长期施用有机肥和过磷酸钙对潮土有效磷积累与淋溶的影响

利用20年定位试验研究了施用化肥和有机肥对潮土耕层土壤有效磷（Olsen-P）含量与作物产量的关系及土壤Olsen-P积累和垂直移动规律的影响.结果表明：土壤Olsen-P含量在10～40 mg·kg^-1能保证小麦、玉米有较高的产量,土壤Olsen-P含量大于40 mg·kg^-1发生显著淋溶,轻壤质潮土Olsen-P发生淋溶的阈值为40 mg·kg^-1.连续施用化肥（NPK）和秸秆还田处理（SNPK）施磷量在77～90 kg·hm^-2,平均每100 kg P·hm^-2使耕层土壤Olsen-P提高0.63～0.72 mg·kg^-1,每年提高0.49～0.65 mg·kg^-1,达到淋失阈值需要45～60年.有机肥与化肥结合（MNPK、MNPK2和1.5 MNPK）,年施磷量为210 kg·hm^-2时,土壤Olsen-P（Y）与施肥年度（x）的关系为：Y_{1.5 MNPK}=4.506x+6.4464 (R²=0.8862),平均每年增加4.5 mg·kg^-1,连续施用8年可使耕层土壤Olsen-P达到淋失阈值;年施磷量为125和140 kg·hm^-2时,土壤Olsen-P与施肥年度的关系为：Y_MNPK2=2.4765x+13.563 (R²=0.9307)和Y_MNPK=3.1097x+6.9615 (R²=0.8562),平均每年增加2.47和3.1 mg·kg^-1,连续施用11年可使耕层土壤Olsen-P达到淋失阈值.有机无机肥结合处理土壤Olsen-P积累速度是化肥处理的3.5倍,过量施用有机肥增加了土壤Olsen-P的积累和淋失.     

DNDC模型在农田氮素渗漏淋失估算中的应用

采用田间原装渗漏计测定了山东省济南市典型种植模式下,2008年冬小麦整个生长季水分和 氮素淋失量,并利用该数据对DNDC（DeNitrification-DeComposion）模型进行检验和敏感性分析.结果表明：模型对该地区农田土壤水分运动的模拟效果较好,模拟结果的精度总体上可以接受,但对氮素淋失量的模拟结果存在一定偏差,冬小麦整个生长季的氮素淋失量模拟值（18.35 kg N·hm^-2）比实测值（14.89 kg N·hm^-2）高3.46 kg N·hm^-2,相对偏差在20%左右,模型参数尚需作进一步调整.模型敏感性分析显示,农田氮素淋失更易受到灌水量和施肥量的影响.DNDC模型在该地区有一定的适用性.     

基于秸秆还田条件下的黄灌区稻旱轮作土壤硝态氮淋失特征研究

宁夏引黄灌区农田面源污染较为严重,区内大部分排水沟水质为劣Ⅴ类,其主要污染物硝态氮与铵态氮。设置常规施肥(CK)、常规施肥条件下施用4500kg/hm~2(T1,半量还田)和9000 kg/hm~2(T2,全量还田)秸秆3个处理。利用树脂芯法吸附10、20、30、60、90cm土层的硝态氮流失量。2009—2013年的试验结果表明:秸秆还田能够减少土壤30cm土层的硝态氮淋失。与对照硝态氮淋失量(15.76 kg/hm~2)相比,T1(13.76 kg/hm~2)与T2(13.74 kg/hm~2)均达到显著差异(P0.05),淋失量分别减少12.71%和12.84%,T1与T2没有达到显著差异。秸秆还田对土壤硝态氮淋失的影响效应主要体现在30cm土层处,10、20、60与90cm土层处的处理与对照都没有达到显著差异。秸秆还田提高了30cm土层的土壤有机质与土壤总氮,与对照(13.78 g/kg)相比,T1与T2土壤有机质分别提高0.89 g/kg和1.24 g/kg;试验结束后,对照、T1和T2的总氮是达到0.64、0.66和0.69 g/kg,与对照相比,处理分别提高了2.76%和6.83%。秸秆还田有助于作物增产,T1与T2的水稻平均增产9.24%和10.37%,小麦增产10.11%和11.51%。     

