家蚕Bm Tpi基因Z染色体定位

采用实时定量PCR技术,以家蚕Bombyx mori第11号染色体上的DH-PBAN基因为参照基因,检测家蚕不同个体间Bm Tpi基因与常染色体上DH-PBAN基因的拷贝数之比,雄体Bm Tpi∶DH-PBAN=1.0,雌体Bm Tpi∶DH-PBAN=0.5;并用已经定位于Z染色体上的Bm Kettin基因为参照,检测Bm Tpi基因的拷贝数与Bm Kettin基因的拷贝数之比,雄体Bm Tpi∶Bm Kettin=1.0,雌体Bm Tpi∶Bm Kettin=1.0,证明Bm Tpi基因在家蚕基因组中的拷贝数与Bm Kettin基因相同,说明Bm Tpi基因位于Z染色体上。     

棉铃虫性染色体两种分子标记的克隆及序列分析

为了建立棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera性染色体的特异性分子标记,利用RAPD-PCR技术对雌雄棉铃虫基因组DNA进行筛选,从500种随机引物中筛选到1 条引物（Operon编号为AF-18）,可扩增出1条约450 bp 的雌性特异片段。经克隆测序并合成特异引物进行验证,表明该片段为棉铃虫雌性特异分子标记,位于W染色体上。利用家蚕、果蝇等昆虫Kettin基因序列,克隆了棉铃虫的同源基因HaKettin片段,并采用荧光定量PCR技术,以棉铃虫的DH-PBAN基因为参照基因,检测棉铃虫雌雄不同个体间HaKettin基因与DH-PBAN基因的拷贝数之比,结果表明：雄体HaKettin∶DH-PBAN=1.0,雌体HaKettin∶DH-PBAN=0.5,据此推断HaKettin基因位于棉铃虫Z染色体上。     

家蚕Z染色体遗传图谱的构建及W染色体特异性标记的鉴定

家蚕的雌性为异配性别(ZW),雄性为同配性别(ZZ),这种性别决定机制在鳞翅目昆虫中是普遍存在的。尽管雌家蚕是由W染色体决定的,但还没有发现控制雌家蚕形态学特点的基因位于W染色体上。目前已知控制家蚕多种表型和重要经济性状的基因位于Z染色体上,但这也仅仅是了解了Z染色体DNA分子信息的2%。印度的科学家迄今为止的研究表明雄家蚕Z染色体没有剂量补偿效应。他们利用回交作图群体和RAPD、SSR、FISSR标记,以od隐性基因位点为锚定位点标记,构建了含有16个遗传标记总距离为334.5cM的家蚕Z染色体连锁图谱;该距离表明这些标记遍布在Z…     

白豆杉的核型和性染色体的研究

白豆杉pseudotaxus chienii(Cheng)Cheng是我国裸子植物特有属之一,雌雄异常,根尖 细胞染色体分析表明：雌株有一对异形性染色体,异配性别,属ZW型;雄株是同配性别,属ZZ型,雌株的型为2n=2x=24=22m(2SAT ZW) 2T,雄株的核型为2n=2x=24=22m(2SAT ZZ) 2T。Giemsa C-带,显示,Z染色体长短臂均具端带,W染色体不显带。     

果蝇基因剂量补偿的实现机制

雌、雄果蝇间的基因剂量补偿是通过雄性果蝇中X染色体相关基因的表达水平上调至雌性果蝇的2倍实现的,基因剂量补偿的实现机制存在2种模型.平衡模型认为是基因组的不一致导致了全基因的反式剂量效应,而MSL复合体将组蛋白修饰酶从常染色体隔离,阻止了常染色体上的基因上调,同时,通过抑制高水平的组蛋白修饰以防止X染色体上的过度补偿....     

