苏南地区稻麦轮作系统对不同有机无机复混肥的响应

通过田间试验,研究了苏南地区2006-2007年稻麦轮作体系下,施用菜粕堆肥有机无机复混肥(RCC)、猪粪堆肥有机无机复混肥(PMC)、中药渣堆肥有机无机复混肥(CMC)和化肥(CF)对小麦和水稻;产量及氮素利用率的影响.结果表明:各施肥处理的小麦和水稻产量均显著高于对照;RCC、PMC和CMC处理的小麦产量分别比化肥处理(6760 kg·hm-2)减少了13.1％、32.2％和39.3％;而不同有机无机复混肥处理的水稻产量(8504～9449 kg·hm-2)则显著高于化肥处理(7919 kg·hm-2),增产率达7.4％～19.3％.在小麦季,RCC、PMC和CMC处理的地上部干物质量、氮素积累量、氮素利用率普遍低于化肥处理,而水稻季则显著高于化肥处理或与之相当.综上,在苏南稻麦轮作体系下,3种有机无机复混肥均能提高水稻产量及氮素利用率,其中菜粕堆肥处理提高效果最为显著.     

不同有机无机复混肥对水稻产量和氮素利用率的影响

通过田间试验,研究了菜粕堆肥、猪粪堆肥和中药渣堆肥有机无机复混肥与化肥对常优1号水稻产量、氮素利用效率、土壤供氮特征以及土壤微生物多样性的影响.结果表明：各施氮肥处理的稻谷产量（7918.8～9449.2 kg·hm^-2）均显著高于对照（6947.9 kg·hm^-2）,其中有机无机复混肥处理的稻谷产量(8532.0～9449.2 kg·hm^-2)显著高于化肥处理（7918.8 kg·hm^-2）,比化肥处理增产7.7%～19.3%;菜粕堆肥、猪粪堆肥、中药渣堆肥有机无机复混肥处理的氮素积累量、氮素转运率、氮素回收率和氮肥农学利用效率及生理利用效率均显著高于化肥处理;有机无机复混肥处理明显提高了土壤矿质氮含量,改善了土壤供氮特性,提高了氮利用率;对各处理土壤DNA条带采用邻接法分析显示：5个处理土壤样品可分为三大族群,化肥与对照处理为第一族群,猪粪堆肥、中药渣堆肥处理为第二族群,菜粕堆肥处理属第三族群.表明施入外源有机物质(菜粕、猪粪与中药渣)可能会改变土壤的细菌群落结构,而施入化肥对土壤的细菌群落结构影响较小.     

基于DSSAT模型的吉林省黑土作物-土壤氮循环和土壤有机碳平衡

应用DSSAT模型中的CERES-Maize作物模型和Century土壤模型,分析了作物管理参数、施肥量、土壤初始氮含量和作物桔杆还田对吉林省黑土地区玉米生长、氮循环以及有机碳氮生态平衡的影响.结果表明:在玉米目标产量为12000～15000kg.hm-2条件下,最佳施氮肥量为200～240kgN.hm-2.在该氮肥用量下,玉米地上氮吸收量为250～290kgN.hm-2,其中,120～140kgN.hm-2来自土壤,130～150kgN.hm-2来自肥料;提高氮肥用量(250～420kgN.hm-2)将导致土壤残留氮明显增加(63～183kgN.hm-2);延迟追肥时间同样导致土壤残留氮增加;当玉米秸杆还田量超过6000kg.hm-2时,模拟的土壤活性有机碳、氮可以维持当年的供需平衡.建议在吉林省中部地区黑土玉米带,化肥施氮量控制在200～240kgN.hm-2,适时追肥,秸杆还田量在6000kg.hm-2以上,以确保高产和维持土壤养分生态平衡.     