Ammonium,nitrate and dissolved organic nitrogen in seepage water as affected by compost amendment to European beech,Norway spruce,and Scots pine forests

Fertilization of nutrient-depleted and degraded forest soils may be required to sustain utilization of forests. In some European countries, the application of composts may now be an alternative to the application of inorganic fertilizers because commercial compost production has increased and compost quality has been improved. There is, however, concern that compost amendments may cause increased leaching of nitrogen, trace metals and toxic organic compounds to groundwater. The objective of this study was to assess the risk of ammonium (NH₄ ⁺), nitrate (NO₃ ^–) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) leaching following a single compost application to silty and sandy soils in mature beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), pine (Pinus silvestris L.) and spruce (Picea abies Karst.) forests at Solling and Unterlüß in Lower Saxony, Germany. Mature compost from separately collected organic household waste was applied to the soil surface at a rate of 6.3 kg m^–2 in the summer of 1997 and changes in NH₄ ⁺, NO₃ ^– and DON concentrations in throughfall and soil water at 10 and 100 cm soil depths were determined for 32 months. The spruce forests had the highest N inputs by throughfall water and the highest N outputs in both the control and compost plots compared with the pine and beech forests. Overall, the differences in total N outputs at 100 cm soil depth between the control and compost plots ranged between 0.3 and 11.2 g N m^–2 for the entire 32-month period. The major leaching of these amounts occurred during the first 17 months after compost amendments, but there was no significant difference in total N outputs (–0.2 to 1.8 g N m^–2) between the control and compost plots during the remaining 15 months. Most of the mineral soils acted as a significant sink for NO₃ ^– and DON as shown by a reduction of their outputs from 10 to 100 cm depth. Based on these results, we conclude that application of mature compost with high inorganic N contents could diminish the groundwater quality in the first months after the amendments. A partial, moderate application of mature compost with low inorganic N content to nutrient depleted forest soils can minimize the risk of NO₃ ^– leaching.     

Land‐use effects on resource net flux rates and oxygen demand in stream sediments

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Evidence that Soil Carbon Pool Determines Susceptibility of Semi-Natural Ecosystems to Elevated Nitrogen Leaching

Deposition of reactive nitrogen (N) compounds has the potential to cause severe damage to sensitive soils and waters, but the process of ‘nitrogen saturation’ is difficult to demonstrate or predict. This study compares outputs from a simple carbon–nitrogen model with observations of (1) regional- and catchment-scale relationships between surface water nitrate and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), as an indicator of catchment carbon (C) pool; (2) inter-regional variations in soil C/N ratios; and (3) plot scale soil and leachate response to long-term N additions, for a range of UK moorlands. Results suggest that the simple model applied can effectively reproduce observed patterns, and that organic soil C stores provide a critical control on catchment susceptibility to enhanced N leaching, leading to high spatial variability in the extent and severity of current damage within regions of relatively uniform deposition. Results also support the hypothesis that the N richness of organic soils, expressed as C/N ratio, provides an effective indicator of soil susceptibility to enhanced N leaching. The extent to which current C/N is influenced by N deposition, as opposed to factors such as climate and vegetation type, cannot be unequivocally determined on the basis of spatial data. However, N addition experiments at moorland sites have shown a reduction in organic soil C/N. A full understanding of the mechanisms of N-enrichment of soils and waters is essential to the assessment of current sensitivity to, and prediction of future damage from, globally increasing reactive nitrogen deposition.     

