刈割对栽培长春花(Catharanthus roseus)生活史型转变的影响

为了提高栽培长春花（Catharanthus roseus）的生物碱产量,应用植物生活史型的理论和方法,研究了刈割对栽培长春花生活史型转变及其生物碱代谢的影响。运用主成分分析法（Principal Component Analysis,PCA）对刈割后的长春花后生活史型变化进行定量和定性划分,发现在对照栽培环境下生长的长春花处于DE生境,定性划分结果为SV生活史型,定量划分结果为V0.3638,S0.6174C0.0187,属于SV型。刈割使长春花的生活史型转变为V0．2847S0.6544C0.0469,属于SC型。同时,对两种生活史型的长春花中长春碱及其前体文朵灵和长春质碱的含量进行了检测分析,发现刈割后的SC型长春花不同叶位叶片中的生物碱含量均显著提高（P〈O．05）,可以为提高栽培长春花生物碱含量提供科学指导,也进一步验证了生活史型理论。     

植物生活史型的划分及其相互转化

基于环境条件的变化,分析了植物在完成生活史过程中,营养生长、克隆生殖和有性生殖过程的权衡的结果直接导致的植物生活史型形成以及相互转化过程。根据胁迫和扰动程度将植物的生境划分为基本生境型、特殊过渡型和过渡型,其中过渡型(EDF)在自然界中具有普遍意义;与生境过渡型(EDF)相对应,植物形成的生活史型也为过渡生活史型(VCS),其基本型V、C和S以及特殊过渡型VC、VS和CS是其特例。植物的生活史型过渡型(VCS)具有普适性意义,在生境调控下的任一种植物生活史型均可表示为Vx1Cx2Sx3。植物生活史型的相互转化与其生境类型的相互转变是完全对应的,这种相互转化的过程和途径是复杂的,且具有可逆性的特点。     

植物生活史型定量划分及其权重配置方法——以四棱豆生活史型划分为例

植物生活史型定量划分方法研究是植物生活史型研究的重要内容。现有的生活史型定量划分方法是基于主成分分析法(PCA)建立起来的,未考虑性状指标之间的相互影响,因此需要探索适用于"网状"结构指标体系的植物生活史型划分新方法。根据植物生活史型划分指标的层次性特点,以攀援型和矮生型四棱豆(Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)为例,分别采用主成分分析法(PCA)、层次分析法(AHP)和网络层次分析法(ANP)对性状指标进行权重配置,计算性状指标的综合得分和生活史型划分参数,结果如下:与ANP相比,PCA计算的V型(营养生长型)参数值偏低(x在0.39以下),S型(有性生殖型)参数值偏高(z在0.453以上);AHP计算的V型参数值偏高(x在0.614以上),S型参数值偏低(z在0.088以下);3种方法计算的生活史型划分参数差异明显。由于PCA、AHP均要求性状指标之间相互独立,不能排除性状指标之间的关联,因此基于PCA、AHP的四棱豆生活史型划分结果均出现了偏差,表明性状指标之间的相关性影响了生活史型划分结果。ANP的指标体系为"网状"结构,其控制层、网络层各个指标之间均存在关联。构建ANP的判断矩阵时提取了性状指标的相关矩阵信息,权重配置反映了性状指标之间的相关关系。基于ANP方法对攀援型和矮生型四棱豆生活史型的划分结果分别为V0.517C0.327S0.156和V0.416C0.43S0.154。当性状指标之间的相关不显著时,可采用PCA和AHP法分配权重;当性状指标之间存在显著相关时,采用ANP法进行权重配置更为恰当。综上所述,基于ANP的植物生活史型划分方法解决了性状指标之间相互影响问题,为植物生活史型定量研究提供了新的有效方法。     