菜地和一般农田土壤主要养分累积的差异

选取不同类型菜地和一般农田 ,测定了 0～ 2 0 0cm土壤剖面的有机质、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、速效磷、速效钾等主要养分含量及其分布 .结果表明 ,菜地土壤中养分大量累积 ,其中硝态氮和速效磷累积程度较高 .大棚和露天菜地 0～ 2 0 0cm土层的硝态氮累积总量分别为 15 2 0 .9kg·hm-2 和 135 8.8kg·hm-2 ,比农田高出 5 .2和 4.5倍 ;速效磷分别为 978.1kg·hm-2 和 5 0 3.3kg·hm-2 ,比农田高出 6 .2和 2 .7倍 .而其它养分增加相对较少 .有机质累积总量分别为 2 80 .5Mg·hm-2 和 2 6 9.3Mg·hm-2 ,比一般农田高出 12 .5 %和 8.0 % ;全氮分别为 37.5Mg·hm-2 和 32 .7Mg·hm-2 ,比农田高出 36 .2 %和 18.6 % ;铵态氮分别为 2 11.5kg·hm-2 和 197.8kg·hm-2 ,比农田高出 2 9.6 %和 2 1.2 % ;速效钾分别为 6 5 6 7.8kg·hm-2 和 5 5 2 3 .6kg·hm-2 ,比农田高出 30 .6 %和 9.8% .此外 ,菜地土壤中累积的养分不仅分布在表层 ,在深层土壤也大量存在 ,说明菜地存在严重的养分淋溶现象 .     

辽西褐土施肥及养分循环再利用中长期试验Ⅴ.不同降水年景作物产量对施肥的反应和水肥交互作用

通过比较平水年 ( 1996年 ,作物生长期降水 4 5 6mm)和丰水年 ( 1998年 ,作物生长期降水 5 98mm)作物对施肥的增产反应 ,初步估算了辽西半湿润 半干旱地区水肥交互作用对作物增产的贡献 .结果表明 ,施氮肥并增加水分供给 (降水增加 ) ,作物增产 (玉米、大豆 ) 30 5 6kg·hm-2 ,其中 1996kg·hm-2 来自水肥交互作用 ,占 6 5 .3% .施NP和堆肥并增加水分供给 ,作物增产 4 70 3kg·hm-2 ,其中 15 5 4kg·hm-2 来自水肥交互作用 ,占 33% .     

氮肥施用对冬小麦产量、品质和氮素表观损失的影响研究

通过田间小区试验,对施用氮肥造成的冬小麦产量、品质和环境效应进行了研究.结果表明,4个试验点最高产量施N量分别为0、0、79和118 kg·hm^-2,最高籽粒粗蛋白质含量施N量分别为122、100、127和174 kg·hm^-2,小麦收获后0～90 cm土壤剖面硝态氮残留量随施N量的增加呈极显著线性增加,而N表观损失则呈指数增加.在最高产量施N量条件下,小麦收获后0～90 cm土层硝态氮残留保持86～115 kg·hm-2,N表观损失为2～32 kg·hm^-2,低于最高籽粒粗蛋白含量施N量时的土壤剖面硝态氮残留量(106～168 kg·hm^-2)和N表观损失量(14～56 kg·hm^-2).综合考虑冬小麦产量、品质和环境安全,最高产量施N和氮肥施用的环境效应可以通过优化施N进行协调.     

辽西褐土施肥及养分循环再利用中长期试验Ⅲ.磷和氮在堆腐过程中的循环率及有机肥料中养分利用率

9年的试验结果表明 ,农产品中N、P经堆腐后损失率平均为 30 % .在丰产条件下 ,6 0 %的收获产品直接堆腐回田 ,可循环回田的养分量为N 5 5～ 70kg·hm-2 、P 9～ 11kg·hm-2 ,相当于这一系统中每年化肥N用量的 37%～ 4 7%和P肥用量的 36 %～ 4 4 % .有机肥料中N和P的表观利用率随施肥年限延长而有增长趋势 ,表明有残效叠加效应存在 .有机肥料中N和P的当季表观利用率 8年平均分别为 2 3%～5 0 %和 37%～ 6 5 % .通过此项研究可以证明 ,农业生态系统养分的循环再利用是保持土壤肥力 ,提高养分利用效率 ,减少化学肥料消费的重要措施 .     

