美洲斑潜蝇外寄生蜂——贝氏潜蝇姬小蜂研究进展

贝氏潜蝇姬小蜂是为害多种农作物的几种潜叶蝇类害虫的重要寄生蜂.作为一种重要生物防治因子,在北美和西欧的一些国家和地区已经进行商品化生产,用来防治蔬菜及观赏性花卉上的美洲斑潜蝇和三叶草斑潜蝇.为了对其有一个较全面的了解,本文详细的论述了贝氏潜蝇姬小蜂的寄主范围,生物学,饲养繁殖及化学杀虫剂对其影响的进展.     

一种简易繁殖潜蝇姬小蜂的方法

简要介绍了以蚕豆作为寄主作物,南美斑潜蝇作寄主,在自然条件下利用纱岗笼罩进行潜蝇姬小蜂Diglyphus isaea Walker的人工繁殖方法。     

潜蝇姬小蜂属寄生蜂对潜叶蝇的控害特性及应用

潜蝇姬小蜂属Diglyphus寄生蜂是潜叶蝇类害虫的重要天敌。本文对其种类、 分布、 田间发生和优势度、 优势种的控害特性和生态适应性, 以及优势种的人工繁殖和田间应用等进行总结和展望, 以期为更好地应用该属寄生蜂防控我国潜叶蝇的研究和应用提供指导。迄今已鉴定该属寄生蜂36种, 全为抑性外寄生蜂, 其中针对豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂D. isaea、 贝氏潜蝇姬小蜂D. begini和中带潜蝇姬小蜂D. intermedius的研究较多。雌蜂不仅可通过繁殖型的寄生方式而且还可通过非繁殖型方式（取食寄主和产卵器插入直接杀死）致死寄主。雌蜂偏好寄生大个体寄主和取食相对较小个体的寄主, 且雌蜂对寄主幼虫的偏好具有“寄主大小依赖型性别分配”现象（host-size-dependent sex allocation）。从温度适应范围和控害潜力首推为豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂。优势种的规模饲养技术已经被研发并得到了较广泛的田间应用。未来研究可主要集中于： （1）加强优势种尤其是温度适应范围广或较为耐热的种群或地理品系的研究, 以增加对三叶草斑潜蝇Liriomyza trifolii和美洲斑潜蝇L. sativae的控效; （2）加强雌蜂寄主取食行为特性及其生理机制的研究, 以更高效利用; （3）因地制宜研发规模化饲养技术和释放技术; （4）加强潜蝇姬小蜂同其他潜叶蝇寄生蜂的协同控害及竞争共存机制的研究, 已提升对潜叶蝇的生防控制效果。     

补充非寄主食物对芙新姬小蜂和潜蝇姬小蜂控害行为权衡的影响

芙新姬小蜂和潜蝇姬小蜂均为强卵育型(synovigenic)寄生蜂,成虫具有产卵寄生致死、寄主取食致死和寄主叮蛰直接致死3种寄主致死行为。为了明确成虫补充非寄主食物营养对2种姬小蜂控害潜力/控害行为的影响,本文比较研究了分别提供寄主食物和寄主食物+非寄主食物(10%葡萄糖)条件下的2种姬小蜂在初羽化前期(前6 d)内对美洲斑潜蝇幼虫的致死行为的影响。结果显示:在仅提供寄主食物时,芙新姬小蜂的寄生、取食和总体致死量均显著的高于潜蝇姬小蜂,但是直接致死能力却弱于后者;补充非寄主食物和仅提供寄主食物处理相比,两种寄生蜂的寄生量,取食量和总致死量均呈下降趋势。该研究显示:在初羽化前期,取食寄主食物的雌蜂比取食寄主食物+葡萄糖的雌蜂具有更强的致死能力。     

潜蝇姬小蜂幼虫空间分布型研究

本文应用Iwao和Taylor's回归模型以及6个聚集度指标(C、CA、M*、M*/m、I、K),对蚕豆田潜蝇姬小蜂幼虫的空间分布型进行了研究.测定结果属聚集分布,为田间调查及保护天敌提供了依据.     

补充非寄主源食物显著提高万氏潜蝇姬小蜂孤雌产雌品系对美洲斑潜蝇的控害潜力

[目的]万氏潜蝇姬小蜂Diglyphus wani是潜叶蝇类害虫的重要寄生蜂,可以孤雌产雌生殖,仅产生雌性后代,具有潜在的生防应用价值.该寄生蜂为寄主取食型寄生蜂,自然条件下不仅可取食非寄主源食物,也可直接取食寄主幼虫.本研究旨在探究补充非寄主源食物对其生防效果的影响,从而有效指导其大规模饲养和田间应用.[方法]以万氏...     

