Acrp30／adiponectin研究进展

脂肪细胞特异性分泌的蛋白－－Acrp30(adipocyte complement-related protein of 30kD)。其全长分子（或蛋白酶切片段）能降低餐后升高的血浆游离脂肪酸,增强胰岛素抑制肝细胞葡萄糖输出的作用。血浆Acrp30水平与机体胰岛素敏感性有很强的相关性,而且Acrp30具有防止动脉粥样硬化斑块形成的作用。因此,Acrp30与Ⅱ型糖尿病及冠心病的发生发展有着密切相关,体内实验证明重组Acrp30能改善胰岛素抵抗。目前的关键问题是弄清其各种功能的作用机制。     

Acrp30与胰岛素抵抗

脂肪细胞补体相关蛋白30是仅在脂肪细胞合成并分泌的一种激素,一些动物和人体实验证实,Acrp30能够减少餐后游离脂肪酸升高和加强胰岛素抑制肝葡萄糖输出的作用。已经明确建立了Acrp30血浆水平与胰岛素抵抗的关系,其抗动脉粥样硬化的特性是防止和改善动脉粥样硬化病变的因素。     

人体内褐色脂肪组织及其生理功能

褐色脂肪组织(brown adipose tissue,BAT)在小型哺乳动物的非颤抖性产热、体温调节以及体重维持等方面都具有重要的生理功能.在人类中,曾一度认为褐色脂肪组织只在新生儿中存在,在成人体中不存在或数量甚微而没有生理意义.随着医学科技的发展,2009年采用监测癌症及癌症转移的氟化脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射计算机断层显像技术-X射线断层显像技术(18F-FDG PET-CT)检测到在成年人体内也存在功能性的褐色脂肪组织,此发现颠覆了传统的观念,也为人类对抗肥胖提供了新靶标.本文就褐色脂肪组织在人类体内的存在及其潜在的生理意义进行了概述.     

肥胖及2型糖尿病患者内脏脂肪基因差异表达研究

目的：筛查在正常人、单纯性肥胖患者及肥胖伴2型糖尿病患者内脏脂肪组织中差异表达的基因。方法：利用自制的高密度cDNA芯片,比较正常人、单纯性肥胖患者及肥胖伴2型糖尿病患者内脏脂肪组织中差异表达的基因,以寻找脂肪组织特异的与肥胖及糖尿病发生有关的基因。结果：和正常人相比,在肥胖患者及肥胖伴2型糖尿病患者中上调的基因分别有119个和257个,下调的基因分别有46和58个。这些基因中有77个在两组中均上调,其中包括与代谢有关的基因,如丙酮酸脱氢酶激酶4（PDK4）以及窖蛋白、金属硫因蛋白等;8个基因在两组中均下调,其中包括脂肪合成途径中的关键酶,如3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A（MGA）合成酶、脂肪酸合成酶及硬脂酰辅酶A脱氢酶。另外,酪氨酸-3单加氧酶-色氨酸-5单加氧酶活化蛋白θ（YWHAZ）仅在肥胖伴2型糖尿病患者中上调,而在单纯性肥胖患者中不变,该基因所编码的蛋白在胰岛素信号转导途径中起着负调控的作用。结论：脂肪组织中脂肪生成下降、脂肪酸氧化增加可能是肥胖及2型糖尿病中胰岛素抵抗发生的共同原因,其它基因功能的改变也可能参与了肥胖及2型糖尿病的发生,而胰岛素信号转导受阻可能是肥胖向糖尿病转化的促进因素。对这些基因的进一步研究将有助于更好地了解肥胖及糖尿病的发生机制。     

cDNA芯片研发及其在肥胖患者脂肪基因差异表达研究中的应用

为了加快基因功能的研究,利用已有的来源于不同组织的cDNA克隆,并通过交换和购买补充了低丰度和染色体覆盖不完全的部分cDNA,研制开发出具有相当代表性、覆盖较完全的高密度cDNA表达型基因芯片,每张芯片上含有384个质控DNA和12 630个cDNA探针,其中包括12 508个Unigene和122个表达序列标签(EST).利用这些芯片,对肥胖患者及正常人内脏脂肪组织基因表达谱进行了初步研究,并发现在肥胖患者内脏脂肪组织差异表达的基因,其中上调的有与凋亡相关的基因、与免疫有关的基因以及与能量代谢有关的基因等,而下调的主要是与脂肪酸及胆固醇合成有关的基因,对这些基因进一步的功能研究将为阐明肥胖发生机制奠定基础.     