机械作业下土壤理化性质和生态因子的变化

通过 3年对黄淮海农业机械化推广的研究 ,探讨了机械综合作业对旱作农业的影响 .结果表明 ,机械化秸秆还田、化肥深施、土壤深松和免耕覆盖等综合技术的合理配套实施 ,可以改善土壤理化性状 ,具有明显的生物学效应 .与传统作业相比 ,机械综合作业使土壤容重减少 0 .0 8g·cm-3 ,有机质含量增加12 % ,水分利用率提高 10 .1%～ 13.6 % ,小麦玉米产量增加 12 18kg·hm-2 .     

洛阳旱地夏玉米生产潜力长周期定量模拟与评价

以洛阳孟津地区气象数据库、土壤数据库、作物数据库和多年田间试验数据库为基础,应用DSSAT作物生长模型估算了当地夏玉米光温生产潜力和光温水生产潜力,并对节水潜力开发现状及途径进行了分析.结果表明,洛阳孟津地区47a夏玉米光温生产潜力为6900.00～15805.00 kg · hm-2,均值为12039.96 kg · hm-2,可作为补灌区平均最高产量的上限参考值;光温水生产潜力为1529.31～13742.00 kg · hm-2,均值为8894.42 kg · hm-2,仅占光温生产潜力82%左右,可作为雨养夏玉米平均最高产量的上限参考值.夏玉米生育期内平均降水量为356.22mm,年际间波动幅度较大,平均水分满足率为71.9%,不同土壤类型及不同降雨年型夏玉米潜在水分利用效率变幅较大,波动范围为8.04～37.46 kg · hm-2 · mm-1,47a均值为26.424 kg · hm-2 · mm-1.近8a旱作夏玉米现实水分利用效率仅占潜在水分利用效率的45.87%,平均光温水生产潜力开发度为47.55%.夏玉米节水潜力非常大,采用合理的节水农业措施,加强农田建设,改善地力状况,增强土壤储水蓄水稳定能力,高效利用降水资源,提高水分利用效率是今后提高夏玉米产量的重要途径.     

箭叶锦鸡儿群落加速亚高山草甸-箭叶锦鸡儿-硕桦林演替系列的演替进程(英文)

利用PVC管顶盖埋管原位培育法测定了东灵山顶亚高山草甸 (紫苞风毛菊 (SaussureaiodostegiaHonce) 丝柄苔草 (CarexcapillarisL .)_箭叶锦鸡儿 (Caraganajubata (Pall.Poir.) )灌丛_硕桦林 (BetulacostataTrautv .)演替序列中土壤有机N的年度净矿化与硝化作用 ,并以之作为土壤供氮能力的指标 ,比较了锦鸡儿灌丛与硕桦林和草甸土壤的供氮能力和维持氮素的能力。结果表明 ,3个生态系统土壤无机氮库 (包括NH 4 N和NO-3 _N)及净N矿化与硝化速率都存在明显的季节变化 ;除 1996年 6月硕桦林 (P <0 .0 1)和草甸NH 4_N显著高于锦鸡儿灌丛 (P <0 .0 1) ,1996年 8月锦鸡儿灌丛NO-3 _N显著高于草甸 (P <0 .0 5 )外 ,在不同取样时期无机氮库大小在 3个生态系统之间都不存在显著差异 ;锦鸡儿灌丛每公顷的年度总矿化量 (16 .0 1kg·hm-2 )高于硕桦林 (12 .0 5kg·hm-2 )和草甸 (1.6 4kg·hm-2 ) ;净硝化量 (11.37kg·hm-2 )略高于草甸 (10 .90kg·hm-2 ) ,低于硕桦林 (14.36kg·hm-2 )。尽管锦鸡儿灌丛土壤无机氮含量 ,矿化、硝化速率并不明显高于硕桦林和草甸 ,但其总年度净矿化量最高 ,所以锦鸡儿灌丛土壤的供氮能力在 3个群落中最强。此外 ,由于锦鸡儿灌丛的总年度硝化量低于硕桦林 ,略高于草甸 ,因此 ,锦鸡儿灌     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418