氮添加对沙质草地氨挥发及硝态氮淋溶的影响

采用密闭室法和离子交换树脂袋法,研究了科尔沁沙质草地不同处理(水添加、氮添加、水氮添加)氧挥发的损失量和硝态氮的淋溶量.结果表明:氮添加处理和水氮添加处理显著促进了氨挥发(P＜0.05),最大氨挥发速率显著高于对照;氮添加处理和水氮添加处理的氨挥发累积量为111.80和148.64 mg·m-2,分别占氮添加量的1.1％和1.5％;水氮同时添加条件下,氨挥发累计量显著高于氨添加处理(P＜0.05),水添加处理和对照相比没有显著差异(P＞0.05);水氮添加处理显著增加了土壤深度20 cm处的硝态氮淋溶量(P＜0.05),氮添加处理和水氮添加处理的硝态氮淋溶量分别是对照的1.96和4.22倍,然而在土壤深度40 cm处各处理硝态氮淋溶量差异不显著(P＞0.05);可见,氮添加和水氮添加均促进了土壤的氧挥发,对硝态氮的淋溶没有显著影响.     

Response of nitrate leaching to no-tillage is dependent on soil,climate, and management factors: A global meta-analysis

No tillage (NT) has been proposed as a practice to reduce the adverse effects of tillage on contaminant (e.g., sediment and nutrient) losses to waterways. Nonetheless, previous reports on impacts of NT on nitrate (${\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}$) leaching are inconsistent. A global meta-analysis was conducted to test the hypothesis that the response of ${\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}$ leaching under NT, relative to tillage, is associated with tillage type (inversion vs non-inversion tillage), soil properties (e.g., soil organic carbon [SOC]), climate factors (i.e., water input), and management practices (e.g., NT duration and nitrogen fertilizer inputs). Overall, compared with all forms of tillage combined, NT had 4% and 14% greater area-scaled and yield-scaled ${\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}$ leaching losses, respectively. The ${\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}$ leaching under NT tended to be 7% greater than that of inversion tillage but comparable to non-inversion tillage. Greater ${\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}$ leaching under NT, compared with inversion tillage, was most evident under short-duration NT (<5 years), where water inputs were low (<2 mm day⁻¹), in medium texture and low SOC (<1%) soils, and at both higher (>200 kg ha⁻¹) and lower (0–100 kg ha⁻¹) rates of nitrogen addition. Of these, SOC was the most important factor affecting the risk of NO₃⁻ leaching under NT compared with inversion tillage. Globally, on average, the greater amount of NO₃⁻ leached under NT, compared with inversion tillage, was mainly attributed to corresponding increases in drainage. The percentage of global cropping land with lower risk of NO₃⁻ leaching under NT, relative to inversion tillage, increased with NT duration from 3 years (31%) to 15 years (54%). This study highlighted that the benefits of NT adoption for mitigating ${\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}$ leaching are most likely in long-term NT cropping systems on high-SOC soils.     

宁夏引黄灌区秸秆还田对麦田土壤硝态氮淋失的影响

以宁夏引黄灌区为例,探索秸秆还田条件下冬小麦土壤硝态氮淋失规律。试验设置常规施肥(CK)、常规施肥条件下施用4500kg/hm2(T1,半量还田)和9000 kg/hm2(T2,全量还田)秸秆3个处理。利用树脂芯法吸附10、20、30、60cm和90cm土层的硝态氮流失量。结果表明:硝态氮(纯N)淋失量6.26—12.85 kg/hm2,是冬小麦施用化肥氮量的2.78%—5.71%。与对照CK相比,T1和T2在10cm土层减少0.09%和3.97%;20cm土层减少8.51%和9.81%;30cm土层减少2.25%和10.34%;60cm土层减少23.85%和13.08%;90cm土层减少27.65%和20.73%。10cm和20cm土层,处理与对照以及处理之间均未到显著性差异(P0.05);30cm处理,T1与CK以及T1与T2未达到显著性差异,但T2与CK达到显著性差异表明全量还田效果最好;60cm土层,处理与对照、以及处理之间均达到显著性差异;90cm土层,处理与对照之间达到显著性差异,处理之间未达到显著性差异。硝态氮淋失主要发生在冬小麦返青至灌浆期间,占全生育期淋失量的52.95%—67.79%。T1、T2冬小麦产量增产率分别为10.11%与11.51%。可见,稻秆还田能够减少灌区土壤硝态氮淋失量。     