脂肪细胞因子脂粘连蛋白的研究进展

脂肪细胞因子脂粘连蛋白(adiponectin)是脂肪细胞特异性分泌的一种蛋白质。在心血管病、肥胖、胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病中具有十分重要的意义。此外,脂粘连蛋白在炎症反应、造血功能中也起着一定的作用。初步研究结果显示脂粘连蛋白有可能作为一种潜在的新型药物治疗2型糖尿病及其它一些代谢疾病。     

每日2次和3次皮下注射诺和锐30疗效临床分析

目的:比较诺和锐30每日2次和3次皮下注射的疗效和安全性。方法:为期3个月的随机、开放式试验,100例2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者随机分为诺和锐30皮下注射2次(每日早、晚餐前)、3次(早、中、晚餐前)组,观测两组患者空腹血糖(FPG),中餐前血糖,晚餐前血糖,睡前的血糖值以及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c),低血糖事件及其他不良事件差异。结果:诺和锐30皮下注射3次组总体血糖水平低于2次组,低血糖事件和其他不良反应发生次数无显著性差异。结论:两组治疗方法均能有效地降低血糖,3次治疗组控制餐后血糖更具优势,HbA1c降低更好,未增加低血糖风险。     

名刊封面

<正>《临床调查》2010.1脂肪炎症导致糖尿病糖尿病有Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型之分,其中Ⅱ型糖尿病又称为成年型糖尿病,病理特点为胰岛素抵抗造成的胰岛素相对不足。胰岛素抵抗发生的机制一直     

名刊封面

脂肪炎症导致糖尿病 糖尿病有Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型之分,其中Ⅱ型糖尿病又称为成年型糖尿病,病理特点为胰岛素抵抗造成的胰岛素相对不足。胰岛素抵抗发生的机制一直都是糖尿病研究的重点,最近研究者提出脂肪组织炎症可能是其发生的重要原因。     

葡糖激酶小分子活化剂及其作用机制

葡糖激酶在调节血糖平衡过程中发挥着重要的作用,其活性的增强能够降低Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的血糖水平。近年来越来越多的研究表明,葡糖激酶小分子活化剂将成为治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病的一个重要调节物。     

一类新携氧球蛋白--脑红蛋白

脑红蛋白是继血红蛋白、肌红蛋白之后发现的第三类具有运输与储存氧的球蛋白。脑红蛋白主要在脑中表达．能可逆性的结合氧,与氧有很高的亲和力,能够特异性地向脑组织供氧,在神经系统氧的摄取、运输和利用等生理过程中起着极其重要的作用。     

Polymorphism in a Microsatellite of the Acrp30 Gene and Its Association with Growth Traits in Goats

Acrp30 plays a critical role in the regulation of glucose and lipid homeostasis. In this study, polymorphism of the Acrp30 gene was detected by PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing methods in 321 individuals from three goat breeds, and the association of Acrp30 gene polymorphism with growth traits in the three goat breeds was analyzed. A novel insert/deletion (GT)(5) microsatellite sequence was detected in the 5' flanking region of the gene. Three genotypes (AA, AB, and BB) were found in three breeds. There was moderate genetic diversity in the locus in the analyzed populations. Significant associations were observed between the genotypes of the locus and growth traits in the Boer goat population. The chest circumference of individuals with genotype BB was significantly greater than that of individuals with genotype AA.     

The adipocyte-secreted protein Acrp30 enhances hepatic insulin action

Acrp30 is a circulating protein synthesized in adipose tissue. A single injection in mice of purified recombinant Acrp30 leads to a 2-3-fold elevation in circulating Acrp30 levels, which triggers a transient decrease in basal glucose levels. Similar treatment in ob/ob, NOD (non-obese diabetic) or streptozotocin-treated mice transiently abolishes hyperglycemia. This effect on glucose is not associated with an increase in insulin levels. Moreover, in isolated hepatocytes, Acrp30 increases the ability of sub-physiological levels of insulin to suppress glucose production. We thus propose that Acrp30 is a potent insulin enhancer linking adipose tissue and whole-body glucose metabolism.     

