洋葱细胞核中类胀泡结构的数目,体积和分布

在电镜下观察了洋葱（Ａｌｌｉｕｍ ｃｅｐａ Ｌ．）根端分生组织细胞核的连续切片并进行了三维重组。发现：１． 类胀泡结构在细胞核中的数目与二倍染色体数有较大差异。在所观察的Ｓ期细胞核中,该结构数为４—１０ 个;在所观察的Ｇ２ 期细胞核中,该结构数为４—９ 个。２． 类胀泡结构的体积变化比较大,大多数的体积在０．１—０．４ μｍ ３ 之间。不同的Ｓ期细胞核中,类胀泡结构总体积较大者是总体积较小者的１．８ 倍;不同的Ｇ２ 期细胞核中,类胀泡结构总体积较大者是总体积较小者的２．１ 倍。３． 类胀泡结构有集中分布在细胞核内一定区域的倾向。讨论了类胀泡结构是否为着丝粒等问题     

蚕豆根端细胞核中微核仁的研究

以蚕豆(Vicia faba)根端分生组织细胞为材料研究了微核仁的超微结构和细胞化学特点。结果表明;微核仁是直径0.3—0.5μm 的卵圆形或球形结构。常规染色时,微核仁与集缩染色质的电子密度相仿,但两者之间在结构上没有任何联系。细胞化学研究指出,微核仁含有 RNA 和蛋白质,其结构成分主要是与核仁颗粒组分十分相似的 RNP 颗粒。报道了植物细胞核中微核仁发生于核仁的过程并对微核仁的本质和功能进行了讨论。     

类胀泡结构是合成核糖核酸多聚酶Ⅱ转录产物的核内结构

采用可定位研究新生ＲＮＡ多聚酶Ⅱ（ＲＰⅡ）转录产物的溴尿嘧啶核苷三磷酸（ＢｒＵＴＰ）标记技术，对洋葱（ＡｌｉｕｍｃｅｐａＬ．）根端分生组织细胞核中的类胀泡结构（ＰＬＳ）进行了研究。经ＢｒＵＴＰ和抗ＢｒｄＵ抗体标记后，在电镜下观察到ＰＬＳ中存在大量的金颗粒，说明该结构中进行着旺盛的ＲＰⅡ转录产物的合成；经α鹅膏蕈碱（αＡ，１０μｇ／Ｌ，２ｈ）处理后，ＰＬＳ中金颗粒的减少极其显著，其金颗粒密度从６６．６５个／μｍ２降至１．７７个／μｍ２，进一步确认该结构上的金颗粒代表ＲＰⅡ转录产物。并且进一步证明该结构是合成ＲＰⅡ转录产物的核内结构。     

小麦根端分生组织细胞核中核仁通道结构的电镜观察

用常规电镜和整体银染电镜观察技术对小麦根端分生组织细胞核进行了研究。发展核仁与其周边染色质之间存在通道结构。初步分析认为,染色体NORs中的rDNA是通过该通道进入到核仁的纤维中心的。     

洋葱根端分生组织细胞核中RNA多聚酶Ⅱ转录位置的研究

采用溴尿嘧啶核苷三磷酸(BrUTP)标记技术,对洋葱(Allium cepa L.)根端分生组织细胞核中RP Ⅱ转录位置进行了研究。经BrUTP和抗BrdU抗体标记后,在电镜下观察到染色质区域周边部位存在大量的金颗粒,该区域金颗粒数目占细胞核内非核仁区域金颗粒总数的92.70%,金颗粒密度为75.42个/μm~2,明显高于染色质问区域和染色质区域中央部位的金颗粒数目的百分比(分别为1.93%和5.37%)和金颗粒密度(分别为2.00个/μm~2和5.89个/μm~2),说明在染色质区域周边部位进行着旺盛的RPⅡ转录位置。经α-鹅膏蕈碱(10μg/L,2h)处理后,非核仁区域金颗粒的减少极其显著,其金颗粒密度从44.60个/μm~2降至2.67个/μm~2,进一步确认该区域中的金颗粒代表RPⅡ转录产物。讨论了完整植物细胞核内RPⅡ转录位置的分布。     

化学工业废水对洋葱根类细胞核结构的影响

报道了兰州化学工业公司工业废水对洋葱根尖细胞有丝分裂影响的研究结果．研究表明：（１）兰化工业废水对洋葱根尖细胞分裂具有严重的抑制和危害,其主要表现为间期核结构异常,形成大量的核裂团（Ｎｕｃｌｅｉ－ＳｐｌｉｔＢａｌｌ）和微核（Ｍｉｃｒｏｎｕｃｌｅｉ）;（２）洋葱根尖细胞分裂对环境诱变剂,特别是工业废水的反应是十分敏感的,可以作为环境监测的指示植物。     