宁夏引黄灌区猪粪还田对稻作土壤硝态氮淋失的影响

以宁夏引黄灌区稻田为例,探索猪粪还田条件下稻田土壤硝态氮淋失规律。试验设置3个处理:常规施肥300 kg纯N kg/hm2(CK)、常规施肥条件下施用4500kg/hm2(T1)和9000 kg/hm2(T2)猪粪。利用树脂芯法吸附稻田30cm、60cm和90cm土层的硝态氮流失量。结果表明:在常规施肥的基础上增施猪粪,可以减少稻田生育期内60cm与90cm处土壤硝态氮淋失量,与CK相比,T1、T2在两个土层处淋失量的减少比例分别为4.93%、13.92%与7.48%、13.77%。同一土层不同处理之间差异显著性比较看(P0.05),30cm处T1、T2与CK相比没有达到显著性差异;60cm处,T1与CK未达到显著差异,T2与CK达到显著差异;90cm处,T1、T2与CK相比达到显著差异;60cm和90cm土层处的T2与T1之间均达到显著差异。T1和T2在30cm处的淋失量高于CK,但增加不明显,处理之间以及处理与对照相比差异不显著。稻田生育期内不同土层硝态氮淋失量在13.61—17.77 kg/hm2(纯N)。硝态氮淋失集中在插秧至分蘖期(5月中旬—6月下旬),该阶段的硝态氮淋失量占生育期内总淋失量的61.62%—72.84%;后期淋失量明显减少。处理T1、T2的水稻产量增产率分别为15.86%与12.85%。由此可见,在引黄灌区稻田,一定数量的猪粪还田,不仅能够减少土壤硝态氮向深层淋失,防控地下水污染,还有利于水稻增产。     

长期不同施肥下水稻产量及土壤有机质和氮素养分的变化特征

利用开始于1982年的湖南祁阳官山坪水稻长期(1982-2010年)定位试验,研究不同施肥条件下水稻产量及土壤有机质、氮素养分的动态变化特征,试验设置NPK、NPKM(M为牛粪)、 NPM、NKM、PKM、M和CK等7个处理.28年长期不同施肥处理结果表明：肥料的施用均能提高土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量和水稻产量.氮、磷、钾化肥+有机肥(NPKM)处理的水稻产量一直保持最高水平,氮、磷、钾化肥(NPK)处理随着试验年限的延长呈下降趋势,其水稻产量逐渐低于其他施肥处理.单施有机肥或有机无机肥配施各处理土壤有机质含量在试验开始后的前16年有一个快速增加的过程,之后略有下降,然后仍保持增长趋势;NPK化肥处理土壤有机质含量仅在试验开始后的前8年增加较快,之后在一个相对稳定的范围内波动.各施肥处理在试验开始后的前8年内土壤全氮含量均呈快速积累趋势,以NPKM处理增幅最大.各施肥处理土壤碱解氮含量在试验开始后的前12年增加较慢,平均每年增加0.66～2.25 mg·kg^-1,1994-1998年增加较快,平均每年增加6.45～32.45 mg·kg^-1;1998年之后,各施肥处理土壤碱解氮含量均略有下降,其中,有机无机肥配施处理增加较快,单施化肥处理增加较慢.表明有机肥的施用是红壤性水稻土有机质和氮素营养水平稳定提升的关键措施,是红壤稻田土壤可持续利用的重要保障.     

Impacts of long-term application of organic fertilizers on soil quality parameters in reclaimed loess soils of the Rhineland lignite mining area