植物精氨酸及其代谢产物的生理功能

L-精氨酸在植物中除作为一种重要的氮素贮藏营养物供再利用外,还是生成多胺（PA）和-氧化氮（NO）等的前体物质,而PA和NO都是植物中重要的信使分子,参与包括生长发育、抗逆性等在内的几乎所有的生理生化过程。精氨酸脱羧酶（ADC）、精氨酸酶和一氧化氮合酶（NOS）是L-精氨酸分解代谢的关键酶,精氨酸可经ADC或精氨酸酶-鸟氨酸脱羧酶（ODC）途径形成PA,也可经NOS途径形成NO,3个酶活性的相对强弱,决定了精氨酸的代谢方向。根系在越冬期间会积累丰富的精氨酸;精氨酸代谢对于植物感知和适应环境变化有重要意义。     

钙调神经磷酸酶及其二亚基免疫性质和功能的研究

<正> 钙调神经磷酸酶(Calcineurin, CaN)是目前所知唯一活性受钙、钙调素调控的磷蛋白磷酸酶。其含量占脑内蛋白总量的1％,必定有其重要的生理意义,但至今为止,它的生理功能仍很不清楚。本文试图用免疫学方法,对CaN的生理功能进行初步探索。     

The Endodermoid in Garlic Scape: Its Fine Structure and Physiological Function

In garlic scape there is a distinct boundary layer of cells between the cortex and stele. Its fine structure and possible ruction seem to agree with the endodermoid first defined by Esau[7], hence the frame. Lightand electron-microscopic examination and cytochemical test have revealed that this particular laryer is probably responsible for the withdrawal of cellular contents of parenchyma to the peripheral vascular bundles, during a long period of storage the excised withering scape would thoroughly exhaust itself to give rise to the new apical cloves. As already shown, the laticiferous tubes scattered throughout the cortex are always turgid, and their sap is rich of nutrients in variable proportion[3]. Possibility of mobilizing these nutrients by the aid of endodermoid to join in phloem transport also has been discussed.     

Topiramate treatment causes skeletal muscle insulin sensitization and increased Acrp30 secretion in high-fat-fed male Wistar rats

We show that Topiramate (TPM) treatment normalizes whole body insulin sensitivity in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed male Wistar rats. Thus drug treatment markedly lowered glucose and insulin levels during glucose tolerance tests and caused increased insulin sensitization in adipose and muscle tissues as assessed by euglycemic clamp studies. The insulin-stimulated glucose disposal rate increased twofold (indicating enhanced muscle insulin sensitivity), and suppression of circulating FFAs increased by 200 to 300%, consistent with increased adipose tissue insulin sensitivity. There were no effects of TPM on hepatic insulin sensitivity in these TPM-treated HFD-fed rats. In addition, TPM administration resulted in a three- to fourfold increase in circulating levels of total and high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin (Acrp30). Western blot analysis revealed normal AMPK (Thr(172)) phosphorylation in liver with a twofold increased phospho-AMPK in skeletal muscle in TPM-treated rats. In conclusion, 1) TPM treatment prevents overall insulin resistance in HFD male Wistar rats; 2) drug treatment improved insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue associated with enhanced AMPK phosphorylation; and 3) the tissue "specific" effects are associated with increased serum levels of adiponectin, particularly the HMW component.     

Structure-function studies of the adipocyte-secreted hormone Acrp30/adiponectin. Implications fpr metabolic regulation and bioactivity

Acrp30/adiponectin is an adipocyte-specific secretory protein that has recently been implicated as a mediator of systemic insulin sensitivity with liver and muscle as target organs. Acrp30 is found as two forms in serum, as a lower molecular weight trimer-dimer and a high molecular weight complex. Little is know about the regulation and significance of these Acrp30 complexes in serum and about the events that lead to the generation of the bioactive ligand. Here, we show that there is a profound sexual dimorphism of Acrp30 levels and complex distribution in serum. Female mice display significantly higher levels of the high molecular weight complex in serum than males. In both females and males, levels of the high molecular weight complex are significantly reduced in response to a systemic increase of insulin. The ratio of the two complexes is restored upon normalization of glucose levels. Structurally, we show that oligomer formation of Acrp30 critically depends on disulfide bond formation mediated by Cys-39. Mutation of Cys-39 results in trimers that are subject to proteolytic cleavage in the collagenous domain. Surprisingly, Acrp30(C39S) or wild-type Acrp30 treated with dithiothreitol are significantly more bioactive than the higher order oligomeric forms of the protein with respect to reduction of serum glucose levels. Furthermore, treatment of primary hepatocytes with trimeric and higher order forms of Acrp30 confirms that the increased bioactivity seen in vivo is reflected in an augmented potency to reduce glucose output in the presence of gluconeogenic stimuli. Combined, these results shed new light on the regulation of this complex protein and suggest a new model for in vivo activation of the protein, implicating a serum reductase activity.