多头绒泡菌细胞核周期的电镜研究

多头绒泡菌PhysarumpolycophalumSchw的营养生长阶段为没有细胞壁的原生质团（合胞体）,内部众多的细胞核进行着同步的核内有丝分裂,本文电镜下研究了细胞核在有丝分裂周期中的结构变化。有丝分裂前期,染色质经松散改组和集缩形成染色体,核仁由中央移向边缘,并在近核膜处解体;中期核膜不消失,在核内形成纺锤体,核仁解体后的物质是不规则状散在于核内;有丝分裂后核膜的破裂处重新愈合,染色体解集缩成染色质,分散的核仁物质逐渐合并形成新的核仁。     

蚕豆细胞核仁和核质中剪接因子SC35的定位研究

本文以蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)根端分生组织细胞为材料,以抗SC35抗体为探针,在电镜下对SC35在高等植物细胞中的存在与否和分布特点进行了研究,发现经抗SC35抗体标记后,标明SC35位置的胶体金颗粒主要分布于核仁的致密纤维组分(DFC)、核质的染色质间颗粒(IGs)和染色质周边纤维处(PFs),而核仁的纤维中心(FC)、核仁液泡和集缩染色质团块中央部位的金颗粒很少。DFC, IGs和PFs处的金颗粒平均密度分别为65.89个/μm~2和36.28个/μm~2,远远高于集缩染色质团块中央部位以及FC和核仁液泡处的金颗粒平均密度(分别为5.90个/μm~2和6.26个/μm~2)。说明蚕豆细胞核仁的DFC,核质的IGs和PFs处富含剪接因子SC35。本文研究结果表明,SC35或SC35类蛋白在蚕豆细胞核质中的分布与其在哺乳动物细胞核质中的分布规律相似。同时本文首次报道了SC35或SC35类蛋白存在于核仁中。     

An EM Study on the Nucleolar Residual in Meristematic Cells of Vicia faba

A special structure which originates from the nucleolus and persists during mitosis is observed in meristematic cells of Vicia faba, and is called nucleolar residual in this paper. The result of conventional staining showed that the nucleolar residual (NR) was a medium electron-dense structure that could be distinguished from chromosomes. At the end of prophase, the NR was observed in the dispersing nucleolar material, which consisted principally of granules and fibrils about 15 to 20 nm in diameter. In prometaphase, the NR, composed mainly of the similar granules and fibrils, was found attached to chromosomes. Results of Bernhard's technique for RNP (ribonucleoprotein) preferential staining indicated that the main chemical component of the NR was RNP, and sometimes bleached regions showing the same reaction as chromatin in Bernhard's staining appeared in the structure. In metaphase and anaphase some of the NRs were attached to chromosomes while others existed randomly in the cytoplasm. The NR is supposed, according to its cytochemical features and its behavi0ur during the nucleolar disintegration, to be a structure composed mainly of nucleolar matrix material or nucleolar skeleton.     

SO2对蚕豆根尖和叶尖细胞遗传损伤作用的研究

采用微核实验技术,研究大气污染物SO₂对蚕豆根尖和叶尖细胞的遗传损伤效应。结果表明2.80和28 mg·m^-3的SO₂熏气可以诱发蚕豆根尖和叶尖细胞损伤,导致根尖细胞有丝分裂指数下降,根尖和叶尖间期细胞微核率增高,并具有时间效应和浓度效应。经水恢复培养后,根尖分裂细胞数增多,微核率降低,说明恢复培养能够缓解高浓度SO₂对根尖细胞的遗传损伤。用石蜡层隔断SO₂在根部水中的溶解后,根尖细胞微核率低于叶尖细胞微核率,而在非隔断组中则相反,说明SO₂在水中的溶解是产生毒性效应的重要原因。高浓度SO₂熏气对蚕豆根尖和叶尖细胞具有遗传学毒性,由于根尖分生区具有较高的分裂指数和微核率,对环境SO₂毒性的反应更灵敏,蚕豆根尖微核实验更适于对环境SO₂的监测。     

Actin is Immunolocalized in the Nuclei and Chromosomes of Vicia faba

Meristematic cells of Vicia faba L. were labeled with rabbit anti-actin antibody and FITC-conjugated goat anti-rabbit lgG antibody and observed with fluorescence microscopy. Both the nuclei and chromosomes sent forth distinctive fluorescence, indicating that actin is present in the nuclei and chromosomes. Sections were reacted with the anti-actin antibody and protein A-colloidal gold and observed with transmission electron microscopy. Gold particles were found over the whole nuclei, and a lot of particles were concentrated in condensed chromatin areas and nucleoli, confirming the observations with the fluorescence microscopy. V. faba nuclei and chromosomes were treated with DNase Ⅰ and 2 mol/L NaC1, and DNA and histone-depleted nuclei and chromosomes were obtained. Indirect immunofluorescence tests showed that the DNA and histone-depleted nuclei and chromosomes reacted positively with the anti-actin antibody. These results demonstrated that actin exists not only in intact nuclei and chromosomes but also in DNA and histone-depleted nuclei and chromosomes of V. faba. In addition, the authors' results indicate that tropomyosin is present in the nuclei and chromosomes of V. faba. Presence of actin in nuclei and chromosomes as well as in DNA and histone-depleted nuclei and chromosomes of higher plants is discussed.     

