分子量约为206 kD,等电点为5.17,信号肽包含N-端前18个氨基酸残基,并具有典型LDLR家族蛋白保守功能域。RT-qPCR结果显示,TaVgR转录水平随着番茄潜叶蛾龄期的增加逐渐上升,雌成虫羽化后达到最高水平;TaVgR在番茄潜叶蛾雌成虫的卵巢中表达量最高。TaVgR RNAi对初期雌蛹中TaVgR的表达抑制率为62.04%~72.55%,导致卵黄蛋白在卵巢中的沉积受阻,卵巢管和卵粒长度缩短,成虫10日单雌总产卵量及后代卵孵化率降低,最终引起番茄潜叶蛾繁殖力下降。【结论】TaVgR基因在番茄潜叶蛾雌成虫和卵巢中高表达,且沉默该基因严重阻碍其卵巢发育和降低繁殖力。本研究为开发以VgR基因作为靶标的鳞翅目害虫防治新技术奠定了理论基础。     

红铃虫生殖的激素调节控制

不同时期加温催化的红铃虫越冬代雌蛾,其卵巢的发育程度及速度是明显不同的,而卵巢的发育与否似乎又与其交配能力相关。4月上旬刚羽化的雌蛾卵巢小而透明,没有任何卵巢沉积,以后几天的发育甚微,而此时的交配率仅为13%左右。到8月初,刚羽化的雌蛾卵巢已部分发育,末端卵粒已有少量卵黄沉积,其发育速度也较前者快,而此时的交配率已上升至49%左右。 经ZR515点滴的刚羽化雌蛾(无论是什么时期加温催化的),它们的卵巢发育程度和速度均显著提高,并促进了卵黄沉积。因而,它们的交配能力也随之增强。经最适剂量0.1μg/头点滴的雌蛾,交配率可高达70%。 经点滴的雌蛾产卵周期和产卵高峰均大大提前,卵母细胞的成熟比较一致,因而每次均能产出成批的卵,总产卵量也明显高于对照。并且,这些卵均能孵化,胚后发育亦属正常。 本文还探讨了激素、卵巢以及交配等三者的相互关系,并试论了补充营养、激素对交配及产卵的作用。     

不同温度下松毛虫赤眼蜂孤雌产雌品系和两性生殖品系对米蛾卵的寄生功能反应

赤眼蜂部分蜂种或品系受Wolbachia侵染营孤雌产雌生殖。 通过室内试验分析了在4个恒温（20, 25, 30和35℃）下松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi两性生殖品系和孤雌产雌品系对米蛾Corcyra cephalonica卵的寄生功能反应, 旨在比较不同温度两品系的寄生功能反应差异, 评价孤雌产雌品系在生物防治中的应用潜力。 结果表明： 松毛虫赤眼蜂两个品系对米蛾卵寄生作用均随寄主密度的增加而增大;随温度的升高松毛虫赤眼蜂两品系的功能反应类型由Ⅲ型改变为Ⅱ型。孤雌产雌品系以30℃的处置时间最短(0.0207 d), 最大日寄生量为48.31粒卵, 其次是25℃, 35℃最小;两性生殖品系以25℃的处置时间最短(0.0188 d), 最大日寄生量为53.08粒卵, 其次是30℃, 20℃最小; 松毛虫赤眼蜂两品系的寄生功能反应存在显著差异, 30℃下孤雌产雌品系为Ⅱ型功能反应而两性生殖品系为Ⅲ型。 从处置时间来看, 20℃时两品系无显著性差异(P≥0.05), 在25℃和35℃孤雌产雌品系寄生米蛾卵时花费的时间显著长于两性生殖品系(P<0.05), 而30℃却相反。 可见, 寄主密度、 温度和Wolbachia影响松毛虫赤眼蜂功能反应。     