刈割对栽培长春花(Catharanthus roseus)生活史型转变的影响

为了提高栽培长春花（Catharanthus roseus）的生物碱产量,应用植物生活史型的理论和方法,研究了刈割对栽培长春花生活史型转变及其生物碱代谢的影响。运用主成分分析法（Principal Component Analysis, PCA）对刈割后的长春花后生活史型变化进行定量和定性划分,发现在对照栽培环境下生长的长春花处于DE生境,定性划分结果为SV生活史型,定量划分结果为V_0.3638S_0.6174C_0.0187,属于SV型。刈割使长春花的生活史型转变为V0.2847S0.6684C0.0469,属于SC型。同时,对两种生活史型的长春花中长春碱及其前体文朵灵和长春质碱的含量进行了检测分析,发现刈割后的SC型长春花不同叶位叶片中的生物碱含量均显著提高（p<0.05）,可以为提高栽培长春花生物碱含量提供科学指导,也进一步验证了生活史型理论。     

不同生境白屈菜(Chelidonium majus)生活史型特征及其与不同器官单宁、黄酮、生物碱含量的关系

运用主成分分析法,对不同生境条件下白屈菜植物生活史型相关的营养生长（vegetative growth,V）、有性生长（sexual growth,S）和克隆生长（clonal growth,C）的主成分得分及比例进行定量计算,并以此为基础研究了生活史型特征参数及次生代谢产物单宁含量、黄酮含量与生物碱含量的相关关系,目的是为植物活性成分环境定向诱导培育提供实验依据。研究结果表明：（1）对于不同光照状况的全光照（空地）、70%光照（榆树林内）和40%光照下（白扦林内）的9个样地白屈菜生活史型划分发现,全光照下白屈菜种群生活史型为V0.34S0.41C0.25,为SV生活史型,空地为DE（Disturbed but still Excellent）生境;榆树林下和白扦林下的白屈菜生活史型分别可表示为V0.28S0.38C0.34和V0.27S0.40C0.33,均为SC生活史型,榆树林下和白扦林下为DF（Disturbed and Fragile）生境。（2）白屈菜植株次生代谢产物（单宁、黄酮和生物碱）含量,空地均低于榆树林下和白扦林下生境。各样地白屈菜不同器官单宁含量：叶片（种（根（茎;黄酮含量：种（叶片（根（茎;生物碱含量：叶片（根（茎,各样地白屈菜茎和根的生物碱含量无明显差异,空地白屈菜叶片中生物碱含量低于榆树林下和白扦林下白屈菜植株59%～56.7%。（3）白屈菜生活史型与次生代谢产物（单宁、黄酮和生物碱）含量相关性分析结果中,显著的线性关系显示,白屈菜次生代谢产物（单宁、黄酮和生物碱）含量与营养生长和有性生长成负相关,与克隆生长成正相关。实验结果表明,较于空地的DE生境,林（榆树和白扦）下的DF生境条件差,使白屈菜向C型转变,同时也促进了次生代谢产物（单宁、黄酮和生物碱）的积累。结果可以为野生植物的人工定向培育中生境选择和目的活性成分定向累积提供基于形态学的评价方法和理论。     

喜树与南方红豆杉混交群落生活史型谱特征

研究了不同生境条件下喜树和南方红豆杉混交群落中喜树和南方红豆杉的生活史型谱特征。结果表明,喜树和南方红豆杉在S生活史型得分和比例均为0。喜树和南方红豆杉生活史型V主成分得分均以山地2最高,而纯林的生活史型V主成分得分最低,C也表现为山地2最高,而纯林最低。喜树种群的生活史型比例按照从山地、坡地、平地、纯林排序,V型比例逐渐上升而C型比例逐渐下降的趋势,这就构成了混交群落中喜树种群的生活史型谱。南方红豆杉种群的生活史型谱特征,主要表现为山地2和坡地V型比例最小,而C型比例最大,纯林种植中V型比例较高,而以纯林1的V型比例最高,C型比例最小。     