On the basis of long-term field experiments, the impact is demonstrated of the periodic application of organic fertilizers on the accumulation of organic matter and the development of the micro-pollutant content of reclaimed loess soils of the Rhineland lignite mining area under agricultural use. The oldest of these experiments (‘Berrenrath Humus Accumulation Experiment’) was begun in 1969. The results show that the regular input of organic matter (e.g. manure, waste compost, sewage sludge) favors the accumulation of soil organic matter (SOM). However, the type of organic material applied seems to be less important to the long-term accumulation process than the application rate. This is also true for composted and uncomposted manure, if the decay of organic matter during the composting process is taken into account. Nevertheless, the application of similar amounts of organic C in the form of manure resulted in a higher accumulation of SOM in a nitrogen-reduced farming system. Depending on the treatment, accumulation rates were between 0.02 and 0.08% SOM per year with values decreasing with time. From these results, it is estimated that reclaimed soils will take much longer to reach the former SOM level than was previously assumed. However, it is important to determine which SOM level is adequate for different soil functions (e.g. production function, filter and buffer function, transformation function), and whether the young SOM of reclaimed soils has the same properties as older SOM in undisturbed topsoils. As was expected, long-term fertilization with sewage sludge and waste compost led to an accumulation of some micro-pollutants in the topsoils treated. Nevertheless, the observed concentrations are quite low compared to background levels in topsoils of rural regions in North Rhine-Westphalia. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Modeling changes in soil organic matter in Amazon forest to pasture conversion with the Century model

Land use and land cover changes in the Brazilian Amazon region have major implications for regional and even global carbon cycling. We analyzed the effects of the predominant land use change, conversion of tropical forest to pasture, on total soil C and N, using the Century ecosystem model and data collected from the Nova Vida ranch, Western Brazilian Amazon. We estimated equilibrium organic matter levels, plant productivity and residue carbon inputs under native forest conditions, then simulated deforestation following the slash and burn procedure. Soil organic matter dynamics were simulated for pastures established in 1989, 1987, 1983, 1979, 1972, 1951, and 1911. Using input data from the Nova Vida ranch, the Century model predicted that forest clearance and conversion to pasture would cause an initial decline in soil C and N stocks, followed by a slow rise to levels exceeding those under native forest. Simulated soil total C and N levels (2500 g C m^?2 and 245 g N m^?2 in the 0–20 cm layer) prior to conversion to pasture were close to those measured in the native forest. Simulated above‐ and below‐ground biomass for the forest and pasture were comparable with literature values from this region. The model predicted the long‐term changes in soil C and N under pasture inferred from the pasture chronosequence, but there was considerable variation in soil C stocks for pastures <20 years in age. Differences in soil texture between pastures were relatively small and could not account for much of the variability between different pastures of similar ages, in either the measured or simulated data. It is likely that much of the variability in C stocks between pastures of similar ages is related to initial C stocks immediately following deforestation and that this was the largest source of variability in the chronosequence. Internal C cycling processes in Century were evaluated using measurements of microbial biomass and soil δ¹³C. The relative magnitude and long‐term trend in microbial biomass simulated by the model were consistent with measurements. The close fit of simulated to measured values of δ¹³C over time suggests that the relative loss of forest‐derived C and its replacement by pasture‐derived C was accurately predicted by the model. After 80 years, almost 90% of the organic matter in the top 20 cm was pasture derived. While our analysis represents a single ‘case study’ of pasture conversion, our results suggest that modeling studies in these pasture systems can help to evaluate the magnitude of impacts on C and N cycling, and determine the effect of management strategies on pasture sustainability.     

长期施肥对潮棕壤有机氮组分的影响

依托长期定位试验(从1990年开始)的4个施肥处理(CK,不施肥;M,循环猪圈肥;NPK,单施化肥;NPK+M,化肥配施循环猪圈肥),探讨了长期施肥对潮棕壤有机氮各组分的影响并揭示了其年际变化特征.结果表明: 从试验开始至2015年,不同施肥模式下各有机氮组分呈现不同的变化趋势,其中酸解有机氮基本上表现为逐年增加的趋势;M和NPK+M处理氨基酸态氮也逐年上升,而CK和NPK处理氨基酸态氮持续下降,这可能与微生物对土壤中氨基酸的利用有关.在整个试验过程中(1990—2015年的平均值),NPK处理酸解铵态氮大幅度增加,比CK增加31.1%;在施加有机肥的2个处理中(M和NPK+M)有机氮各组分均有所提高.与M相比,NPK+M处理各有机氮组分增加的幅度更加明显,这表明有机无机肥配施能有效增加土壤有机氮,进而增强土壤供氮能力,提高土壤肥力水平.     