利用黑色斑蚕作亲本、选育日系普斑限性品系

根据家蚕Bombyx moli斑纹互作原理,利用2032限性品种的雌,与自然突变体雄杂交。F2代出现分离,于是淘汰所有黑色斑蚕,只留下普斑蚕和素斑蚕,即得到新限性普斑系。新限性品系得到后,做连续3代的系统选育,其中F3代为蛾区混合育,F4～F5代采用单蛾育。蛾区混合育着重个体选择,单蛾育以蛾区选择为主,个体选择为辅。性状基本稳定后,即初步对其作主要经济性状的测定。结果显示:新限性品系在5龄经过、全龄经过上比两亲本略短。在全茧量、茧层量、茧层率几项指标上较两亲本为优,分别比两亲本平均值提高31%、38%、5%。     

家蚕化学诱变剂及诱导突变体的筛选

在家蚕Bombyx mori基因组计划完成之后,其功能基因组研究成为该领域的最重要课题。突变体是功能基因组学研究的重要材料,因此,通过人为诱导获取大量的突变系统是及其重要的手段。本研究用化学诱变剂ENU、MNU、DES、5-BU、EMS诱导处理家蚕标准品种C108,筛选获得了非滞育红卵,长圆筒茧、小茧、丝胶茧及绵茧突变体,致死突变体及无鳞毛蛾翅突变体。结果还表明： MNU、DES诱变家蚕的突变效率高,注射翅原基比腹部更方便且效果好,化学诱导雄体比雌体的效果好; 在时期上,注射蛹和蛾都有诱导效果。上述突变体大多为致死性突变,推测其可能与致死性基因突变有关。同时,本研究为应用TILLING技术鉴定家蚕更多目的基因突变体提供了有效的材料。     

不同赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾卵的偏好性比较

在实验室条件下,利用不同种类和品系的赤眼蜂Trichogramma spp.对灰白蚕蛾Ocinnara varians选择性和灰白蚕蛾对其适合性的差异,筛选防治灰白蚕蛾的有效蜂种和品系,结果表明,在供试的8种赤眼蜂中,松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi、短管赤眼蜂Trichogramma pretiosum、舟蛾赤眼蜂Trichogramma closterae、暗黑赤眼蜂Trichogramma euproctidis和拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogramma confusum 5种赤眼蜂较其它3种赤眼蜂更偏好寄生灰白蚕蛾的卵,每雌蜂在灰白蚕蛾卵上的接触次数、寄生卵数都相对较多,且羽化率也都较高.广赤眼蜂Trichogramma evanescens对灰白蚕蛾卵的接触次数最多,为6.60次/雌,但寄生卵数却很少,为4.55粒/雌,羽化率也很低,为27.86%.玉米螟赤眼蜂寄生灰白蚕蛾的卵比较多,为14.35粒/雌,但对灰白蚕蛾卵的接触次数很少,仅1.20次/雌,羽化率也很低,为24.17%.卷蛾分索赤眼蜂对灰白蚕蛾卵的接触次数和寄生卵数最少的,分别为0.60次/雌和2.20粒/雌,且被寄生卵全部不能发育成功.综合分析结果表明,松毛虫赤眼蜂是最适合寄生灰白蚕蛾卵的赤眼蜂种,可作为其生物防治的潜在寄生蜂.     

棉铃虫对氰戊菊酯抗性品系和敏感品系的相对适合度

通过构建棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)对氰戊菊酯抗性品系(Fen-R)和敏感品系(S)的实验种群生命表,比较了一系列生长发育和繁殖特征,并用净增殖率(Rn)来确定两个品系的相对适合度。 结果表明,Fen-R品系与敏感品系相比具有一定程度的繁殖不利性,包括雌蛾交配率降低,每头雌蛾的平均产卵量减少以及较低的卵孵化率;没有观察到Fen-R品系在生长发育上的不利性。Fen-R品系相对于敏感品系具有0.69的适合度。     

He—Ne激光辐照野桑蚕生物学效应研究

采用一定量He-Ne激光辐照野桑蚕催青卵及蚕肾,并与家蚕杂交,对其子代的蛋白质和酯酶同工酶进行电泳分析,结果发现谱带数目及活性有变化。另外,茧质调查和丝质调查与对照相比也有差异,并发现丝长和纤度特好的变异个体,显示He-Ne激光辐照对野桑蚕生理生化性状有一定影响。     