美丽青背姬小蜂寄生和繁殖特性研究

美丽青背姬小蜂Chrysonotomyia formosa(Westwood)是美洲斑潜蝇的优势天敌,在美洲斑潜蝇的自然控制中发挥着非常重要的作用.本文对其寄生和繁殖特性进行了研究,结果表明:美丽青背姬小蜂主要将卵产于寄主幼虫的腹部,1头寄主幼虫体内可产1～5粒卵,但只有1粒卵能完成发育成为成蜂;不同温度下,雌蜂的繁殖能力不同,其中雌蜂在23℃时有最大的产卵量和最高的致死寄主个体数;提供10%的蜂蜜水可以显著提高雌蜂对寄主的寄生数、产卵量、刺死寄主数和总致死寄主数;美丽青背姬小蜂也能进行产雄孤雌生殖;营孤雌生殖的雌蜂与有性生殖的雌蜂在寿命、寄生寄主数、产卵数、刺死寄主数和总致死寄主数之间差异不显著.     

蔬菜地潜叶蝇寄生蜂种类研究（Ⅱ）—凹面姬小蜂亚科Entedontinae和啮小蜂亚科Tetrastichinae

本报道姬小蜂科Eulophidae的凹面姬小蜂亚科Entedontinae和啮小蜂亚科Tetrastichinae的6属10种蔬菜地潜叶蝇寄生蜂。底比斯釉姬小蜂Chrysocharis pentheus Wallker、美丽新姬小蜂Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood）和潜蝇纹翅姬小蜂Teleopterus erxias(Walker）是蔬菜地潜叶蝇寄生性小蜂的3个优势种。曼丹啮小蜂Tetrastichus mandanis(Walker）和卡拉啮小蜂Tetrastichus chara Kostjukov为中国新记录种。另有寄生蜂的2个寄主新记录。     

豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂雌蜂触角感器的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电镜观察豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂Diglyphus isaea Walker雌蜂触角感器,包括Bhm氏鬃毛、感觉孔、单孔毛状感器、多孔片状感器、锥形乳头状感器、厚壁化学感器、薄壁化学感器和毛状感器8种感器,分别对这8种感器的形态特征进行详细描述,并推测其可能的功能;还对有关的潜蝇姬小蜂生物学特性做深入的分析和讨论。     

取食不同糖分对卵育型寄生蜂潜蝇姬小蜂雌蜂寿命和卵子发生的影响

取食糖类物质有利于延长具寄主取食特性的卵育型寄生蜂的寿命。为了明确自然界常见糖分对卵育型寄生蜂的营养功能差异, 本研究比较了取食葡萄糖、 果糖、 蔗糖、 海藻糖和松三糖5种常见糖分对斑潜蝇类害虫的优势寄生蜂潜蝇姬小蜂Diglyphus isaea雌蜂寿命和卵子发生的影响。结果显示: 取食5种糖均能显著延长雌蜂寿命（P<0.0001）; 取食果糖的雌蜂寿命显著长于取食葡萄糖、 蔗糖、 海藻糖和松三糖的雌蜂寿命（P<0.0001）, 取食葡萄糖、 蔗糖和海藻糖3个处理间差异不显著（P>0.4234）, 但均显著长于取食松三糖（P<0.0001）; 同时, 各个处理的雌蜂寿命与其个体大小均分别呈显著正相关关系。初羽化雌蜂卵巢中没有Ⅲ级卵子（即成熟卵子）; 清水处理的雌蜂, 24 h后卵巢中Ⅲ级卵子达到高峰, 48 h时则全部重吸收; 而取食5种糖的雌蜂, 卵巢中的Ⅲ级卵子和总卵子数量整体上均呈现先显著上升而后逐步下降的趋势, 取食不同糖分的雌蜂卵子形成高峰期的时间不同, 而且取食不同糖分的雌蜂间Ⅲ级卵子高峰日数量和总卵子高峰日数量均无显著差异（P>0.05）。该研究结果为潜蝇姬小蜂的大量室内饲养和田间释放提供了依据。     

Diglyphus isaea (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): a probable complex of cryptic species that forms an important biological control agent of agromyzid leaf miners

Diglyphus isaea ( Walker 1838 ) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a primary parasitoid of agromyzid leaf miners (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and has been commercialized as a biological control agent. Diglyphus isaea occurs throughout much of the world and different populations are morphologically identical. Using nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) sequences, we examined variation among Chinese populations of D. isaea . Phylogenetic analyses combined with an analysis of sympatry indicated that D. isaea consists of at least four species in mainland China. The results imply that ITS1 is an efficient marker for identifying congeneric species of parasitic waSPS, and that cryptic species could be common in temperate and subtropical regions.     

The influence of host size on sex ratios in the parasitoid Diglyphus begini (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

Abstract. 1. Sex ratio in the ectoparasitoid, Diglyphus begini (Ashmead), attacking larvae of the dipterous leafminer Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) in glasshouse marigolds, is best depicted by a model where sex ratio varies as a function of host size.
2. Male D. begini progeny are produced in hosts significantly smaller in size than those producing female progeny.
3. Female wasps attack and oviposit on the largest leafminer larvae available and whether a host is large or small depends upon the size of the other hosts attacked.
4. Diglyphus begini females adjust the thre:shold size for the change-over in sex allocation relative to the size of hosts attacked; however, the sex ratio is maintained at between 60% and 70% males.
5. The patterns observed in these glasshouse studies are not due to sex-specific differential mortality or superparasitism.     

