尿嘧啶核苷对染色体热点和脆点的影响

热点是体细胞染色体频繁地出现自发或某些因素诱发的断裂或裂隙的部位。在缺叶酸和胸苷的培养条件下,染色体热点和大部分脆点频率显著上升,其原因可能为DNA中尿苷错误地取代胸苷之故。为了证明这一假设,实验从16个健康的成人(6男、10女)和9个孕妇取得外周淋巴细胞,培养于缺叶酸和胸苷的培养基(MEM-FA)中。在培养结束前24或72小时,加入2mM、4mM和8mM尿苷。培养96时小制片。以不加尿苷的细胞为对照。 实验结果表明,不加尿苷的细胞,热点3p14频率为1.23/100(2,450个细胞),加入2、4和8mM尿苷后,热点3p14频率分别提高到9.20±2.22,9.13±2.34和11.33±3.43。各组和对照间有极显著的差异。热点16q23有相似的     

尿嘧啶核苷对染色体热点和脆点的影响

热点是体细胞染色体频繁地出现自发或某 些因素诱发的断裂或裂隙的部位。在缺叶酸和 胸苷的培养条件下,染色体热点和大部分脆点 频率显著上升,其原因可能为DNA 中尿昔 错误地取代胸昔之故。为了证明这一假设,实 验从16个健康的成人（6男、10女）和9个孕妇 取得外周淋巴细胞,培养于缺叶酸和胸营的培 养基(MEM-FA）中。在培养结束前24或72小 时,加人2mM, 4mM 和8mM 尿营。培养96 时小制片。以不加尿苷的细胞为对照。     

一个脆性位点X的家庭

染色体脆性位点是一类新的遗传变异,是基因决定的染色体特定位点的异常,需用特殊的组织培养基(缺失叶酸和胸苷)来揭示其存在。迄今国际上已有14个常染色体和1个X染     

自诱导系统在酶促合成2’-脱氧胞苷中的应用

旨在高效合成2’-脱氧胞苷(d Cyd)。DCyd作为一类重要的药物中间体,能够用于合成吉西他滨(d Fd C)、扎西他滨(dd C)等多种抗病毒或抗肿瘤的药物。采用ZYM-Fe-5052自诱导培养基对含有N-脱氧核糖转移酶II(NDT)的大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)进行诱导,所得完整菌体直接用于催化合成d Cyd。结果表明,自诱导系统不仅无需额外添加诱导剂,还能够达到较高的菌体密度,且与LB诱导系统所得菌体在合成d Cyd方面具有同样高效的催化活性。2’-脱氧胸苷(d Thd)和胞嘧啶的浓度比为1∶3时,产物转化率可高达86.5%。合成d Cyd的最适反应条件为:2’-脱氧胸苷(d Thd)和胞嘧啶的浓度比为1∶1.5,p H6.5的磷酸缓冲液,1 mg/m L的菌体量,终体系10 m L,30℃条件下反应1 h,产物转化率可达71.9%。此方法还可用于制备其他核苷类似物,具有广泛的适用性和应用前景。     

产气肠杆菌菌体内核苷磷酸化酶的诱导表达

目的:阿糖腺苷(Ara-A)是一种广谱抗病毒药物,临床上用于治疗多种病毒性疾病.同时也是合成阿糖腺苷单磷酸(Ara-AMP)的重要原料.本课题旨在寻找一种高效酶法生产嘌呤类阿糖核苷的方法.方法:以产气肠杆菌完整细胞为酶源,研究产气肠杆菌菌体培养条件对核苷磷酸化酶的影响及其诱导性.结果:胸苷磷酸化酶、尿苷磷酸化酶和嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶均可被多种核苷、核苷酸甚至碱基诱导.胞苷或胞苷酸的添加量为15-20mmol/L,诱导时间在0-8小时均可.经胞苷和胞苷酸诱导的菌体可使酶反应时间缩短6倍,大大提高了反应效率.经诱导的菌体,在反应后仍保持较高的核苷磷酸化酶活力;而未经诱导的菌体,一次反应后即丧失大量的酶活力.结论:核苷磷酸化酶的活性可以通过诱导而提高,以此优化阿糖腺苷的生产.     

