miR-124-3p靶向TLR4抑制流感病毒性肺炎小鼠的炎症反应

目的:探讨miR-124-3p靶向Toll样受体4(TLR4)对流感病毒性肺炎小鼠炎症反应的影响。方法:建立流感病毒亚洲甲型鼠肺适应株(FM1)感染所致病毒性肺炎小鼠模型,采用RT-qPCR测定肺组织miRNA-124-3p表达水平。病毒性肺炎小鼠尾部注射miR-124-3p agomir或agomir NC后,第4 d摘眼球取血并取出肺组织,ELISA检测血浆中白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平,HE染色观察肺组织病理变化,Western印迹测定TLR4和核转录因子κB(NF-κB)p65蛋白水平。结果:与正常肺组织比较,病毒性肺炎小鼠肺组织miR-124-3p表达量降低(P0.001);miR-124-3p agomir注射组小鼠血浆中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α明显低于注射agomir NC组和模型组(P0.001),而高于正常组;HE染色结果表明miR-124-3p agomir注射组小鼠的肺组织炎细胞渗出和浸润较agomir NC组和模型组减轻;与agomir NC组比较,miR-124-3p agomir注射组的TLR4、NF-κB p65表达减少(P0.01)。结论:miR-124-3p抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路减轻流感病毒性肺炎小鼠的炎症反应。     

人呼吸道合胞病毒微型复制子的构建

摘要：【目的】构建RSV微型复制子（minireplicon）并进行功能学研究。【方法】构建含RSV病毒前导序列（Leader, genomic promoter, Le）、转录起始信号（gene start, GS）、多克隆酶切位点、转录终止信号（gene end, GE）和尾随序列(Trailer, antigenomic promoter, Tr)的基因片段GSGE,通过引入T7 RNA多聚酶（T7 RNA polymerase, T7 RNP）启动子、克隆入载体px8δT和插入增强型绿色荧光蛋白（Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein, EGFP）等多步操作,获得RSV微型复制子重组质粒px8δT/GSGE1/EGFP和px8δT/GSGE2/EGFP。同时构建可表达大蛋白（large protein,L）的质粒pcDNA3.1/L及表达转录延长/转录终止抑制因子（M2 ORF 1 protein,M2-1）的质粒pcDNA3.1/M2-1。通过脂质体法共转染RSV微型复制子质粒及四种RSV核壳体蛋白质粒至可表达T7 RNP的BSRT7/5细胞系,倒置荧光显微镜及流式细胞仪分析EGFP的表达情况。【结果】成功构建了px8δT/GSGE1/EGFP和px8δT/GSGE2/EGFP及pcDNA3.1/L和pcDNA3.1/M2-1,五质粒共转染BSRT7/5细胞,倒置荧光显微镜及流式细胞仪均观察到绿色荧光的表达。【结论】构建的RSV微型复制子具有转录和复制功能,将有助于进一步开展以RSV反向遗传操作为基础的RSV疫苗研究。     

树鼩呼吸道合胞病毒感染动物模型的建立

探讨用灵长类动物树鼠句建立呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)感染动物模型的可行性。28只树鼠句随机分为7组,每组4只,鼻内滴入106PFU RSV,感染后每24h检测1组。另取7只树鼠句鼻内滴入100μl Hep-2细胞培养液,滴鼻后每24h检测1只作对照。无菌取树鼠句肺组织进行病毒分离、空斑形成实验检测病毒滴度、病理检查和RT-PCR检测肺组织内RSV mRNA表达。结果显示:树鼠句感染RSV后,无明显呼吸道感染症状;树鼠句肺组织匀浆接种于Hep-2细胞上,第3、4、5实验组出现细胞病变效应(CPE);树鼠句感染RSV后肺部病理改变在3~7d较为明显,主要为间质改变;在106PFU感染浓度下树鼠句肺组织内RSV处于低水平复制,复制的高峰期在3~5d,峰值在第4d。提示:树鼠句可以用来建立RSV感染的动物模型。     

嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM对Caco-2细胞中PTX3基因表达的影响

【目的】研究嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM对肠道上皮细胞中免疫与炎症介质因子PTX3表达的影响,并进一步揭示其调节机制。【方法】嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM与Caco-2细胞共培养0、2、4、8和12 h,提取细胞RNA,采用RealTime RT-PCR方法检测PTX3基因的表达。嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM与Caco-2细胞共培养0、0.5、1、2和4 h,提取细胞蛋白质,采用Western blot方法检测NF-κB的磷酸化水平;用NF-κB的特异性抑制剂PDTC预处理Caco-2细胞30 min,然后加入嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM作用2 h,提取细胞RNA,采用Real Time RT-PCR方法检测PTX3基因的表达。【结果】嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM与Caco-2细胞共培养后能诱导PTX3的表达,并且在共培养4 h的时候PTX3的表达量达到最大,然后逐渐下降;嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM能快速的诱导NF-κB的磷酸化,并且在加入其特异性抑制剂PDTC后,PTX3的表达显著下降。【结论】嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM作用于肠道上皮细胞后能够通过迅速激活NF-κB途径暂时性的调控PTX3的表达。     

RNA干扰NF-κB p65对缺血再灌注损伤鼠肺NF-κB和TNF-α的影响

为了研究RNA干扰NF-κBp65对鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤肺组织中NF-κB、TNF-α表达的影响,并探讨减轻鼠肺损伤的保护机制。本研究构建了体外靶向NF-κBp65的短发夹RNA (short hairpin RNA, shRNA)重组表达载体,并采用QPCR检测NF-κBp65的沉默结果。供试的16只SD大鼠随机分为4组:假手术组4只、缺血再灌注+生理盐水组4只,缺血再灌注+NF-κBp65 sh RNA组4只,缺血再灌注+空载组4只,假手术组无缺血再灌注损伤,开胸游离左肺门180 min,缺血再灌注+生理盐水组左肺门阻断前术前24 h给予生理盐水处理,开胸游离左肺门,左肺缺血60 min,再灌注120 min,缺血再灌注+NF-κBp65 shRNA组左肺门阻断前术前24 h滴鼻给予NF-κB shRNA腺病毒(1×1010pfu, 100μL/只),开胸游离左肺门,左肺缺血60 min,再灌注120 min,缺血再灌注+空载组左肺门阻断前术前24 h滴鼻给予空载shRNA腺病毒(1×10~(10)pfu, 100μL/只),开胸游离左肺门,左肺缺血60 min,再灌注120 min。实验结束后每组分别留取左肺组织,留取左肺上叶肺组织测定肺湿/干重比(W/D),部分肺组织光镜下观察病理变化,ELISA法测量NF-κB和TNF-α的表达含量。研究结果表明:成功构建重组NF-κBp65载体,并获得稳定转染的NF-κBp65 shRNA细胞,与转染空载体的阴性对照组(negative control, NC)比较,NF-κBp65 sh RNA能明显使NF-κBp65基因沉默(p0.05),肺组织NF-κB、TNF-α的表达量及W/D值与假手术组比较,缺血再灌注+生理盐水组和缺血再灌注+空载组有明显升高(p0.05);而与缺血再和灌注+生理盐水组和缺血再灌注+空载组比较,缺血再灌注+NF-κBp65 shRNA组明显降低(p0.05),病理学检查表明:假手术组肺组织无明显的炎症损伤;缺血再灌注+NF-κBp65 shRNA组肺炎性损伤较缺血再灌注+生理盐水组和缺血再灌注+空载组明显减轻。本研究结果初步说明,RNA干扰NF-κBp65能明显减轻早期肺移植损伤,其机制可能与抑制NF-κB和TNF-α的表达从而减轻肺组织炎症损伤有关。     