樟子松（Pinus svlvestris var. mongolica）人工群落生活史型谱

以东北林业大学植物园内的樟子松人工群落为研究对象,应用主成分分析方法在对群落内不同种的生活史型进行划分的基础上,对松科樟子松和白扦、槭树科糖槭、豆科紫穗槐、木犀科暴马丁香、蔷薇科毛果绣线菊和托盘、红豆杉科东北红豆杉、菊科飞廉和线叶旋覆花、禾本科扁穗草、罂粟科白屈菜、唇形科夏至草、十字花科荠菜14种植物生活史型及谱特征进行了定量化分析,以此为依据对群落演替和健康水平进行评价的可行性进行了探讨。结果发现此群落中主林层植物(樟子松和白扦)营养生长(Vegetationgrowth,V)达到46%,有性生长(Sexualgrowth,S)在35%,无性生长(Clonegrowth,C)约为19%;演替层植物(糖槭、紫穗槐、暴马丁香、毛果绣线菊、托盘和东北红豆杉)营养生长超过50%,无性生长略高于有性生长;草本层植物(飞廉、扁穗草、线叶旋覆花、白屈菜、夏至草和荠菜)营养生长接近于47%,有性生长只比营养生长少了4%,无性生长只占到11%。这些发现说明了主林层的生活史型是以营养生长为主的VS过渡生活史型,演替层植物应为V生活史型而草本植物为VS过渡类型。群落的生活史型是V0.49S0.33C0.18,属于VS过渡生活史型,在样地调查的14种植物中,生活史型大部分以营养为主,综合评价此群落处于以营养生长为主(49%)的健康群落水平,此群落中有性生长占总生活史型得分的33%,有向有性生长发展的趋势,但在一段时间内该群落应为稳定群落。     

土壤不同水分条件对长春花(Catharanthus roseus)生活史型的影响

为了研究土壤中不同水分条件对长春花生活史型形成及生理代谢的影响,设置对照、轻度干旱、中度干旱和重度干旱等土壤水分梯度,对长春花(Catharanthus roseus(L.)G.Don)幼苗进行处理。对长春花形态指标进行聚类分析发现选择的20个聚类实体被分为2组,第1组为对照(CK)和轻度干旱(LD)处理的植株,第2组为中度干旱(MD)和重度干旱(HD)处理的植株。运用主成分分析(Principal component analysis,PCA)方法对不同土壤水分条件下长春花营养生长(Vegetative growth,V)、有性生殖(Sexual reproduction,S)和无性繁殖(Clone reproduction,C)等3类15种性状进行统计。结果显示,长春花在对照条件下生活史型为V0.39S0.54C0.07,轻度干旱为V0.36S0.50C0.14,中度干旱为V0.53S0.27C0.20,重度干旱为V0.45S0.09C0.46,干旱程度加强显著提高了无性繁殖的比重,降低了有性生殖的比例。同时,对长春花中文朵灵、长春质碱和脱水长春碱等生物碱的含量进行了动态测定,发现重度干旱下的文朵灵、长春质碱和脱水长春碱的含量在16d时分别是对照水平的1.5倍、2.3倍和3.1倍,表明干旱胁迫诱导生物碱积累,为长春花高效栽培提供了理论依据。     

高温对长春花生活史型形成和生理代谢的影响

长春花(Catharanthus roseus)是重要的药用植物,广泛栽植于热带和亚热带地区。高温(≥40℃)是其生活史过程中常见的胁迫因子之一。为了研究高温对植物能量在营养和繁殖上分配格局和生理代谢的影响,运用生活史型理论与方法研究高温和对照温度条件下长春花生活史型和生理代谢动态特点。主成分分析法(Principal component analysis,PCA)对营养生长(Vegetativegrowth,V)、有性生殖(Sexual reproduction,S)和无性繁殖(Clone reproduction,C)等3类15种性状进行统计,发现4周后高温与对照温度条件下长春花生活史型划分结果分别为V0.480S0.487C0.032和V0.604S0.385C0.010。对高温处理过程中可溶性糖、生物碱和抗氧化剂的代谢规律研究发现,蔗糖含量在第4周增加了约7倍,达到了(1.41±0.23)mg/g;文朵灵、长春质碱和长春碱等3种生物碱在第2周增加了2倍,峰值分别达到(6.0±0.63)mg/g、(3.8±0.63)mg/g和(35.6±2.8)μg/g;还原性谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)从(153.3±11.8)nmol/g升高到(348.7±19.9)nmol/g,氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)由(54.5±9.27)nmol/g增加至(149.2±10.1)nmol/g,均增加了1倍以上,GSH/GSSG比值则呈持续下降趋势。结果表明,高温使长春花能量固定总量增加了1倍以上,促进了有性繁殖和无性繁殖的投入,降低了营养生长方面的投入比例,这种能量分配格局的变化伴随着显著的生理代谢变化。     