鸟苷发酵的优化研究

以鸟苷产生菌_{Bacillussubtilis}AJ2 0 66为生产菌株 ,采用 5 0L自控发酵罐与摇瓶培养相结合的联动优化方法对鸟苷发酵进行了研究。谷氨酸钠对鸟苷发酵比较重要 ,培养基中加入 1 %的谷氨酸钠可使 5 0L罐最终产苷达 31 49g/L。次黄嘌呤 (Hx)作为前体可以直接用于鸟苷合成 ,发酵后期加入 0 2 %的Hx,可使 5 0L罐最终产苷达 33 2 4g/L。     

从小牛胸腺分离纯化末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶

本文采用Okamura氏的寡聚脱氧胸苷酸(oligo-dT)-纤维素柱层析法分离纯化小牛胸腺末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶(TdT)。包括下列主要步骤:制备酶粗提液、磷酸纤维素柱层析、二乙基氨基乙基纤维素柱层析、葡聚糖凝胶过滤、oligo dT-纤维素亲和层析。经过上述几步分离纯化,从500克小牛胸腺中获得6,564单位TdT,比活性达5,199单位/毫克蛋白,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳呈一条带,不含脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)多聚酶Ⅰ。     

植物多糖的抗病毒作用

病毒对人类的危害众所周知。传统的抗病毒药物一般为核苷类似物,如无环鸟苷、叠氮胸苷等。但这些药物抗病毒作用不彻底、毒副作用大。由于西医药对病毒病的局限性,人们对中药、天然药物的研究越来越活跃,其中植物多糖作为抗病毒药物的研究已有了相当的发展,为治疗病毒病提供了一个广阔的前景。     

一株可积累鸟苷菌株的纯培养条件研究

菌株Bacillus.subtilis.S3 68是以鸟苷生产菌株B .subtilis.A0 66为出发菌经诱变所得。对该菌株进行培养条件研究的过程中 ,发现该菌株可以在摇瓶纯培养条件下积累鸟苷。试验结果表明 :发酵过程中 ,腺嘌呤的用量 0 .3 5mg/ml时 ,发酵液中鸟苷积累量最大 ,培养基中腺嘌呤的用量高于或低于 0 .3 5mg/ml均不利于鸟苷产物的积累 ;培养基中味精、硫酸铵、硫酸镁、磷酸二氢钾及Mn2 +用量显著影响发酵液中鸟苷积累水平 ;培养基中生物素、蛋氨酸、精氨酸、组氨酸、氯化钙及Fe2 +、Zn2 +用量与鸟苷积累的相关性不显著     

营养条件对pcDNA3\|HBS质粒DNA生产的影响

为了考查营养条件对质粒DNA的生产影响,采用不同的培养基培养含pcDNA33-HBS质粒的大肠杆菌JM109。实验结果表明：碳源、氮源对质粒DNA产量有明显的影响。葡萄糖是质粒合成过程中较佳的碳源,蛋白胨是较佳的氮源。在M9P培养基中,选择合适的硫酸铵浓度对质粒DNA的生产有一定的作用。由于Gly,Asp,Glu能提供合成核苷酸的氮源,在M9G培养基中添加12g/L的Asp,1.0g/L的Glu和0.4g/L的Gly后,经20h培养,质粒产量可达25mg/L。外源核苷也影响质粒DNA的产量,通过添加0.4g/L胞苷与胸苷的混合物(摩尔比为1∶1)到M9P培养基中,质粒DNA的产量可达35mg/L。     

Human chromosome hot points

Summary Peripheral lymphocytes from 16 healthy adults, 9 pregnant women, and 3 fragile X syndrome patients were cultured in Eagle's minimum essential medium without folic acid (MEM-FA). The addition of 2mM, 4mM, or 8mM uridine 24h or 72h prior to harvest resulted in increases of chromosome gaps or breaks, especially at hot points 3p14, 16q23-24, and at fragile site Xq27. Pregnant women showed higher frequencies of 3p14 breaks and total chromosome breaks than men and non-pregnant women. The other chromosome regions, such as 6q26, 7q23, 7q35, 6p25, Xp22, 14q23 and 11p13, also frequently showed gaps or breaks. The results indicated that the unbalance of nucleotide pools was one of the causes of chromosome breakages. The higher frequencies of chromosome gaps and breaks under the condition of thymidylate stress may be due to the misincorporation of uracil instead of thymine into DNA.     

