Brachyptera Group. Sp.32. C. Brachyptera. Sp.33. C.c RUFA. Sp.34. C. Troglodytes. Sp.35. C. Fulvicapilla.

A part from considerations as to where it is best wedged into the linear sequence, the brachyptera group is defined in general terms as a compact group of four small or very small species which resemble one another in many important specific characters and the other thirty-six species classified here as Cisticola in so many ways of form, coloration and behaviour as to make them best understood by classifying them also under that generic name.     

The glycolipids of Lactobacillus casei A.T.C.C. 7469

1. The lipids were extracted from Lactobacillus casei A.T.C.C. 7469 with chloroform-methanol mixtures. The glycolipids were obtained by chromatography on silicic acid and DEAE-cellulose (acetate form). 2. Hydrolysis of the glycolipids with alkali gave two glycerol glycosides and a mixture of fatty acids. 3. The glycosides were separated and their structures elucidated. The major component was O-alpha-d-galactopyranosyl-(1-->2)-O-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-->1)-glycerol and the minor component O-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-O-alpha-d-galactopyranosyl-(1-->2)-O-alpha-d-glucopyranosyl-(1-->1)-glycerol. 4. Analysis of the fatty acids by gas-liquid chromatography showed that they were predominantly palmitic acid, octadecenoic acid and lactobacillic acid.     

Stabilities of consecutive A.C, C.C, G.G, U.C, and U.U mismatches in RNA internal loops: Evidence for stable hydrogen-bonded U.U and C.C.+ pairs.

The stability and structure of RNA duplexes with consecutive A.C, C.A, C.C, G.G, U.C, C.U, and U.U mismatches were studied by UV melting, CD, and NMR. The results are compared to previous results for GA and AA internal loops [SantaLucia, J., Kierzek, R., & Turner, D. H. (1990) Biochemistry 29, 8813-8819; Peritz, A., Kierzek, R., & Turner, D.H. (1991) Biochemistry 30, 6428-6436)]. The observed order for stability increments of internal loop formation at pH 7 is AG = GA approximately UU greater than GG greater than or equal to CA greater than or equal to AA = CU = UC greater than or equal to CC greater than or equal to AC. The results suggest two classes for internal loops with consecutive mismatches: (1) loops that stabilize duplexes and have strong hydrogen bonding and (2) loops that destabilize duplexes and may not have strong hydrogen bonding. Surprisingly, rCGCUUGCG forms a very stable duplex at pH 7 in 1 M NaCl with a TM of 44.8 degrees C at 1 x 10(-4) M and a delta G degrees 37 of -7.2 kcal/mol. NOE studies of the imino protons indicate hydrogen bonding within the U.U mismatches in a wobble-type structure. Resonances corresponding to the hydrogen-bonded uridines are located at 11.3 and 10.4 ppm. At neutral pH, rCGCCCGCG is one of the least stable duplexes with a TM of 33.2 degrees C and delta G degrees 37 of -5.1 kcal/mol. Upon lowering the pH to 5.5, however, the TM increases by 12 degrees C, and delta G degrees 37 becomes more favorable by 2.5 kcal/mol. The pH dependence of rCGCCCGCG may be due to protonation of the internal loop C's, since no changes in thermodynamic parameters are observed for rCGCUUGCG between pH 7 and 5.5. Furthermore, two broad imino proton resonances are observed at 10.85 and 10.05 ppm for rCGCCCGCG at pH 5.3, but not at pH 6.5. This is also consistent with C.C+ base pairs forming at pH 5.5. rCGCCAGCG and rGGCACGCC have a small pH dependence, with TM increases of 5 and 3 degrees C, respectively, upon lowering the pH from 7 to 5.5. rCGCCUGCG and rCGCUCGCG also show little pH dependence, with TM increases of 0.8 and 1.4 degrees C, respectively, upon lowering the pH to 5.5.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

INTERSPECIFIC GENE FLOW IN CUCURBITA: C. TEXANA VS. C. PEPO

The potential for interspecific genetic exchange was examined by monitoring flowering patterns, pollinator movement, and gene flow among experimental populations of the Texas gourd (Cucurbita texana) and cultivars of Cucurbita pepo. While flowering patterns and pollinator movement tended to maximize self-pollination and local gene exchange, movement of effective pollen exceeded 1,300 m. This movement, mediated by the solitary bee Xenoglossa strenua and monitored by tracking allozyme variants, produced interspecific hybrids in 5% of the progeny from experimental plants. Interspecific gene exchange occurred in either direction with either species serving as staminate or pistillate parent. No obvious constraints to gene flow among plants representing C. texana and distinctive cultivars (vars. ovifera, medullosa, melopepo) of C. pepo were detected. Genetic exchange among different species and cultivars is enhanced by the foraging behavior of Xenoglossa. Multiple visits to either staminate (pollen carryover) or pistillate (multiple pollinations) flowers often result in the deposition of mixed pollen on receptive stigmas. The wild type (C. texana) can donate and receive effective pollen when growing under both weedy and natural conditions. The observed lack of interspecific reproductive isolation supports treatment of cultivars and wild types as a single species and, in conjunction with available data concerning temporal/geographical relationships among bees, squash, gourds, and humans in eastern North America, suggests the possibility of long-term genetic interaction between wild types and domesticates.     

