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1.
We summarize the ethnographic literature illustrating that “abnormal birth” circumstances and “ill omens” operate as cues
to terminate parental investment. A review of the medical literature provides evidence to support our assertion that ill omens
serve as markers of biological conditions that will threaten the survival of infants. Daly and Wilson (1984) tested the prediction
that children of demonstrably poor phenotypic quality will be common victims of infanticide. We take this hypothesis one stage
further and argue that some children will be poor vehicles for parental investment yet are not of demonstrably poor quality
at birth. We conclude that when people dispose of infants due to “superstitious beliefs” they are pursuing an adaptive strategy
in eliminating infants who are poor vehicles for parental investment.
Catherine Hill lectures in biological anthropology/human sciences at Durham University’s University College, Stockton. She
trained in biological anthropology at University College, London. Her current research interests include human and nonhuman
primate socioecology and human resource ecology and development issues.
Helen Ball lectures in biological anthropology/human sciences at Durham University’s University College, Stockton. She trained
in biological anthropology at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Her current research interests include nonhuman
primate behavior and socioecology, reproductive biology, and evolutionary issues. 相似文献
2.
Regarding the arts as something peopledo — as behaviors, rather than the residue or artifacts of behavior — makes possible a theoretical grounding about their nature
and importance, an endeavor that current anthropology of art has largely abandoned. A reconsideration of the suspect and largely
discarded terms “functionalism” and “evolutionism” is presented in light of current evolutionary thinking. It is suggested
that a contemporary reformulation of these concepts, illustrated by the author's Darwinian or “adaptationist” perspective
on art, supports aims and claims of current anthropology of art, and contributes new focus and direction to its endeavors. 相似文献
3.
Unsurprisingly, survey results indicate that Texas biology and biological anthropology faculty with expertise in an evolutionary
area strongly support teaching “just evolution” (100%; N = 54) and not creationism/intelligent design. Importantly, they do not think that religious faith is incompatible with acceptance
of evolutionary biology (91%; N = 55), even though 50% (N = 52) describe themselves as “not at all religious.” As school boards nationwide debate science standards, it is important
that faculty with relevant expertise have a voice. Biological anthropologists should not be overlooked as a public resource
in these debates. 相似文献
4.
Evolutionary biology owes much to Charles Darwin, whose discussions of common descent and natural selection provide the foundations
of the discipline. But evolutionary biology has expanded well beyond its foundations to encompass many theories and concepts
unknown in the 19th century. The term “Darwinism” is, therefore, ambiguous and misleading. Compounding the problem of “Darwinism”
is the hijacking of the term by creationists to portray evolution as a dangerous ideology—an “ism”—that has no place in the
science classroom. When scientists and teachers use “Darwinism” as synonymous with evolutionary biology, it reinforces such
a misleading portrayal and hinders efforts to present the scientific standing of evolution accurately. Accordingly, the term
“Darwinism” should be abandoned as a synonym for evolutionary biology. 相似文献
5.
The notion of “pressure” as an evolutionary “force” that “causes” evolution is a pervasive linguistic feature of biology textbooks,
journal articles, and student explanatory discourse. We investigated the consequences of using a textbook and curriculum that
incorporate so-called force-talk. We examined the frequency with which biology majors spontaneously used notions of evolutionary
“pressures” in their explanations, students’ definitions and explanations of what they meant when they used pressures, and
the structure of explanatory models that incorporated evolutionary pressures and forces. We found that 12–20 percent of undergraduates
spontaneously used “pressures” and/or “forces” as explanatory factors but significantly more often in trait gain scenarios
than in trait loss scenarios. The majority of explanations using “force-talk” were characterized by faulty evolutionary reasoning.
We discuss the conceptual similarity between faulty notions of evolutionary pressures and linguists’ force-dynamic models
of everyday reasoning and ultimately question the appropriateness of force-talk in evolution education. 相似文献
6.
This article is a review of scientific publications, in which issues of pathogenetics of multifactorial diseases (MFDs) are
considered from the viewpoint of evolution and ontogeny. Concepts explaining significance of evolutionary processes in the
formation of genetic architecture of human chronic diseases (“thrifty” genomes and phenotypes, “drifty genes,” decanalization)
are analyzed. The roles of natural selection and genetic drift in the formation of hereditary diversity of genes for susceptibility
to MFDs are considered. The modern concept of “disease ontogeny” (somatic mosaicism, loss of heterozygosity, paradominant
inheritance, epigenetic variability) is discussed. It is demonstrated that the evolutionary and ontogenetic approaches to
analysis of genimuc and other “-omic” data are essential for understanding the biology of diseases. 相似文献
7.