Genetic Architecture of Two Fitness-related Traits in Drosophila melanogaster: Ovariole Number and Thorax Length

In Drosophila melanogaster, ovariole number and thorax length are morphological characters thought to be associated with fitness. Maximum daily egg production in females is positively correlated with ovariole number, while thorax length is correlated with male reproductive success and female fecundity. Though both traits are related to fitness, ovariole number is likely to be under stabilizing selection, while thorax length appears to be under directional selection. Current research has focused on examining the sources of variation for ovariole number in relation to fitness, with a view towards elucidating how segregating variation is maintained in natural populations. Here, we utilize a diallel design to explore the genetic architecture of ovariole number and thorax length in nine isogenic lines derived from a natural population. The full diallel design allows the estimation of general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), and also describes variation due to reciprocal effects (RGCA and RSCA). Ovariole number and thorax length differed with respect to their genetic architecture, reflective of the independent selective forces acting on the traits. For ovariole number, GCA accounted for the majority (67.3%) of variation segregating between the lines, with no evidence of reciprocal effects or inbreeding depression; SCA accounted for a small percentage (3.9%) of the variance, suggesting dominance variation; no reciprocal effects were observed. In contrast, for thorax length, the majority of the non-error variance was accounted for by SCA (17.9%), with only one third as much variance (6.2%) due to GCA. Interestingly, RSCA (nuclear–extranuclear interactions) accounted for slightly more variation (7.5%) than GCA in these data. Thus, genetic variation for thorax length is largely in accord with predictions for a fitness trait under directional selection: little additive genetic variation and substantial dominance variation (including a suggestion of inbreeding depression); while the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of variation for ovariole number are more complex.     

Phase polymorphism in Schistocerca gregaria: Reproductive parameters

Solitarious phase Schistocerca gregaria were selected according to the criterion of the occurrence of an extra stadium during larval development. The proportion of locusts undergoing an extra ecdysis increased within one generation of rearing under isolated conditions but it failed to reach 100% throughout an observation period encompassing six generations. A higher proportion of female locusts exhibited an extra stadium indicating sexual dimorphism in this phase character.The number of eggs per pod produced by solitarious females was larger than their gregarious counterparts. This was shown to be due to an increase in the number of ovarioles and a relative decrease in the proportion of non-functional oöcytes in solitary females, confirming earlier work.The inverse relationship between ovariole numbers and oöcyte size characterizing locust phase polymorphism was examined. Vitellin content of ovaries containing mature oöcytes was similar in gregarious and solitarious females. However, vitellin content per oöcyte was less in the latter suggesting that the increase in ovariole number may occur at the expense of oöcyte size and vitellin content.     

Quantitative trait locus mapping of fitness-related traits in Drosophila melanogaster

We examined the genetic architecture of four fitness-related traits (reproductive success, ovariole number, body size and early fecundity) in a panel of 98 Oregon-R x 2b3 recombinant inbred lines (RILs). Highly significant genetic variation was observed in this population for female, but not male, reproductive success. The cross-sex genetic correlation for reproductive success was 0.20, which is not significantly different from zero. There was significant genetic variation segregating in this cross for ovariole number, but not for body size or early fecundity. The RILs were genotyped for cytological insertion sites of roo transposable elements, yielding 76 informative markers with an average spacing of 3.2 cM. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting female reproductive success and ovariole number were mapped using a composite interval mapping procedure. QTL for female reproductive success were located at the tip of the X chromosome between markers at cytological locations 1B and 3E; and on the left arm of chromosome 2 in the 30D-38A cytological region. Ovariole number QTL mapped to cytological intervals 62D-69D and 98A-98E, both on the third chromosome. The regions harbouring QTL for female reproductive success and ovariole number were also identified as QTL for longevity in previous studies with these lines.     

稻纵卷叶螟对性信息素和花香的嗅觉行为反应及在其种群监测中的应用

[目的]明确稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis生理状态对性信息素和花香气味的嗅觉行为反应的影响,以及在田间性信息素和花香气味诱蛾量的动态.[方法]于2020年在广西、湖南、浙江、四川5个试验点,通过田间网捕、花香气味和性信息素诱捕稻纵卷叶螟成虫,结合解剖卵巢和精巢,比较性信息素和花香诱捕的基本迁...     