Protein kinase C isotypes in C. elegans

The protein kinase C (PKC) family, consisting of multiple isotypes, plays a major role in cellular signaling. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, four pkc genes, tpa-1, pkc-1, pkc-2 and pkc-3, have been identified and investigated. Molecular analysis of tpa-1, pkc-1, and pkc-2 has shown that each gene encodes multiple PKC isoforms with different expression patterns. One of the tpa-1 isoforms, which is expressed in vulval cells, is found to play a role in nicotine-induced adaptation. The expression of pkc-1 seems to be specific to neurons, while that of pkc-2 is detected in several types of cells including neurons and muscle cells. An aPKC member encoded by pkc-3 has been shown to play an essential role in establishing the polarity of the zygote. Recent studies have revealed that the mechanism of polarity establishment mediated by aPKC is evolutionarily conserved in diverse organisms from nematodes to mammals. C. elegans provides an excellent model system for molecular dissection of the cellular signaling pathways involving PKC.     

Cloning by synteny: identifying C. briggsae homologues of C. elegans genes.

Phylogenetic comparisons of gene and protein sequences between related species are often used to identify evolutionarily conserved elements that are important for gene expression, function, or regulation. However, homologoues may sometimes be difficult to identify by conventional low stringency hybridisation techniques, if they have undergone substantial sequence divergence. A new approach, cloning by synteny, is described that was used to identify the C. briggsae homologue of the C. elegans sex-determining gene tra-2. We show that four genes tra-2, ppp-1, art-1, and sod-1 are organised in a syntenic cluster and suggest that extensive conservation of gene linkage may exist between C. briggsae and C. elegans. We have also constructed a C. briggsae cDNA library to facilitate characterisation of these genes. Given the rapid progress in the physical mapping and sequencing of the C. elegans genome, cloning by synteny may provide the fastest method for identifying C. briggsae gene homologues, especially for genes encoding novel proteins.     

Étude Électrophorétique Et Immunochimique Comparée Des Antigènes De Quelques Levures Du GenreCandida (C. Albicans,C. Stellatoidea,C. Tropicalis,C. Zeylanoides,C. Krusei,C. Pseudotropicalis,C. Macedoniensis)

Résumé L'électrophorèse en gélose pratiquée sur les antigènes des espèces deCandida étudiées, met en évidence 6 fractions. La séparation bien que sommaire a permis l'appréciation de la nature chimique de ces antigènes. La zone de faible mobilité anodique constitue le composant majeur de nature essentiellement protéique, tandis que la fraction lente est intensément révélée par la coloration à l'acide périodique-réactif de Schiff. L'électrophorèse en gel d'amidon, grâce au grand pouvoir de résolution du support a fourni une meilleure séparation des protéines. Intéressants mais insuffisants, les résultats acquis par ces deux types d'électrophorèse de zone sont très largement complétés par ceux de l'immunoélectrophorèse. Cette dernière méthode d'une haute spécificité encore qu'elle reste tributaire de la qualité des immunsérums employés a conduit à un dénombrement précis des fractions antigéniques desCandida puis à la mise en évidence des antigènes communs et spécifiques des espèces étudiées. Les résultats obtenus confirment ceux que nous avons obtenus précédemment (Biguet & coll., 1959a, 1959b, 1960) quant aux affinités réciproques de certaines espèces. Reposant sur des bases physico-chimiques très différentes, ils rejoignent et confirment les travaux extrêment importants de l'école japonaise deTsuchiya et apportent un nouvel argument immunologique à l'hétérogénéité du genreCandida. Sous l'angle taxonomique au moins, il semble que notre méthode présente sur celle des auteurs japonais l'avantage de révéler un nombre beaucoup plus considérable de fractions, partant de permettre en particulier la mise en évidence de divergences de structure qui échapperaient par l'utilisation de leur technique (par exemple, celle qui séparentC. pseudotropicalis deC. macedoniensis).

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Summary Agar electrophoresis carried out on antigens ofCandida species studied yielded six fractions. The separation, though summary, permitted the evaluation of the chemical nature of the antigens. The zone of the weak anionic motility constitutes the major component, essentially proteinic in nature, while the slow fraction is intensely revealed by the PAS stain. Starch gel electrophoresis, due to its great power of resolution, yielded better separation of proteins. The results obtained by these two types of zone electrophoresis, interesting but not sufficient, are a great deal complemented by the results of immuno-electrophoresis. The latter method of high specificity, even though it depends on the quality of the immune serum used, led to a precise enumeration of the antigenic fractions ofCandida, furthermore to the evidence of common and specific antigens of the species studied. The results obtained confirmed those previously obtained (Biguet et coll., 1959a, 1959b, 1960) concerning the reciprocal affinities of certain species. Resting on very different physico-chemical bases, they confirm the extremely important work of the school ofTsuchiya and bring a new immunologic argument as to the heterogeneity of the genusCandida. At least under taxonomic point of view, it seems that our method shows an advantage compared with that of the Japanese authors in revealing a much greater number of fractions, consequently in permitting the proof of divergence of structure which would escape by using their technique (e.g. those which separateC. pseudotropicalis fromC. macedoniensis).

     

In memory of Prof. C. C. Li

Professor Ching Chun Li (C. C. Li), one of the greatest geneticists in the world and a pioneer of genetics in China, passed away fifteen years ago (Fig. 1). Let us remember him together.**Do you know who the greatest, world-renown Chinese geneticist is?" The answer,**C. C. Li, of course!” would puzzle most, if not all, of us;many in our generation don't know Who is Who (Atte ntion! Li, not Lee, the latter of which was gen erally used as the general spelli ng of that gen eration)(Fig. 2).