Study of human chromosome V

Summary The induction of fragile sites on human chromosomes has been demonstrated under various conditions that cause thymidylate stress, including exposure to uridine. In this study, we examined common fragile site expression by initially exposing peripheral lymphocytes to uridine, followed by repair of the fragile sites with media containing various concentrations of thymidine. Lymphocytes were cultured in medium 199 with 2 mM uridine. At 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 12, and 18 h before harvest, the uridine medium was removed and replaced by medium containing thymidine at various concentrations. Our results demonstrate that the effect of uridine on chromosome fragility can be reversed by low concentrations of thymidine (2 M up to 200 M) and the rescuing effect of thymidine can be achieved if the cells were treated prior to 2–3 h before harvest. No repair was found if thymidine was added to culture within 2 h prior to harvesting, suggesting that packing of chromosomes is also an important factor in the expression and repair of fragile sites.     

Telomeric associations involving Yq12 in a lymphoblastoid cell line

A number of apparent telomeric associations/fusions (TAs) involving Yq12 were observed in a lymphoblastoid cell line (GM6892A) established from a fragile-X-negative, phenotypically normal male with the fragile X gene mutation. The TAs were seen when these cells were grown for an extended period of time in medium 199, which is deficient in thymidine and folic acid. Because the low thymidine and folic acid condition of medium 199 is known to induce chromosome and chromatid gaps and breaks at folate-sensitive fragile sites, other fragile site-induction regimes were examined to determine if the TAs seen in GM6892A were due to a fragile site in the Yq12 band. No TAs were seen with any of the other regimes that were tried.     

Induction of fragile sites in fibroblasts.

A simple, reliable method for the induction of folate-sensitive fragile sites, including the fragile X, in fibroblasts is described. The method involves only the addition of 600 mg/l thymidine to cultures 24 hrs before they are harvested.     

Heritable fragile sites on human chromosomes. XI. Factors affecting expression of fragile sites at 10q25, 16q22, and 17p12.

The fragile sites at 10q25, 16q22, and 17p12 can all be induced in lymphocyte culture by BrdU or BrdC added 6-12 hrs prior to harvest. Without induction, fra(10)(q25) is rarely expressed spontaneously, whereas fra(16)(q22) is frequently expressed spontaneously. Fra(17)(p12) is frequently expressed spontaneously but is probably expressed only after induction in some individuals. Distamycin A, netropsin, and Hoechst 33258 induced high levels of expression of fra(16)(q22) and fra(17)(p12) but did not enhance expression of fra(10)(q25). The mechanisms of induction of fra(16)(q22) by BrdU and distamycin A appear to be different, since the time of induction by BrdU reaches a maximum about 12 hrs prior to harvest whereas induction by distamycin A requires much longer exposure. The fragile sites at 10q25 and 16q22 were both induced in fibroblast culture by BrdU. Fra(17)(p12) is accepted as a fragile site because preliminary studies show that it behaves similarly in lymphocyte culture to fra(16)(q22); however, there is only limited evidence for fragility at 17p12.     

Folic acid and chromosome breakage. III. Types and frequencies of spontaneous chromosome aberrations in proliferating lymphocytes

The types and frequencies of spontaneous chromosome aberrations were studied in human lymphocytes cultured for 96 h in minimal essential medium (MEM) or MEM without folic acid (MEM-FA). In both media, the most frequent aberrations were chromatid gaps, isochromatid gaps and chromatid breaks. Chromosome (isochromatid) breaks and dicentrics were seen less frequently. Neither of these less frequent aberrations was seen in 4000 cells from MEM, but both were seen in 4000 cells from MEM-FA.     