植物生活史型的多样性及动态分析

主要阐述了植物生活史型的基本定义和基本模式。根据植物的生态幅（Ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ　ａｍｐｌｉｔｕｄｅ）、适合度（Ｆｉｔｎｅｓｓ）和能量分配格局将植物生活史型划分出Ｖ生活史型、Ｓ生活史型和ｃ生活史型３个基本类型以及ＶＳ生活史型、ＳＶ生活史型、ｃＳ生活史型、Ｓｃ生活史型等６个具有混合特征的过渡类型。文中分析了权衡（丁ｒａｄｅ—ｏｆｆ）植物生活史各阶段的能量需求,使之合理地进行能量分配,进而使植物生活史型获得最佳的繁殖和存活效益以及最大的适合度的重要性,指出韧生代谢和次生代谢增值物生活史型及其生活史型之间相互转换的密切关系。韧生代谢物质主要用于营养生长,次生代谢物质主要用于促进繁育和拮抗环境胁迫。植物生活史型在特定时空中依生境的连续变化而发生相互转换,呈现出具动态特征的植物生活史型诺。提出了植物生活史型的形成机制,即生境中的资源状况和干扰程度构成了环境筛的径度,进而形成选择压力,以使植物按需分配能量,合成初级代谢产物或次级代谢产物来应对选择压力,形成自身的生态幅和适应对策,最终与生境相互作用过程中表现出的适合度来表征相应的生活史型。还提出了植物生活史型之间相互转化的机制,即每一种植物生活史型均有与该生活史型相对应的生境类型、选择压力、代谢物质和生活史对策,由于时空的连续变化,生境类型也发生过渡性变化,形成过渡类型（ＥＤ、ＤＥ、ＤＦ、ＦＤ）,因而导致选择压力、代谢物质、生活史对策也发生过渡性变化,形成过渡类型ＬＭ、ＭＬ、ＭＨ、ＨＭ、ＫＲ、ＲＫ、ＲＴ、ＴＲ、ＢＰ、ＰＢ、ＰＡ、ＡＰ,最终通过ＶＳ、ＳＶ、ＳＣ、ＣＳ等过渡类型的形成而实现植物生活史型之间的相互转换。文中以高山红景天（Ｒｈｏｄｉｏｌａ　ｓａｃｈａｌｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）等５种植物生活史型谱为例,分析了各植物生活史型谱的动态特征并指出：Ｖ生活史型的植物因营养体较为发达、寿命较长,且能通过正常的有性生殖繁衍后代,通常都能产生稳定种群;以Ｓ生活史型为主的植物,因台子中含有来自双亲的两套基因,故有性生殖过程能产生较多遗传性不同的后代,使种群的适应环境变化的能力加强,因而容易形成爆发种群;以ｃ生活史型为主的植物,其遗传物质与母体完全相同,故种群适应环境变化的能力较弱,因而容易导致种群濒危。     

N‐P utilization of Acer mono leaves at different life history stages across altitudinal gradients

The relationship between plants and the environment is a core area of research in ecology. Owing to differences in plant sensitivity to the environment at different life history stages, the adaptive strategies of plants are a cumulative result of both their life history and environment. Previous research on plant adaptation strategies has focused on adult plants, neglecting saplings or seedlings, which are more sensitive to the environment and largely affect the growth strategy of subsequent life stages. We compared leaf N and P stoichiometric traits of the seedlings, saplings, and adult trees of Acer mono Maxim and different altitudes and found significant linear trends for both life history stages and altitude. Leaf N and P content by unit mass were greatly affected by environmental change, and the leaf N and P content by unit area varied greatly by life history stage. Acer mono leaf N‐P utilization showed a significant allometric growth trend in all life history stages and at low altitudes. The adult stage had higher N‐use efficiency than the seedling stage and exhibited an isometric growth trend at high altitudes. The N‐P utilization strategies of A. mono leaves are affected by changing environmental conditions, but their response is further dependent upon the life history stage of the plant. Thus, this study provides novel insights into the nutrient use strategies of A. mono and how they respond to the environmental temperature, soil moisture content along altitude and how these changes differ among different life history stages, which further provide the scientific basis for the study of plant nutrient utilization strategy on regional scale.     