Effects of cyromazine and abamectin on the leafminer, Liriomyza huidobrensis and its parasitoid, Diglyphus isaea in celery

Field trials were conducted for 2 yr on celery (Apium graveolens L.) to determine the effects of two translaminar insecticides (abamectin and cyromazine) on the agromyzid leafminer, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard), and the eulophid parasitoid, Diglyphus isaea Walker. Abamectin and cyromazine were applied once early in the growing season by spray or drip application. Yellow sticky traps and leaf samples were used to monitor population levels; a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer was used to monitor cyromazine residues within the celery plants during 1 yr. Spray applications of abamectin and cyromazine significantly reduced larval leafminers and D. isaea. Contrary to grower practices, application of cyromazine by drip irrigation systems had minor effects on larval leafminer and D. isaea as compared to spray application. Cyromazine residues in the plants treated by spray application declined sharply after 1 wk, and no residues were detected 2 wk after application; less than 0.05 ppm cyromazine residues were detected in plants treated by drip application. Implications of these results on management practices are discussed.     

Host finding and discrimination in Diglyphus isaea,a parasitoid of the chrysanthemum leaf miner,Chromatomyia syngenesiae

Naive and experienced Diglyphus isaea were attracted by host plant odours of lettuce and chrysanthemum to search and probe on infested and uninfested leaves. A slight preference was shown for leaves infested with Chromatomyia syngenesiae. At close range, visual stimuli were unnecessary for oviposition and host‐feeding. Contact with uninfested lettuce and chrysanthemum elicited searching and probing behaviour whereas host frass did not. Host larval movement appeared to aid host detection at close range. The number of ovipositor probes increased with proximity to live hosts but not for stationary, dead hosts. Dead hosts were frequently walked over or missed when D. isaea passed within 0.5 cm of the stationary larvae. Dead hosts were also rejected for oviposition but not for host feeding. Both naive and experienced females discriminated between healthy hosts and those which had been attacked by conspecifics or encountered previously.     

Mass production of Diglyphus isaea (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a biological control agent of a Korean population of potato leaf miner Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

The potato leaf miner, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard), is an important pest of potato throughout the world, including Korea. A method was developed for mass rearing the parasitoid Diglyphus isaea (Walker) using faba bean, Vicia faba L. (Fabaceae), as the host‐plant and L. huidobrensis as the insect host. Faba bean plants were planted in pots and maintained in a greenhouse for about 15 d. Pots were then exposed to adult leaf miners in oviposition cages for 4 h. Plants containing late second to early third instar larvae were exposed to adult D. isaea in parasitoid cages for 24 h. The leaf area per pot after 15 d was 597.9 cm², which produced 103.33 larvae per pot. The number of adult parasitoids emerging per pot was 72.5; about 41% of these were female. The daily cost of parasitoid production was USD20.95 per 1000 individual parasitoids. The methodology developed for D. isaea could be used to rear other ectoparasitoids such as Hemiptarsenus spp. and Pnigalio sp. with different insect hosts like L. trifolii. This is why this mass‐rearing information is important for securing test insect materials for ecological and biological study of Liriomyza species, and also for developing a biological control for Liriomyza species other than L. huidobrensis by mass production of associated natural enemies. We are facing rapid agro‐ecosystem changes including pest systems. Continuous monitoring of Liriomyza in solanaceous crops is needed.     

Lifetime gains and patterns of accumulation and mobilization of nutrients in females of the synovigenic parasitoid, Diglyphus isaea Walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), as a function of diet

In nature, adult parasitoids feed to obtain and use nutrients for supplementing and/or replenishing some of their existing array of nutrient reserves. When adults feed on host or non-host food, they can enhance fitness, typically by increasing egg production or longevity. In the present study, ovigeny index (OI) and impact of female fitness, as well as physiological state on the reproductive strategies, were investigated in the synovigenic parasitoid, Diglyphus isaea, fed on host food (2-3rd instars of Liriomyza sativae larvae), non-host foods (10% honey solution) and starved (distilled water, control). The results showed that D. isaea was a strongly synovigenic parasitoid, of which OI value was 0.002. Both types of food enhanced the fecundity and prolonged the longevity of the females. D. isaea females fed on non-host food showed higher levels of gut sugar, body sugar and glycogen than those fed on host food, but the levels of lipid were higher in the host-fed females. D. isaea females seemed to show lipogenesis, with low rates of lipid catabolism sufficient to satisfy the requirement of egg maturation. Females might absorb lipids directly from the haemolymph of paralyzed hosts.     

A review of Turkish Diglyphus Walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), with description of a new species

Two species Diglyphus begini Ashmead and D. sabulosus Erdös are new records for Turkey; one new species is described Diglyphus sensilis sp. nov., three species have new host record Liriomyza sativae and Chromatomyia horticola; 10 species of Diglyphus from Turkey are keyed.