水泡性口炎病毒对IPEC-J2细胞因子转录时相的影响

摘要：【目的】为了更好的了解水泡性口炎病毒（VSV）感染后引起细胞炎性反应特别是炎性细胞因子的反应,探讨宿主-病毒之间的作用关系。【方法】我们运用荧光定量PCR技术,测定和分析VSV感染IPEC-J2细胞引起的病毒RNA量的变化和细胞因子IL-2、6、8、10、12、IFN-α、 IFN -γ、TNF-α、TGF-β和TLR3分泌水平。【结果】我们发现,VSV感染后引起IPEC-J2细胞分泌IL-6、8、12、TNF-α和TLR3显著增加,TGF-β无显著差异;IPEC-J2细胞不分泌IL-2、IL-10、IFN-α和IFN –γ。【结论】水泡性口炎病毒感染可引起IPEC-J2细胞炎性分子分泌增加。     

体外模拟脑缺血再灌注条件下BV-2细胞TLR4信号途径对TLR2表达的影响

研究证实,TLR4和TLR2有可能作为重要炎性受体介导脑缺血再灌注炎性损伤.然而目前还不清楚在此过程中TLR2和TLR4受体之间是否存在着交叉对话可能.本研究首先利用针对TLR4基因的RNA干扰技术阻断体外模拟脑I/R条件下BV-2细胞TLR4信号传导途径,观察此时TLR2受体表达变化,初步探讨TLR4信号途径对TLR2表达的影响.然后利用NF-κB抑制剂PDTC阻断NF-κB活性来观察体外模拟脑I/R条件下BV-2细胞TLR2和TLR4受体表达变化,进一步阐明NF-κB在TLR2和TLR4交叉对话中的作用.结果表明：（1）体外模拟脑I/R条件下阻断BV-2细胞TLR4信号传导途径可以明显抑制TLR2和NF-κB表达的上调;（2）PDTC预处理后在体外模拟脑I/R条件下BV-2细胞TLR2和TLR4的表达均下调.结果提示,脑I/R损伤中TLR4受体激活后有可能通过NF-κB的介导,进一步影响TLR2的表达,从而导致炎症反应的链式放大,两者协同加重了脑损伤的过程.     

乳酸调控大鼠肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞的NF-κB信号通路

目的探讨内毒素（LPS）刺激大鼠肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞（RIMMVECs）后,乳酸（LA）调控NF-κB信号通路中磷酸化IκBα和NF-κB p65蛋白表达情况,肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）和白细胞介素6（IL-6）mRNA表达情况,阐明乳酸发挥作用的最佳时间及其调控NF-κB信号通路的部位。方法提取RIMMVECs总蛋白和总RNA,用Western blotting检测NF-κB p65、IκBα及p-IκBα蛋白表达水平,用real-time PCR对TNF-α和IL-6 mRNA进行定量检测。结果乳酸能降低LPS诱导RIMMVECs分泌的TNF-α和IL-6 mRNA表达水平,并分别于24 h和3 h下调效果最明显;乳酸能抑制IκBα磷酸化及NF-κB转录活性,并于4～8 h达到最佳效果;乳酸发挥作用部位是抑制信号通路中IκBα磷酸化。结论乳酸通过抑制IκBα磷酸化而阻断NF-κB的激活,抑制下游炎性因子表达,进而发挥出很好的预防炎症效果。     