Modeling long-term crop response to fertilizer and soil nitrogen

A simple nitrogen balance model to calculate long-term changes in soil organic nitrogen, nitrogen uptake by the crop and recovery of applied nitrogen, is presented. It functions with time intervals of one year or one growing season. In the model a labile and a stable pool of soil organic nitrogen are distinguished. Transfer coefficients for the various inputs of nitrogen are established that specify the fractions taken up by the crop, lost from the system, and incorporated in soil organic nitrogen. It is shown how input data, model parameters and initial pool sizes can be derived and how the model can be used for calculating long-term changes in total soil organic nitrogen and uptake by the crop. For nitrogen applied annually as fertilizer or organic material the time course of nitrogen uptake and recovery of applied nitrogen is calculated. To test the sensitivity of the model, calculations have been performed for different environmental conditions with higher or lower risks for losses. The model has also been applied to establish fertilizer recommendations for a certain target nitrogen uptake by the crop. Finally, for agricultural systems where periods of cropping alternate with peroids of green fallow the time course of nitrogen uptake by the crop is calculated.     

冬小麦生育期农田尺度下土壤硝态氮淋失动态的数值模拟

在北京通州区永乐店田间试验的基础上 ,假设土壤由一系列不发生相互作用的一维土柱组成 ,根据实测的土壤有机质含量 ,假定土壤有机氮的矿化作用速率常数 (零级动力学 )和有机质含量成正比 ,运用 HYDRUS- 1D软件 ,分别就考虑和不考虑土壤有机氮的矿化速率的空间变异性这两种方案 ,对 2 0 0 0～ 2 0 0 1年冬小麦生长条件下农田尺度土壤氮素转化和硝态氮淋失规律进行了数值分析。两种方案的模拟结果表明 :考虑和不考虑土壤有机氮矿化速率的空间变异性对剖面 2 5 0 cm埋深处硝态氮淋失量的影响很小 ,其差异主要在于前者对土壤氮素的矿化量、固持及反硝化量、作物吸氮量的影响更大 ,其空间变异性高于不考虑矿化速率时的结果。剖面 2 5 0 cm埋深处平均的土壤水渗透量和累积硝态氮淋失量分别为 2 .2 5 mm、0 .0 0 984 m g/cm2 ,变异系数大于 1.4 6 ,属于强变异性。对模拟结果进行地统计学分析 ,结果表明 :剖面 2 5 0 cm埋深处的土壤水渗透量和硝态氮淋失量的半方差函数为纯块金形式 ,在空间上表现为相互独立。考虑有机氮矿化速率空间变异性时的土壤氮素净转化量、吸氮量均可用球状模型描述 ,其变程与土壤有机质含量的变程接近 ,约为 4 .7m;而不考虑有机氮矿化速率空间变异性时的土壤氮素净转化量用线性无基台值     

In vitro and in situ studies on nitrate disappearance in water-sediment systems of the Camargue (southern France)

Results of in vitro and in situ experiments on nitrate disappearance from water-sediment systems in the Camargue are described.In the in vitro experiments two factors were studied: temperature and organic matter. After a first addition of KNO₃ to these sediments, the concentration of organic matter exerted a strong influence on the disappearance rate of nitrate at 25 °C and 15 °C but not at 2 °C. After a second addition of nitrate at 25 °C and 15 °C the denitrification rate increased by approximately 10%, probably because the activity of the bacterial population had increased.Experiments in situ in freshwater temporary marshes showed that nitrate disappeared at approximately twice the rate at similar temperature in vitro.After the first addition of nitrate in the in vitro experiments the concentration of nitrite in the water above the sediment reached about 10% of the concentration of total dissolved inorganic nitrogen at 2 °C and 15 °C. These high concentrations were not found after the first addition at 25 °C or after the second addition of nitrate at 25 °C and 15 °C. In the in situ experiments, however, high concentrations of nitrite were found.     