Fertilized eggs obtained from transplantation of frozen ovaries and parthenogenesis in combination with artificial insemination of frozen semen of the silkworm,Bombyx mori

A reliable method is reported for the long-term preservation of ovaries and spermatozoa of the silkworm (Bombyx mori). Three studies are presented. In the first, ovaries were removed from larvae at either 3rd, 4th, or 5th instar, cryopreserved, and stored in liquid nitrogen. Thawed ovaries were transplanted to surgically castrated female larvae at the same or a different developmental stage. The highest percentage of recipient females producing eggs resulted into either 3rd or 4th instar larvae (respectively, 22.1 and 8.7%). Similarly, the highest levels of other measurements of successful cryopreservation and transplanted ovary, and number of eggs laid, occurred with the same combination of donor and recipient developmental stages. Other combinations of ovary/recipient developmental stages yielded lower results. In the second experiment, semen was collected from male moths, cryopreserved, and then thawed semen was diluted with trypsin solution and artificially inseminated into females obtained from the best conditions of first experiment. A small percentage of inseminated moths laid eggs (8-10.3%) compared to that of controls (100%). In addition, the fertility of eggs from experimental moths was lower than that of control females (respectively, 40.3-88% and 97.5%). In the third experiment, eggs were surgically removed from ovarian tubules of moth following transplantation of thawed ovaries and subjected to parthenogenetic activation and artificial hatching. As expected, all resulting moths were female and, following natural mating or artificial insemination with thawed semen, yielded normal offspring at high rates.     

QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF OVARIOLE NUMBER IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. I. SEGREGATING VARIATION AND FITNESS

The number of ovarioles of the Drosophila melanogaster ovary is a trait thought to be associated with female fecundity, and therefore is expected to be under strong natural selection. This hypothesis may be tested by examining patterns of genetic and environmental variation for ovariole number in natural populations, and by determining the association between ovariole number and fitness in isogenic lines derived from a natural population. We measured ovariole number, and competitive fitness and its components, for 48 homozygous chromosome 3 substitution lines in a standard inbred background; and body size in a sample of 15 chromosome 3 substitution lines. We found significant segregating genetic variation for ovariole number, with a broad-sense heritability (H²) of 0.403 and correspondingly high coefficients of genetic variation (CV_C = 20.8) and residual variation (CV_R = 25.3). Estimates of quantitative genetic parameters for body size (H² = 0.191, CV_G = 2.15, and CV_R = 3.87) are similar to those previously reported for this trait. Although the isogenic chromosome 3 substitution lines varied significantly for components of fitness, there was no significant linear or quadratic association of ovariole number and body size with fitness. There was, however, highly significant sex × genotype interaction for fitness among these lines. This special case of genotype × environment interaction for fitness may contribute to the maintenance of genetic variation for fitness in natural populations.     

分子标记辅助选择改良水稻不育系臻达A及其杂交种的稻瘟病抗性

水稻抗稻瘟病基因Pi25是一个遗传传递能力强的广谱抗性基因。本研究以携带抗稻瘟病基因Pi25的BL27为抗源供体,与优质、配合力强、感稻瘟病的水稻保持系臻达B为受体亲本进行杂交、回交创制水稻抗病保持系新种质,再与臻达A测交和回交进行不育系转育,结合分子标记辅助选择和农艺性状筛选,获得3个抗性基因纯合、农艺性状和开花习性均与臻达A相似的改良不育系株系。利用福建省近年来致病性代表的22个稻瘟病菌株对3个改良不育系及其15个杂交种进行抗性鉴定,3个改良不育系的抗性频率为95.45%~100%,15个杂交种的抗性频率均达75%以上,而原始对照臻达A及其杂交种的抗性频率仅为54.55%和40.91%~63.64%。自然病圃诱发鉴定表明,3个改良不育系的叶瘟和穗颈瘟均为0级,表现高抗,而对照臻达A的叶瘟为5级,穗颈瘟为7级,表现感病;15个杂交种均表现良好的稻瘟病抗性。进一步分析比较15个杂交种的产量、农艺性状和稻米品质表现,结果表明臻达A-Pi25-3改良不育系的综合性状表现最优,继续回交转育,于2015年育成了稻瘟病抗性强、配合力好、群体整齐和性状稳定的不育系,命名为157A。研究表明,抗稻瘟病基因Pi25不仅在水稻不育系臻达A的遗传背景下的抗性表达完全,且在不同水稻恢复系测交种的背景下同样表现出较高水平的抗性,说明抗性基因Pi25对不育系稻瘟病改良的效果明显。创制的新不育系157A的稻瘟病抗性显著提高,还基本保留了原来不育系高配合力等优良特性,为选育高产、优质、抗病杂交稻新品种提供了不育系新种质。     