Lee Xenakis Blonder 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》1991,2(2):83-116
American anthropology is distinguished by a four-fields approach in which biological, cultural, archaeological, and linguistic
dimensions of behavior are examined in evolutionary and cross-cultural perspective. Nevertheless, assumptions of mind-body
dualism pervade scholarly thinking in anthropology and have prevented the development of a truly integrated science of human
experience. This dualism is most exemplified by the lack of consideration of the role of the brain in both “physical” and
“mental” processes, including phenomena labeled as cultural. In this paper, I review neural mechanisms of learning, communication,
and emotion, and discuss the implications of these findings for culture theory.
Lee Xenakis Blonder is an assistant professor in the Department of Behavioral Science and the Sanders-Brown Center on Aging,
University of Kentucky Medical School, Lexington. She is currently examining the effects of stroke in different regions of
the brain on language, nonverbal communication, and emotional processing in an attempt to better understand human brain and
behavior relations. Recent publications include “Neuropsychological Functioning in Hemiparkinsonism” (with R. E. Gur, R. C.
Gur, A. J. Saykin, and H. I. Hurtig),Brain and Cognition 9:244–257 (1989). 相似文献
8.
Louise S. Mead 《Evolution》2009,2(2):310-314
A common misconception of evolutionary biology is that it involves a search for “missing links” in the history of life. Relying
on this misconception, antievolutionists present the supposed absence of transitional forms from the fossil record as evidence
against evolution. Students of biology need to understand that evolution is a branching process, paleontologists do not expect
to find “missing links,” and evolutionary research uses independent lines of evidence to test hypotheses and make conclusions
about the history of life. Teachers can facilitate such learning by incorporating cladistics and tree-thinking into the curriculum
and using evograms to focus on important evolutionary transitions. 相似文献
9.
Patricia Adair Gowaty 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》1992,3(3):217-249
Evolutionary biology and feminism share a variety of philosophical and practical concerns. I have tried to describe how a
perspective from both evolutionary biology and feminism can accelerate the achievement of goals for both feminists and evolutionary
biologists. In an early section of this paper I discuss the importance of variation to the disciplines of evolutionary biology
and feminism. In the section entitled “Control of Female Reproduction” I demonstrate how insight provided by participation
in life as woman and also as a feminist suggests testable hypotheses about the evolution of social behavior—hypotheses that
are applicable to our investigations of the evolution of social behavior in nonhuman animals. In the section on “Deceit, Self-deception,
and Patriarchal Reversals” I have overtly conceded that evolutionary biology, a scientific discipline, also represents a human
cultural practice that, like other human cultural practices, may in parts and at times be characterized by deceit and self-deception.
In the section on “Femininity” I have indicated how questions cast and answered and hypotheses tested from an evolutionary
perspective can serve women and men struggling with sexist oppression.
Patricia Adair Gowaty studies the evolution of social behavior, particularly mating systems and sex allocation, primarily
in birds. She is most well-known for her long-term studies of eastern bluebirds, which began in 1977 and are on-going. She
was an undergraduate at H. Sophie Newcomb College of Tulane University (1963–1967). In the late sixties and early seventies,
while employed at the Bronx Zoo (New York Zoological Society), she belonged to a feminist “consciousness-raising” group. She
started graduate school in 1974 at the University of Georgia and received her Ph.D. from Clemson University (1980). She had
a postdoctoral position at the University of Oklahoma (1982–1983) and a visiting faculty position at Cornell University through
the Visiting Professorships for Women NSF program (1983–1984) before returning to her bluebird study sites at Clemson in 1985.
She has supported herself and her research efforts throughout her academic career on a series of awards and grants. She is
currently (1990–1995) supported by a Research Scientist Development Award from The National Institute of Mental Health. 相似文献
10.
Summary In this paper we analyze Carl Gegenbaur’s conception of the relationship between embryology (“Ontogenie”) and comparative
anatomy and his related ideas about homology. We argue that Gegenbaur’s conviction of the primacy of comparative anatomy and
his careful consideration of caenogenesis led him to a more balanced view about the relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny
than his good friend Ernst Haeckel. We also argue that Gegenbaur’s ideas about the centrality of comparative anatomy and his
definitions of homology actually laid the conceptual foundations for Hans Spemann’s (1915) later analysis of homology.
We also analyze Gegenbaur’s reception in the United States and how the discussions between E.B. Wilson and Edwin Conklin about
the role of the “embryological criterion of homology” and the latter’s argument for an even earlier concept of cellular homology
reflect the recurring theme of preformism in ontogeny, a theme that finds its modern equivalent in various genetic definitions
of homology, only recently challenged by the emerging synthesis of evolutionary developmental biology. Finally, we conclude
that Gegenbaur’s own careful methodological principles can serve as an important model for proponents of present day “evo-devo”,
especially with respect to the integration of ontogeny with phylogeny embedded in comparative anatomy. 相似文献
11.