蝗虫减数分裂的观察

观察减数分裂的材料很多。在动物材料中,蝗虫精子形成中的减数分裂是比较好的材料。蝗虫染色体数目较少(雄性2n=23,×0;雌性2n=24,××),染色体较大,易于观察。在同一玻片标本上能同时观察减数分裂各期的染色体,还可观察有丝分裂过程及精子的变态过程。其方法简介如下: (一)取材蝗虫雌雄个体易于区别,一般雄体成虫较小,其腹部末端如船尾状,雌体较大,腹部末端分叉。捕捉成体雄蝗,活体取其精巢。先将翅及附肢从基部剪去,沿腹     

欧斑鸠的染色体组型及G、C带研究

本文研究了繁殖于新疆的欧斑鸠的染色体组型,其2n=80,NF=110,和以报道的山斑鸠与灰斑鸠的染色体组型差异显著。通过G、C带的比较观测,雌性大染色体为30条,雄性大染色体为31条（其中第6对为不配对单体）,雄性性染色体为ZW,雄性性染色体为Z0,其去均为微小染色体。雄性染色体组型的形成和遗传机制有待进一步研究。     

新疆产胎生蜥蜴染色体的研究

采用骨髓细胞制片法对分布在新疆阿勒泰地区的胎生蜥蜴Lacerta vivipara种群的染色体进行研究。结果表明,胎生蜥蜴的染色体全部为端着丝点,性别决定机制为Z1Z1Z2Z2/Z1Z2W型,雌雄染色体数目不同,雄性胎生蜥蜴二倍体染色体的数目为36,性染色体为Z1Z1Z2Z2型,染色体组型为2n=32+Z1Z1Z2Z2;雌性胎生蜥蜴二倍体染色体的数目为35,染色体组型为2n=32+Z1Z2W,性染色体为Z1Z2W型。从组型特征来看,新疆的胎生蜥蜴种群与欧洲中北部和俄罗斯地区的种群为同一大类群。     

谷子雄性不育系1066A不育基因和黄苗基因的染色体定位

以谷子(Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.)雄性不育系1066A为母本,豫谷1号三体(1～7)及四体8和四体9作父本进行杂交,应用初级三体分析法,进行了谷子雄性不育基因和黄苗基因的染色体定位研究.通过配置大量杂交组合和反复授粉,利用豫谷1号三体的极少量花粉,获得了三体2～9的F1代杂种,各杂种三体的形态与豫谷1号三体基本相似,略有差异,苗色呈绿色且可育.杂种F2植株的苗色和育性都产生分离.结果是三体3、5、7、8、9的F2代分离出的可育株与不育株之比为3∶1,三体6的可育株与不育株之比为14∶1 (χ2=0.012,P=0.01).杂种F2分离出的绿苗与黄苗之比只有三体7为12∶1 (χ2=0.36, P=0.01),其他均为3∶1.因此,可以确定1066A的不育基因为隐性单基因,位于第6号染色体上,该品系的黄苗基因也是隐性单基因,位于第7号染色体上.     

Evolution of sex-ratio: Brief review with mathematical study of some simple novel models

Besides reviewing the unusual case of sex-ratio in the lemming and presenting alternative analyses of general models in which the shift in the usual sex-ratio 1:1 is determined by autosomal or sex-linked mutant alleles, three novel models are presented, in which the shift on the progeny sex-ratio depends on the number of copies of a mutant allele present in the parental pair. The analysis of these models with additive effects shows that: 1) autosomal mutations that alter the usual sex-ratio are eliminated from the population; 2) mutations occurring on the X chromosome lead to an evolutionary stable 1:1 sex-ratio only if the mutation favors the production of males; when the mutant allele favors the production of females, however, females will prevail in the population, with a frequency dependent impact on δ (the deviation from the usual 0.5 proportion) ; for most of the range of possible values of δ the stable but extraordinary sex-ratio will vary from 1 male : 1 female to 1 male : 3 females or 1 male : 2 females approximately depending whether the mutant allele is randomly inactivated or not.     