植物生活史繁殖对策与干扰关系的研究

植物生活史繁殖对策研究是涉及植物的适应或进化、生态系统退化与恢复过程、生物多样性保护等多方面理论生态学和应用生态学研究内容的生态学研究领域。按Grime的植物生活史繁殖对策分类、植物营养繁殖与干扰适应、种子形态学与干扰适应、土壤种子库与干扰适应、植物繁殖体传播和萌发与干扰适应论述了当今极受关注的植物生活史繁殖对策与干扰关系,简述了我国干旱区干扰与植物生活史繁殖对策关系研究。     

长江口盐沼海三棱藨草在高程梯度上的生物量分配(英文)

海三棱草 (ScirpusmariqueterTangetZhang)是一种典型的先锋植物。它能占据于长江口盐沼的光滩上 ,生境非常恶劣。为探索该物种在高度环境胁迫下的生活史策略 ,测定了它在高程梯度上的生物量分配 ,以及有关形态学参数。结果发现海三棱草在中位高程时密度和单株生物量最高 ,生长最好。在由低及高的高程梯度上 ,球茎、根状茎的生物量分配比例逐渐下降 ,表明植物体在光滩前沿采取保守策略 ;而花序的比例则逐渐上升 ,表明植物在生活史过程中 ,由无性生殖向有性生殖的转变。这种转变可能有利于种群的扩散和生存。另外 ,相关分析表明 ,有性生殖性状与无性生殖、生长性状呈负相关 ,但无性生殖与生长性状间的关系难以确定 ,可能由于球茎在不同生活史阶段的不同功能引起。     

Biomass Allocation of Scirpus mariqueter Along an Elevational Gradient in a Salt Marsh of the Yangtse River Estuary

cirpus mariqueter Tang et Zhang is a typical pioneer plant colonizing the bare beaches of the Yangtse River estuary. To explore the life history strategy of the species with reference to environmental physical stress, the biomass allocations to different plant components and some related morphological parameters were examined along an elevational gradient within a salt marsh. Authors found that S. mariqueter performed best at medium elevation within the marsh, with relatively high density of shoot and individual ramet dry mass. Biomass allocation to corm was the highest at low elevations, and the least at high elevations, suggesting that a conservative strategy was adopted by the species to cope with the harsh physical conditions at the low elevation. The investment in rhizome decreased from low to high elevations, while the proportion of inflorescence mass increased, indicating that during the life history, the species shifts from predominant asexual reproduction to predominant sexual reproduction. This may be favourable for the species to colonize larger area, and to spread and persist at a meta-population level. Correlation analyses showed that sexual reproduction was inversely related to growth and asexual reproduction. However, it is difficult to determine the relationship between asexual reproduction and growth possibly because of the varied function of the corms of the species in different life history stages.     

How to tell a shrub from a tree: A life‐history perspective from a South African savanna

The ecological differences between ‘shrubs’ and ‘trees’ are surprisingly poorly understood and clear ecological definitions of these two constructs do not exist. It is not clear whether a shrub is simply a small tree or whether shrubs represent a distinct life‐history strategy. This question is of special interest in African savannas, where shrubs and trees often co‐dominate, but are often treated uniformly as ‘woody plants’ even though the tree to shrub ratio is an important determinant of ecosystem functioning. In this study we use data from a long‐term fire experiment, together with a trait‐based approach to test (i) if woody species usually classified as shrubs or trees in African savanna differ in key traits related to disturbance and resource use; and (ii) if these differences justify the interpretation of the two growth forms as distinct life‐history strategies. We measured for 22 of the most common woody plant species of a South African savanna 27 plant traits related to plant architecture, life‐history, leaf characteristics, photosynthesis and resprouting capacity. Furthermore we evaluated their performance during a long‐term fire experiment. We found that woody plants authors call (i) shrubs; (ii) shrubs sometimes small trees; and (3) trees responded differently to long‐term fire treatments. We additionally found significant differences in architecture, diameter‐height‐allometry, foliage density, resprouting vigour after fire, minimum fruiting height and foliar δ¹³C between these three woody plant types. We interpret these findings as evidence for at least two different life‐history‐strategies: an avoidance/adaptation strategy for shrubs (early reproduction + adaptation to minor disturbance) and an escape strategy for trees (promoted investment in height growth + delayed reproduction).     