Synergistic effect of aphidicolin and ethanol on the induction of common fragile sites

Summary The effect of ethanol on the frequency of aphidicolin-induced common fragile sites was studied using lymphocyte cultures from two normal women. Aphidicolin was added to the cultures at a final concentration of 0.2 M and ethanol at 0.02%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, and 1%, both during the last 26 h of culture. The frequency of common fragile sites increased from 296% in subject 1 and 201% in subject 2 with aphidicolin plus 0.02% ethanol, to 765% and 823%, respectively, with aphidicolin plus 1% ethanol. Ethanol alone added to cultures did not induce common fragile sites. The gaps and breaks induced by aphidicolin plus ethanol were highly nonrandom. Altogether, 35 common fragile sites were identified. The addition of 1% ethanol to aphidicolin increased both random and nonrandom gaps and breaks as compared with that of 0.02% ethanol. Dimethyl sulfoxide added to culture at final concentrations of 0.02% to 1% did not change the frequency of aphidicolin-induced fragile sites. The frequency of fluorodeoxyuridine-induced fragile sites was not affected by the addition of 0.02% to 1% ethanol. It was thus concluded that ethanol enhances the aphidicolin-induced fragile sites, possibly inhibiting the repair mechanism of gaps and breaks induced by aphidicolin.     

Folic acid and chromosome breakage III. Types and frequencies of spontaneous chromosome aberrations in proliferating lymphocytes

The types and frequencies of spontaneous chromosome aberrations were studied in human lymphocytes cultured for 96 h in minimal essential medium (MEM) or MEM without folic acid (MEM-FA). In both media, the most frequent aberrations were chromatid gaps, isochromatid gaps and chromatid breaks. Chromosome (isochromatid) breaks and dicentrics were seen less frequently. Neither of these less frequent aberrations was seen in 4000 cells from MEM, but both were seen in 4000 cells from MEM-FA.     

Sister chromatid exchange in immature haemopoietic cells,T-and B-lymphocytes

Summary Human lymphocytes from 18 healthy adults were cultured in minimal essential medium without folic acid. The addition of 4mM cytidine or 1 mM guanosine to cultures 24h prior to harvest produced a statistically significant increase in hot point 3p14 breaks. An excess of 3mM adenosine or thymidine had no such effect on the hot point. The mechanism of the effects of nucleosides on hot points was discussed.     

Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate imbalance. 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine-induced DNA double strand breaks in mouse FM3A cells and the mechanism of cell death

The mechanism of cytotoxic action of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FdUrd) in mouse FM3A cells was investigated. We observed the FdUrd-induced imbalance of intracellular deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pools and subsequent double strand breaks in mature DNA, accompanied by cell death. The imbalance of dNTP pools was maximal at 8 h after 1 microM FdUrd treatment; a depletion of dTTP and dGTP pools and an increase in the dATP pool were observed. The addition of FdUrd in culture medium induced strand breaks in DNA, giving rise to a 90 S peak by alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation. The loss of cell viability and colony-forming ability occurred at about 10 h. DNA double strand breaks as measured by the neutral elution method were also observed in FdUrd-treated cells about 10 h after the addition. These results lead us to propose that DNA double strand breaks play an important role in the mechanism of FdUrd-mediated cell death. A comparison of the ratio of single and double strand breaks induced by FdUrd to that observed following radiation suggested that FdUrd produced double strand breaks exclusively. Cycloheximide inhibited both the production of DNA double strand breaks and the FdUrd-induced cell death. An activity that can induce DNA double strand breaks was detected in the lysate of FdUrd-treated FM3A cells but not in the untreated cells. This suggests that FdUrd induces the cellular DNA double strand breaking activity. The FdUrd-induced DNA strand breaks and cell death appear to occur in the S phase. Our results indicate that imbalance of the dNTP pools is a trigger for double strand DNA break and cell death.