Dosage analysis of Z chromosome genes using microarray in silkworm,Bombyx mori

In many organisms, dosage compensation is needed to equalize sex-chromosome gene expression in males and females. Several genes on silkworm Z chromosome were previously detected to show a higher expression level in males and lacked dosage compensation. Whether silkworm lacks global dosage compensation still remains poorly known. Here, we analyzed male:female (M:F) ratios of expression of chromosome-wide Z-linked genes in the silkworm using microarray data. The expression levels of genes on Z chromosome in each tissue were significantly higher in males compared to females, which indicates no global dosage compensation in silkworm. Interestingly, we also found some genes with no bias (M:F ratio: 0.8–1.2) on the Z chromosome. Comparison of male-biased (M:F ratio more than 1.5) and unbiased genes indicated that the two sets of the genes have functional differences. Analysis of gene expression by sex showed that M:F ratios were, to some extent, associated with their expression levels. These results provide useful clues to further understanding roles of dosage of Z chromosome and some Z-linked sexual differences in silkworms.     

Triploid plover female provides support for a role of the W chromosome in avian sex determination

Two models, Z Dosage and Dominant W, have been proposed to explain sex determination in birds, in which males are characterized by the presence of two Z chromosomes, and females are hemizygous with a Z and a W chromosome. According to the Z Dosage model, high dosage of a Z-linked gene triggers male development, whereas the Dominant W model postulates that a still unknown W-linked gene triggers female development. Using 33 polymorphic microsatellite markers, we describe a female triploid Kentish plover Charadrius alexandrinus identified by characteristic triallelic genotypes at 14 autosomal markers that produced viable diploid offspring. Chromatogram analysis showed that the sex chromosome composition of this female was ZZW. Together with two previously described ZZW female birds, our results suggest a prominent role for a female determining gene on the W chromosome. These results imply that avian sex determination is more dynamic and complex than currently envisioned.     

Sex and death: CHD1Z associated with high mortality in moorhens

Abstract.— Sex ratios in clutches of moorhens (Gallinula chloropus) in Britain were measured on 83 chicks using the sex-linked CHD1 gene (Chromo-helicase/ATPase-DNA binding protein 1). Among birds, the female is the hetero-gametic sex (Z and W chromosomes), and the male is homogametic (two copies of the Z chromosome). We report variation among the PCR-amplified fragments of the CHD1Z , and the death of nearly all heterozygous male chicks (92%). In contrast, survivorship among females and homozygote males was 54–60%. Mortality in male heterozygotes was significantly higher than that of male homozygotes (P < 0.001). Chick and egg biometrics were not significantly different between these males. The CHD1Z was unlikely to be directly responsible but may have been hitchhiked by the causal gene(s). The observations appear to follow a classic underdominance (heterozygote inferiority) pattern, but raise the paradoxical question of why one form of the Z chromosome has not been fixed, as is expected from evolutionary theory. We discuss possible explanations and include a survey of British populations based on skin specimens.     

Age, growth and mortality of red bandfish, Cepola macrophthalma (L.), in the eastern Adriatic Sea (Croatian coast)

Age, growth and mortality were analysed for red bandfish, Cepola macrophthalma, collected in the eastern Adriatic from May 2002 to June 2003. The oldest male was estimated to be age 4, the oldest female age 3. Parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth equation are: L_∞ = 55.0 cm (SE = 0.1), K = 0.445 (SE = 0.074) and t₀ = ?0.1 (SE = 0.001) for males, and L_∞ = 48.9 cm (SE = 0.167), K = 0.395 (SE = 0.062) and t₀ = ?0.009 (SE = 0.02) for females. The overall sex ratio was 1.42 : 1 in favour of males. Total mortality, corresponding to the slope of the descending limb of the catch curve, was Z = 1.20 per year for females and Z = 1.23 per year for males. Exploitation ratios were E = 0.479 for females and E = 0.433 for males.     