重铬酸钾对蚕豆根尖细胞致畸效应的研究

以蚕豆根尖为材料,研究重铬酸钾对蚕豆根尖细胞的致畸效应。采用蚕豆根尖细胞的微核试验和染色体畸变试验方法,以不同浓度的重铬酸钾为诱变剂,测定蚕豆根尖细胞的微核率和染色体畸变率。结果表明:重铬酸钾能诱发较高频率的微核率,即在一定浓度范围内,其微核率随重铬酸钾处理浓度的升高而增加,但高于一定浓度后反而呈下降趋势;不同浓度的重铬酸钾均使蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂指数增大;重铬酸钾还能诱导蚕豆根尖细胞产生较高频率的染色体畸变,且产生多种类型的染色体畸变。结论是重铬酸钾对蚕豆根尖细胞具有明显的致畸效应。     

甲硝唑诱导蚕豆根尖细胞微核的研究

本实验研究了甲硝唑诱导蚕豆根尖细胞微核的效应。实验表明：(1)浓度为0.1、6、12、40和500 mg/L甲硝唑均能使蚕豆根尖细胞微核率显著增加,且蚕豆根尖细胞微核率和甲硝唑浓度之间存在明显的剂量-效应关系;(2)甲硝唑能引起DNA损伤,具有分子诱变剂的性能。     

Extensive Distribution of Acetylcholinesterase in Guard Cells of Vicia faba

Acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing of acetylcholine to choline and acetic acid residues, is detected in the guard cell protoplasts. Extensive acetylcholinesterase activity has been found in the guard cell protoplasts as compared with the mesophyll cell protoplasts. Moreover, light could stimulate the enzyme activity. Localization of acetylcholinesterase in the stomata of Vicia faba L. was undertaken using Karnovsky and Roots cytochemical method. It was found that in the stomata of this plant products of acetylcholinesterase enzymatic reaction mainly appeared in the outer side of the guard cell ventral wall and inner wall. When the staining time was prolonged, products of acetylcholinesterase enzymatic reaction could also be found in the ventral and inner wall of the guard cells. In addition, more extensive product of enzymatic reaction was observed in the opened stomata than in the closed stomata. It was assumed that acetylcholineaterase may participate in the regulation of stomatal movement by hydrolyzing acetylcholine around the stomata.     

蚕豆染色体的复制带显带技术

本文采用作者首创的双周期BrdU二次标记法研究了蚕豆根尖细胞染色体的复制带,得到了分布在整条染色体上的清晰稳定的多条带纹.这是复制带首次在植物染色体上取得的具有实用意义的带型.为进一步制定植物染色体的标准带型和研究植物染色体的复制方式提供了一条途径.     

Studies on the Micronuclei Induced by Irradiation in Vicia faba

In this experiment ,the remits of observing under the light microscope and electron microscope, and statistical analysis showed that micronucleus had a certain shape and structure. There was a linear correlation between the micronudeated cell frequency and dosage or the chromosomal aberration frequency in the root tip cells. The micronudeated cell frequency changed according to the different periods of time after irradiation. At the same time, micronuclei that might be synchronous, or not, with the main nucleus for the cell cycle were seen. That means it is possible for some micronuclei induced by irradiation to carry on division. Therefore, the advantages of micronucleus test lies not only in simply and effectively evaluating radiation damage to cells but also in exploring the mechanism of radiation genetics in plant.     

Studies on the Effects of Intermittent Irradiation on Nuclear Aberrations of Root Tip Cells in Vicia faba

This experiment aims to compare the effect of intermittent irradiationand that of continuous irradiation on dry seeds of Vicia faba by 60Co-γ-rays. Experimental results show that intermittent irradiation possess lower damage, higher frequency of chromosomal exchange than continual irradiation. It implied that, living cellsstill have some ability to repair radiant damage, when exposed intermittently to radiation in 0.5-2 hours. The repair ability declines as the dosage increases and tile interval of radiation shortened.     

铬渣堆场渗滤液对蚕豆根尖细胞微核的影响

利用蚕豆根尖微核技术监测化工铬渣堆场渗出液的遗传毒性,结果表明,化工铬渣渗出液含有较高浓度的Cr6+,能明显诱导蚕豆根尖细胞微核的形成,具有较强的遗传毒性。当铬渣渗出液中Cr6+浓度为186.6460 mg/L时,微核率达到最大。铬渣渗出液所诱导的微核率与阴性对照组相比有极显著差异。