L-精氨酸对脂多糖诱导大鼠肺损伤的保护作用及其机制的研究

目的：观察一氧化氮供体L-精氨酸（L-Arg）对脂多糖诱导大鼠肺损伤炎症反应和核因子-κB（NF-κB）信号通路的影响,探讨L-Arg对肺损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法：健康雄性SD大鼠采用舌下静脉注射脂多糖（LPS）复制肺损伤模型,分别于给予LPS3h和6h后给予生理盐水（对照组及LPS组,ip）和L-Arg（500mg/kgip）（L-Arg治疗组）,治疗3h。每组8只动物。免疫组化染色分析肺组织中NF-κB的核移位;逆转录多聚酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测肺组织细胞间粘附分子-1（ICAM-1）基因表达;放射免疫法分别测定肺组织中肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）和白介素6（IL-6）的含量;光镜观察肺组织病理变化。结果：与对照组比较,大鼠肺损伤后NF-κB活化,明显从细胞浆移位于细胞核,表达量也显著增加;ICAM-1基因表达上调;肺组织中TNF-α、IL-6含量明显升高。肺损伤3h用L-Arg治疗3h后,NF-κB从细胞浆向细胞核的移位被明显限制,NF-κB的表达量、肺组织中TNF-α、IL-6含量明显低于相应的LPS组,肺组织病理改变减轻;肺损伤6h用L-Arg治疗3h对LPS引起的以上变化没有明显影响。结论：LPS3h后给予L-Arg可减轻内毒素性肺损伤,抑制核因子的活化,在一定程度上阻断NF-κB相关信号通路的传导,减轻炎症反应是其机制之一。     

鸢尾苷元磺酸钠对柯萨奇B3型病毒诱导细胞固有免疫的初步研究

柯萨奇B组3型（Coxsackievirus B3,CVB3）病毒目前仍严重危害人类健康,目前没有批准的用于CVB3治疗的特效药,亟需开发新的抗CVB3药物。鸢尾苷元磺酸钠（Tectorigenin sodium sulfonate,TSS）是中药川射干化学成分鸢尾苷元的修饰物,本研究应用细胞感染模型评估了TSS体外抗CVB3作用。实验中,以CVB3感染的HT-29细胞为体外模型,在最大无毒浓度（TC0）情况下观察不同浓度药物作用于HT-29细胞后,在72h收集细胞,采用相对荧光定量RT-PCR法检测细胞中CVB3病毒核酸量,TLR3、TRIF mRNA表达水平;收集上清液,采用ELISA法测定上清液NF-κB,TNF-α、IL-6、IFN-β含量。结果显示TSS对HT-29细胞的TC0为15.625μg/mL。与模型组比较,15.625μg/mL剂量的鸢尾苷元磺酸钠能有效增加HT-29细胞活性,降低CVB3病毒滴度（P<0.001）,能明显降低细胞内转导和转录活化因子TLR3、TRIF、NF-κB的表达水平（P<0.05）,降低炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6、IFN-β的含...     

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) RNA loads in peripheral blood correlates with disease severity in mice

Background

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection is usually restricted to the respiratory epithelium. Few studies have documented the presence of RSV in the systemic circulation, however there is no consistent information whether virus detection in the blood correlates with disease severity.

Methods

Balb/c mice were inoculated with live RSV, heat-inactivated RSV or medium. A subset of RSV-infected mice was treated with anti-RSV antibody 72 h post-inoculation. RSV RNA loads were measured by PCR in peripheral blood from day 1-21 post-inoculation and were correlated with upper and lower respiratory tract viral loads, the systemic cytokine response, lung inflammation and pulmonary function. Immunohistochemical staining was used to define the localization of RSV antigens in the respiratory tract and peripheral blood.

Results

RSV RNA loads were detected in peripheral blood from day 1 to 14 post-inoculation, peaked on day 5 and significantly correlated with nasal and lung RSV loads, airway obstruction, and blood CCL2 and CXCL1 expression. Treatment with anti-RSV antibody reduced blood RSV RNA loads and improved airway obstruction. Immunostaining identified RSV antigens in alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood monocytes.

Conclusions

RSV RNA was detected in peripheral blood upon infection with live RSV, followed a time-course parallel to viral loads assessed in the respiratory tract and was significantly correlated with RSV-induced airway disease.     