Sex-linked control of sex pheromone behavioral responses in European corn-borer moths (Ostrinia nubilalis) confirmed with TPI marker gene

In two races of European corn-borer moths (ECB), the E-race females emit and males respond to 99:1 sex pheromone blend of (E)/(Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetates, whereas the Z-race females and males produce and respond to the opposite 3:97 pheromone blend of (E)/(Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetates, respectively. We previously have shown that female production of the final blend ratio is under control of a major autosomal locus but that the sequence of male upwind flight responses to the blend is controlled by a sex-linked (Z-linked) locus. This sex-linked control of behavioral responses in crosses of E and Z ECB now is confirmed by use of sex-linked TPI (triose phosphate isomerase) allozyme phenotypes to determine the origin of the sex chromosomes in F₂ populations. F₁ males from reciprocal E × Z crosses generate similar behavioral-response profiles in wind-tunnel studies, with moderate numbers responding to the Z pheromone and intermediate blends (35%–65% Z), but very few responding to the E pheromone. The F₂ behavioral-response profiles indicate that they are composed of 1:1 mixtures of hybrids and paternal profiles. Analysis of TPI allozyme differences allowed us to separate male F₂ populations into individuals whose Z chromosomes both originated from their grandfathers, and individuals who had one Z chromosome originating from each grandparent. With these partitioned F₂s, the TPI homozygotes exhibited behavioral-response profiles very much like their grandfathers, whereas the TPI hybrids produced response profiles similar to their heterozygous F₁ fathers. These results demonstrate incontrovertibly that the response to sex pheromone in male ECB is controlled by a sex-linked gene that is tightly linked to the TPI locus and therefore is independent of the locus controlling pheromone blend production in females.     

Multiple mono- and polymorphic Y-linked copies of the SRY HMG-box in microtidae.

Sex determination in mammals is controlled by SRY (sex-determining region of the Y chromosome), a single-copy gene located on the Y-specific region. Several exceptions to this rule have been described: some rodent species present Y-specific multiple copies (either mono- or polymorphic) of this gene, and two Ellobius species and one Tokudaia species determine sex without a Y chromosome or the SRY gene. Recently, we have described multiple polymorphic copies of the SRY gene in both males and females of the vole species Microtus cabrerae. The female location and the presence of stop codons in some copies from males and females also suggest that they are nonfunctional copies of this gene (pseudogenes). We have investigated the SRY HMG-box in nine species of the family Microtidae; we report here the presence, in eight of these species, of multiple mono- or polymorphic copies of the SRY gene located on the Y chromosome.     

Contrasting levels of nucleotide diversity on the avian Z and W sex chromosomes

Sex chromosomes may provide a context for studying the local effects of mutation rate on molecular evolution, since the two types of sex chromosomes are generally exposed to different mutational environments in male and female germ lines. Importantly, recent studies of some vertebrates have provided evidence for a higher mutation rate among males than among females. Thus, in birds, the Z chromosome, which spends two thirds of its time in the male germ line, is exposed to more mutations than the female-specific W chromosome. We show here that levels of nucleotide diversity are drastically higher on the avian Z chromosome than in paralogous sequences on the W chromosome. In fact, no intraspecific polymorphism whatsoever was seen in about 3.4 kb of CHD1W intron sequence from a total of >150 W chromosome copies of seven different bird species. In contrast, the amount of genetic variability in paralogous sequences on the Z chromosome was significant, with an average pairwise nucleotide diversity (d) of 0.0020 between CHD1Z introns and with 37 segregating sites in a total of 3.8 kb of Z sequence. The contrasting levels of genetic variability on the avian sex chromosomes are thus in a direction predicted from a male-biased mutation rate. However, although a low gene number, as well as some other factors, argues against background selection and/or selective sweeps shaping the genetic variability of the avian W chromosome, we cannot completely exclude selection as a contributor to the low levels of variation on the W chromosome.