The concept of cooperative communities that enforce norm conformity through reward, as well as shaming, ridicule, and ostracism,
has been central to anthropology since the work of Durkheim. Prevailing approaches from evolutionary theory explain the willingness
to exert sanctions to enforce norms as self-interested behavior, while recent experimental studies suggest that altruistic
rewarding and punishing—“strong reciprocity”—play an important role in promoting cooperation. This paper will use data from
308 conversations among the Ju/’hoansi (!Kung) Bushmen (a) to examine the dynamics of norm enforcement, (b) to evaluate the costs of punishment in a forager society and understand how they are reduced, and (c) to determine whether hypotheses that center on individual self-interest provide sufficient explanations for bearing the
costs of norm enforcement, or whether there is evidence for strong reciprocity.
Polly Wiessner is a professor of anthropology at the University of Utah. She has carried out fieldwork with the Ju/’hoansi
of the Kalahari for the past 30 years on social networks, style in artifacts, economy, population, nutrition, and social change.
She has also worked among the Enga of Papua New Guinea since 1985 on the oral history of exchange, ritual, and warfare. 相似文献
12.
13.
Adam M. Goldstein 《Evolution》2009,2(3):548-559
A weblog (“blog”) is an publication on the WorldWideWeb in which brief entries are displayed in date order, much like a diary
or journal. I describe the general characteristics of blogs, contrasting blogs with other of WWW formats for self-publishing.
I describe four categories for blogs about evolutionary biology: “professional,” “amateur,” “apostolic,” and “imaginative.”
I also discuss blog networks. I identify paradigms of each category. Throughout, I aim to illuminate blogs about evolutionary
biology from the point of view of a user looking for information about the topic. I conclude that blogs are not the best type
of source for systematic and authoritative information about evolution, and that they are best used by the information-seeker
as a way of identifying what issues are of interest in the community of evolutionists and for generating research leads or
fresh insights on one’s own work.
相似文献
Adam M. GoldsteinEmail: |
14.
C. Sauvain-Dugerdil G. Boëtsch C. Serrano-Sanchez 《International Journal of Anthropology》1996,11(2-4):3-11
this first paper introduces the topic of the volume, outcomes of a symposium organised at the 13th ICAES held in Mexico in
August 1993. It briefly reminds of the convergence between anthropology and demography up to date and stresses on the need
of real transdisciplinary work in this challenging domain. The aim of the symposium was to make a contribution on the central
theme chosen by the congress — the cultural and biological dimensions of global change — while examining the place of demographic
anthropology in the study of change. The papers presented at the symposium have been organised in three parts which form the
present volume: the composition of population, the choice of spouse and mobility, the reproduction and dynamics of populations.
The basic mechanisms of change are considered through examples at the level of local populations. This also leads to question
the definitions of human groups and to make a “declaration” stressing on the importance of individual heterogeneity and the
arbitrariness and reductive nature of any grouping of individuals, stating therefore the misapprehension of the most recent
scientific work inherent to the rationale of programs of “ethnic cleasing”.
Translated from the french by prof. Derek F. Roberts 相似文献
15.
A. Boskovic 《Dialectical Anthropology》2005,29(2):221-239
The paper describes the predicament of Brazilian anthropology through a personal experience of teaching and living in Brasilia.
Just like Brasilia, Brazil is many ways considered as “a work in progress” – and Brazilian anthropology as a lively and thriving
area, although frequently overlooked by non-Brazilian scholars. The situation in which Brazilian anthropologists find themselves
is put in the context of their own history, as well as the particular social conditions of the country – with special reference
to Brazil as invention, taking as an example celebration of “500 years of Brazil.” 相似文献
16.
Raf De Bont 《Journal of the history of biology》2008,41(1):81-118
In historical literature, Edouard van Beneden (1846–1910) is mostly remembered for his cytological discoveries. Less well
known, however, is that he also introduced evolutionary morphology – and indeed evolutionary theory as such – in the Belgian
academic world. The introduction of this research programme cannot be understood without taking both the international and
the national context into account. It was clearly the German example of the Jena University that inspired van Beneden in his
research interests. The actual launch of evolutionary morphology at his University of Liège was, however, also connected with
the dynamic of Belgian university reforms and the local rationale of creating a research “school.” Thanks to his networks,
his mastering of the rhetoric of the “new” biology, his low ideological profile and his capitalising on the new academic élan
in late-19th century Belgium, van Beneden managed to turn his programme into a local success from the 1870s onwards. Two decades
later, however, the conceptual underpinnings of evolutionary morphology came under attack and the “Van Beneden School” lost
much of its vitality. Despite this, van Beneden’s evolutionary morphology was prototypical for the research that was to come.