The roles of cell size and cell number in determining ovariole number in Drosophila

All insect ovaries are composed of functional units called ovarioles, which contain sequentially developing egg chambers. The number of ovarioles varies between and within species. Ovariole number is an important determinant of fecundity and thus affects individual fitness. Although Drosophila oogenesis has been intensively studied, the genetic and cellular basis for determination of ovariole number remains unknown. Ovariole formation begins during larval development with the morphogenesis of terminal filament cells (TFCs) into stacks called terminal filaments (TFs). We induced changes in ovariole number in Drosophila melanogaster by genetically altering cell size and cell number in the TFC population, and analyzed TF morphogenesis in these ovaries to understand the cellular basis for the changes in ovariole number. Increasing TFC size contributed to higher ovariole number by increasing TF number. Similarly, increasing total TFC number led to higher ovariole number via an increase in TF number. By analyzing ovarian morphogenesis in another Drosophila species we showed that TFC number regulation is a target of evolutionary change that affects ovariole number. In contrast, temperature-dependent plasticity in ovariole number was due to changes in cell-cell sorting during TF morphogenesis, rather than changes in cell size or cell number. We have thus identified two distinct developmental processes that regulate ovariole number: establishment of total TFC number, and TFC sorting during TF morphogenesis. Our data suggest that the genetic changes underlying species-specific ovariole number may alter the total number of TFCs available to contribute to TF formation. This work provides for the first time specific and quantitative developmental tools to investigate the evolution of a highly conserved reproductive structure.     

Reproductive characteristics of the flower breeding Drosophila hibisci Bock (Drosophilidae) along a latitudinal gradient in eastern Australia: relation to flower and habitat features

For many insect species, egg and larval substrate characteristics are significantly correlated with interspecific differences in female reproductive allocation and egg size-number tradeoffs. We tested the hypothesis that a similar pattern occurred within the Australian drosophilid, Drosophila hibisci, that is restricted throughout its life cycle to flowers of species in the genus Hibiscus. These plants occur as small, isolated, normally monospecific stands that should facilitate differentiation of the fly populations in relation to specific oviposition and larval substrates. Data from 38 sites ranging from 20.8̀ to 34.4̀ S latitude in eastern Australia indicated no relationship between female body size, egg size, or ovariole numbers and floral size or mass among four species of Hibiscus. However, the flies did show a latitudinal cline in ovariole number that was independent of floral variation. Females averaged 15–20 ovarioles per female in the south (32–34̀ S latitude) and 10–12 ovarioles in the north (21–22̀ S latitude). The increase in ovariole number with latitude was due to divergence in the ovariole number of the largest females. In contrast, small females in the north and south had the same number of ovarioles. Reproductive allocation of female flies in the northern region was less than females in the southern region. The latitudinal divergence in ovariole number was not associated with habitat differences (density of trees, density of flies and beetles), nor with differences in floral characteristics (flower weight, petal length, yeast species present). Short term weather patterns in daily temperature and rainfall preceding collections pardy explain the variation in ovariole number. These observations in conjunction with preliminary genetic results suggest the cline is associated with genetic differences that interact with environmental determinants such as the temperature during larval development.