Deletion of TLR3 alters the pulmonary immune environment and mucus production during respiratory syncytial virus infection

The detection of a viral infection by pattern recognition receptors (PAMPs) is an integral part of antiviral immunity. In these studies we have investigated the role of TLR3, which recognizes dsRNA, in Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV) infection using B6 background mice with a TLR3 deletion. Although we observed no changes in viral growth, we did find that TLR3-/- mice demonstrated significant increases in mucus production in the airways of RSV-infected mice. The qualitative assessment was observed by examining differentially stained lungs, followed by immunohistochemical staining for gob5, a mucus-associated protein. The histopathologic observations were verified using quantitative gene expression analyses examining gob5 gene expression. Changes in pulmonary mucus production were accompanied by an increase in pulmonary IL-13 as well as IL-5 expression and eosinophils in the airways of TLR3-/- mice. Examining leukocytes in the airway indicated an accumulation of eosinophils in TLR3-/- mice, but not wild-type mice, after RSV infection. Isolated lung draining lymph node cells from TLR3-/- mice produced significant increases in Th2-type cytokines, IL-5, and IL-13, compared with wild-type TLR3+/+ mice only after RSV infection. To demonstrate a causative link, we depleted TLR3-/- mice of IL-13 during RSV infection and found that mucus and gob5 expression in the lungs was attenuated. Together, these studies highlight that although TLR3 may not be required for viral clearance, it is necessary to maintain the proper immune environment in the lung to avoid developing pathologic symptoms of disease.     

Differential role for TLR3 in respiratory syncytial virus-induced chemokine expression

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in young infants worldwide. Previous studies have reported that the induction of interleukin-8/CXCL8 and RANTES/CCL5 correlates with disease severity in humans. The production of these chemokines is elicited by viral replication and is NF-kappaB dependent. RSV, a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus, requires full-length positive-sense RNA for synthesis of new viral RNA. The aim of our studies was to investigate whether active viral replication by RSV could evoke chemokine production through TLR3-mediated signaling pathways. In TLR3-transfected HEK 293 cells, live RSV preferentially activated chemokines in both a time- and dose-dependent manner compared to vector controls. RSV was also shown to upregulate TLR3 in human lung fibroblasts and epithelial cells (MRC-5 and A549). Targeting the expression of TLR3 with small interfering RNA decreased synthesis of IP-10/CXCL10 and CCL5 but did not significantly reduce levels of CXCL8. Blocking the expression of the adapter protein MyD88 established a role for MyD88 in CXCL8 production, whereas CCL5 synthesis was found to be MyD88 independent. Production of CCL5 by RSV was induced directly through TLR3 signaling pathways and did not require interferon (IFN) signaling through the IFN-alpha/beta receptor. TLR3 did not affect viral replication, since equivalent viral loads were recovered from RSV-infected cells despite altered TLR3 expression. Taken together, our studies indicate that TLR3 mediates inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production in RSV-infected epithelial cells.     

TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB pathway, reactive oxygen species, potassium efflux activates NLRP3/ASC inflammasome during respiratory syncytial virus infection

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) constitute highly pathogenic virus that cause severe respiratory diseases in newborn, children, elderly and immuno-compromised individuals. Airway inflammation is a critical regulator of disease outcome in RSV infected hosts. Although "controlled" inflammation is required for virus clearance, aberrant and exaggerated inflammation during RSV infection results in development of inflammatory diseases like pneumonia and bronchiolitis. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) plays an important role in inflammation by orchestrating the pro-inflammatory response. IL-1β is synthesized as an immature pro-IL-1β form. It is cleaved by activated caspase-1 to yield mature IL-1β that is secreted extracellularly. Activation of caspase-1 is mediated by a multi-protein complex known as the inflammasome. Although RSV infection results in IL-1β release, the mechanism is unknown. Here in, we have characterized the mechanism of IL-1β secretion following RSV infection. Our study revealed that NLRP3/ASC inflammasome activation is crucial for IL-1β production during RSV infection. Further studies illustrated that prior to inflammasome formation; the "first signal" constitutes activation of toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2)/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling is required for pro-IL-1β and NLRP3 gene expression during RSV infection. Following expression of these genes, two "second signals" are essential for triggering inflammasome activation. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and potassium (K(+)) efflux due to stimulation of ATP-sensitive ion channel promote inflammasome activation following RSV infection. Thus, our studies have underscored the requirement of TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB pathway (first signal) and ROS/potassium efflux (second signal) for NLRP3/ASC inflammasome formation, leading to caspase-1 activation and subsequent IL-1β release during RSV infection.     