He was one of the first scientific heavyweights in Belgium to turn the university laboratory into a centre of scientific practice
and the hub of a research school. 相似文献
17.
《Evolution and human behavior》2020,41(3):183-187
Inter-group competition including warfare is posited to be a key force in human evolution (Alexander, 1990; Choi & Bowles, 2007; Wrangham, 1999). Chagnon's research on the Yanomamö is seminal to understanding warfare in the types of societies characteristic of human evolutionary history. Chagnon's empirical analyses of the hypothesis that competition for status or cultural success is linked to reproduction (Irons, 1979) and warfare attracted considerable controversy. Potential causal factors include “blood revenge”, mate competition, resource shortages or inequality, and peace-making institutions (Boehm, 1984; Keeley's (1997); Meggitt, 1977; Wiessner and Pupu, 2012; Wrangham et al., 2006). Here we highlight Chagnon's contributions to the study of human warfare. 相似文献
18.
College students do not come to biological sciences classes, including biological anthropology, as “blank slates.” Rather,
these students have complex and strongly held scientific misconceptions that often interfere with their ability to understand
accurate explanations that are presented in class. Research indicates that a scientific misconception cannot be corrected
by simply presenting accurate information; the misconception must be made explicit, and the student must decide for him or
herself that it is inaccurate. The first step in helping to facilitate such conceptual change among college students is to
understand the nature of the scientific misconceptions. We surveyed 547 undergraduate students at the University of Missouri-Columbia
on their understanding of the nature and language of science, the mechanisms of evolution, and their support for both Lamarckian
inheritance and teleological evolution. We found few significant sex differences among the respondents and identified some
common themes in the students’ misconceptions. Our survey results show that student understanding of evolutionary processes
is limited, even among students who accept the validity of biological evolution. We also found that confidence in one’s knowledge
of science is not related to actual understanding. We advise instructors in biological anthropology courses to survey their
students in order to identify the class-specific scientific misconceptions, and we urge faculty members to incorporate active
learning strategies in their courses in order to facilitate conceptual change among the students. 相似文献
19.
Roderic D. M. Page 《Organisms Diversity & Evolution》2010,10(4):343-349
In a 2003 essay E. O. Wilson outlined his vision for an “encyclopaedia of life” comprising “an electronic page for each species
of organism on Earth”, each page containing “the scientific name of the species, a pictorial or genomic presentation of the
primary type specimen on which its name is based, and a summary of its diagnostic traits.” Although biodiversity informatics
has generated numerous online resources, including some directly inspired by Wilson’s essay (e.g., iSpecies and EOL), we are
still some way from the goal of having available online all relevant information about a species, such as its taxonomy, evolutionary
history, genomics, morphology, ecology, and behaviour. While the biodiversity community has been developing a plethora of
databases, some with overlapping goals and duplicated content, Wikipedia has been slowly growing to the point where it now
has over 100,000 pages on biological taxa. My goal in this essay is to explore the idea that, largely independent of the aims
of biodiversity informatics and well-funded international efforts, Wikipedia has emerged as potentially the best platform
for fulfilling E. O. Wilson’s vision. 相似文献
20.
To explore how chemical structures of both nucleobases and amino acids may have played a role in shaping the genetic code,
numbers of sp2 hybrid nitrogen atoms in nucleobases were taken as a determinative measure for empirical stereo-electronic property to analyze
the genetic code. Results revealed that amino acid hydropathy correlates strongly with the sp2 nitrogen atom numbers in nucleobases rather than with the overall electronic property such as redox potentials of the bases,
reflecting that stereo-electronic property of bases may play a role. In the rearranged code, five simple but stereo-structurally
distinctive amino acids (Gly, Pro, Val, Thr and Ala) and their codon quartets form a crossed intersection “core”. Secondly,
a re-categorization of the amino acids according to their β-carbon stereochemistry, verified by charge density (at β-carbon)
calculation, results in five groups of stereo-structurally distinctive amino acids, the group leaders of which are Gly, Pro,
Val, Thr and Ala, remarkably overlapping the above “core”. These two lines of independent observations provide empirical arguments
for a contention that a seemingly “frozen” “core” could have formed at a certain evolutionary stage. The possible existence
of this codon “core” is in conformity with a previous evolutionary model whereby stereochemical interactions may have shaped
the code. Moreover, the genetic code listed in UCGA succession together with this codon “core” has recently facilitated an
identification of the unprecedented icosikaioctagon symmetry and bi-pyramidal nature of the genetic code. 相似文献