Reproductive efficiency and shade avoidance plasticity under simulated competition

Plant strategy and life‐history theories make different predictions about reproductive efficiency under competition. While strategy theory suggests under intense competition iteroparous perennial plants delay reproduction and semelparous annuals reproduce quickly, life‐history theory predicts both annual and perennial plants increase resource allocation to reproduction under intense competition. We tested (1) how simulated competition influences reproductive efficiency and competitive ability (CA) of different plant life histories and growth forms; (2) whether life history or growth form is associated with CA; (3) whether shade avoidance plasticity is connected to reproductive efficiency under simulated competition. We examined plastic responses of 11 herbaceous species representing different life histories and growth forms to simulated competition (spectral shade). We found that both annual and perennial plants invested more to reproduction under simulated competition in accordance with life‐history theory predictions. There was no significant difference between competitive abilities of different life histories, but across growth forms, erect species expressed greater CA (in terms of leaf number) than other growth forms. We also found that shade avoidance plasticity can increase the reproductive efficiency by capitalizing on the early life resource acquisition and conversion of these resources into reproduction. Therefore, we suggest that a reassessment of the interpretation of shade avoidance plasticity is necessary by revealing its role in reproduction, not only in competition of plants.     

Change across the lifespan in a psychological measure of life history strategy

Life history theory predicts that people calibrate their reproductive strategies to local levels of environmental harshness and unpredictability. While previous research has established the importance of early life cues in the development of life history strategy, the degree to which life history strategy exhibits plasticity later in life is unclear. Using longitudinal data (total N = 479) from four archival studies and a recently validated psychological measure of life history strategy, we examined mean-level trends in life history strategy at the level of psychological phenotype between the ages of 7 and 60 and found that life history strategy slowed down linearly as a function of age. Highlighting the importance of sexual selection in shaping life history strategy, we also found that men had a faster life history strategy than women at all ages and that the magnitude of this difference was constant across the lifespan. Our findings suggest that life history strategy development continues even in older adulthood. We discuss the possibility that this occurs in response to the accumulation of biological and social (e.g. offspring, relationships) capital and information about local risks and incentives.     

动物生活史进化理论研究进展

综述了生活史性状、生活史对策、权衡、适合度及进化种群统计学等动物生活史进化领域的进展。权衡是生活史性状之间相互联系的纽带,分为生理权衡与进化权衡。适合度是相对的,与个体所处的特定环境条件有关,性状进化与适合度之间关系紧密。适合度是生活史进化理论研究的焦点。探讨动物生活史对策的理论很多,影响最大的是MacArthur和Wilson提出的r对策及K对策理论。随年龄的增长,动物存活率及繁殖率逐步下降的过程,称为衰老;解释衰老的进化理论主要有突变-选择平衡假设和多效对抗假设。进化种群统计学将种群统计学应用于生活史进化研究,为探讨表型适合度的进化提供了有效的手段。将进化种群统计学、数量遗传学及特定种系效应理论进行整合,建立完整的动物生活史进化综合理论体系,是当代此领域的最大挑战。     

Interactive life‐history traits predict sensitivity of plants and animals to temporal autocorrelation

Temporal autocorrelation in demographic processes is an important aspect of population dynamics, but a comprehensive examination of its effects on different life‐history strategies is lacking. We use matrix population models from 454 plant and animal populations to simulate stochastic population growth rates (log λ_s) under different temporal autocorrelations in demographic rates , using simulated and observed covariation among rates. We then test for differences in sensitivities, or changes of log λ_s to changes in autocorrelation among two major axes of life‐history strategies, obtained from phylogenetically informed principal component analysis: the fast‐slow and reproductive‐strategy continua. Fast life histories exhibit highest sensitivities to simulated autocorrelation in demographic rates across reproductive strategies. Slow life histories are less sensitive to temporal autocorrelation, but their sensitivities increase among highly iteroparous species. We provide cross‐taxonomic evidence that changes in the autocorrelation of environmental variation may affect a wide range of species, depending on complex interactions of life‐history strategies.