Resveratrol-mediated gamma interferon reduction prevents airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in respiratory syncytial virus-infected immunocompromised mice

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important cause of severe, lower respiratory tract infections in infants, and RSV infections have been associated with chronic wheezing and asthma during childhood. However, the mechanism of RSV-induced airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is poorly understood. Furthermore, there are presently neither effective vaccines nor drugs available for the prevention or treatment of RSV infections. In this study, we investigated the effect of the plant extract resveratrol as a means of preventing airway inflammation and attenuating RSV-induced AHR. Our data showed that resveratrol reduced RSV lung titers and the number of infiltrating lymphocytes present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and reduced inflammation. Furthermore, resveratrol attenuated airway responses to methacholine following RSV infection and significantly decreased gamma interferon (IFN-γ) levels in BALF of RSV-infected mice. Data presented in this report demonstrated that resveratrol controlled Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) expression, inhibited the TRIF signaling pathway, and induced M2 receptor expression following RSV infection. These data support a role for the use of resveratrol as a means of reducing IFN-γ levels associated with RSV-mediated airway inflammation and AHR, which may be mediated via TLR3 signaling.     

Down modulation of human TLR3 function by a monoclonal antibody

Toll-like receptors are a family of pattern-recognition receptors that contribute to the innate immune response. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) signals in response to foreign, endogenous and synthetic ligands including viral dsRNA, bacterial RNA, mitochondrial RNA, endogenous necrotic cell mRNA and the synthetic dsRNA analog, poly(I:C). We have generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb CNTO2424) that recognizes the extracellular domain (ECD) of human TLR3 in a conformation-dependent manner. CNTO2424 down-regulates poly(I:C)-induced production of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, RANTES, and IP-10 in human lung epithelial cells. In addition, mAb CNTO2424 was able to interfere with the known TLR3-dependent signaling pathways, namely NF-κB, IRF-3/ISRE, and p38 MAPK. The generation of this neutralizing anti-TLR3 mAb provides a unique tool to better understand TLR3 signaling and potential cross-talk between TLR3 and other molecules.     

NLRC5 negatively regulates LTA-induced inflammation via TLR2/NF-κB and participates in TLR2-mediated allergic airway inflammation

NLRC5, the largest member of the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family, has been reported to play a pivotal role in regulating inflammatory responses. Recent evidence suggests that NLRC5 participates in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways and negatively modulates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation. In this study, we investigated the interaction between NLRC5 and TLR2 in the NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway and the involvement of NLRC5 in TLR2-mediated allergic airway inflammation. We knocked down TLR2 and NLRC5, respectively in the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line by small interfering RNA (siRNA) and then stimulated the knockdown cells with lipoteichoic acid (LTA). In comparison with the negative siRNA group, the level of NLRC5 expression was lower in the TLR2 siRNA group, with a reduction in the NF-κB-related inflammatory response. Conversely, in the NLRC5 knockdown cells, after LTA-treated the level of TLR2 expression did not change but the expression levels of both NF-κB pp65 and NLRP3 increased remarkably. Thus, we hypothesize that NLRC5 participates in the LTA-induced inflammatory signaling pathway and regulates the inflammation via TLR2/NF-κB. Similarly, in subsequent in vivo experiments, we demonstrated that the expression level of NLRC5 was significantly increased in the ovalbumin-induced allergic airway inflammation. However, this effect disappeared in TLR2-deficient (TLR2 ^−/−) mice and was accompanied by reduced levels of NF-κB expression and airway inflammation. In conclusion, NLRC5 negatively regulates LTA-induced inflammatory response via a TLR2/NF-κB pathway in macrophages and also participates in TLR2-mediated allergic airway inflammation.