长期施肥下农田土壤-有机质-微生物的碳氮磷化学计量学特征

探讨外源养分的输入对土壤系统内碳、氮、磷化学计量特征的影响,对于深刻认识农田土壤有机碳(C)和养分循环及其相互作用过程具有重要意义。以26年的农田长期定位施肥试验为平台,分析长期不同施肥条件下土壤、有机态及微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量及其化学计量学特征,并根据内稳性模型y=c x~(1/H)计算其化学计量内稳性指数H。结果表明:与长期撂荒处理(CK_0)相比,种植作物条件下26年化肥配施有机肥处理(MNPK和1.5MNPK)显著降低微生物生物量氮含量,但显著提高了微生物生物量磷的含量。相对于撂荒处理,即使长期配施化肥磷处理(NP、PK、NPK),其土壤有机磷降低显著。对于C∶N比而言,化肥配施有机物料处理(秸秆或有机肥)的土壤C∶N比、有机质C∶N及微生物生物量C∶N比均显著低于化肥处理(N、NP、PK和NPK)。对于C∶P比而言,相对于撂荒处理,26年施用磷肥(化肥磷或有机磷)显著降低了土壤C∶P比和微生物生物量C∶P比,而CK和偏施化肥处理(N、NP和PK)显著降低了土壤有机质C∶P比。对于土壤N∶P比而言,撂荒处理土壤N∶P比显著高于其他处理,而撂荒处理土壤有机质N∶P比显著高于CK和化肥处理,表明不施肥或化肥条件下作物种植加剧了土壤有机质中氮素的消耗。微生物生物量C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比的内稳性指数H分别为0.24、0.75、0.64,不具有内稳性特征。微生物生物量C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比分别与土壤C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比呈显著正相关关系,但与土壤有机质碳氮磷化学计量比之间无显著相关性。表明土壤碳、氮、磷元素的改变会直接导致微生物生物量碳、氮、磷化学计量比的改变,但微生物生物量碳氮磷化学计量比对土壤有机质碳氮磷化学计量比无显著影响,土壤有机质的碳氮磷计量比可能更多是受到作物和施肥等养分管理措施的影响。     

Modelling soil organic matter levels after long-term applications of crop residues,and farmyard and green manures

A computer simulation model for long-term soil organic matter dynamics was developed and evaluated with data from long-term field trials in Belgium, Germany and The Netherlands. The model distinguishes four pools of soil organic components (including a microbial biomass pool) with different chemical properties. Transformation rates are described by (pseudo) first order kinetics. Effects of temperature and soil moisture tension were included. Simulation results were in agreement with experimental data from arable farming practices where common input rates were applied. Model calculations overestimated soil organic matter levels when green manures or exceptionally high input rates were applied. Inadequate experimental estimations of organic matter input rates and insufficient modelling of the soil preservation capacity for organic matter and biomass are likely reasons. After changes in the soil organic matter-input management it may take more than a century to reach new equilibrium levels.     

半湿润农田生态系统长期施肥对土壤团聚体中有机氮组分的影响

通过对黄土高原半湿润农田生态系统25年的田间肥料定位试验,研究了长期不同施肥模式对土壤有机氮组分及其在各级团聚体中分布的影响.结果表明:长期施肥对水解氨态氮、水解未知氮在土壤各级团聚体中分布的影响最大,对氨基酸态氮的分布有一定影响,而对氨基糖态氮分布的影响较小.长期施用化肥和有机肥能有效地影响水解氨态氮和水解未知氮与团聚体的结合作用,而氨基糖态氮在土壤氮循环转化过程中具有较强的稳定性.长期施肥条件下土壤水解全氮与有机碳、全氮以及团聚体分形维数均呈极显著正相关,其r分别为0.942,0.981,0.910(P<0.001),说明土壤有机氮组分对土壤团聚体的形成和性质具有显著影响.相关分析表明,土壤全氮或有机质对1～2mm和0.25～1mm土壤团聚体中各有机氮组分的影响较大.