拟衣藻属一新种——中华拟衣藻及其生活史的研究

报道了团藻目衣藻科拟衣藻属一新种。此种从中国科学院武汉植物研究所一浇园粪缸中采得,在分离室内单种培养过程中,对其形态学和生活史进行了研究。营养细胞具有多个盘状色素体,与拟衣藻属已知的种类有明显的差别。经培养观察,作者发现除细胞分裂、无性生殖外,还有同宗异配式有性生殖,在生活史各阶段该藻中绿体中均未见蛋白核,因此,拟衣藻作为分类单元是一个有效的属。     

钝顶螺旋藻突变株FBL细胞超微结构

利用透射电镜技术观察钝顶螺旋藻出发株和突变株FBL的细胞超微结构。观察结果表明L出发株和突变株均为多细胞丝状体,细胞间横隔膜清晰,细胞壁均由四层结构组成,细胞质膜内陷形成类囊体,类囊体由双层膜堆积而成,膜上附着藻胆体,类囊体与细胞壁呈垂直方向排列,细胞质内包含有充气液泡等细胞器。与出发株相比,突变株细胞壁表面较光滑,四层结构电子密度较深;类囊体膜增多、变发达;羧化体数量增多;横隔膜收缢明显。     

水绵装片的制作与观察

水绵的藻体是由许多圆柱形的细胞相互连接而成的单列丝状体。每个细胞贴壁有一薄层原生质,载色体带状,一至多条,螺旋状绕于原生质中,每条载色体上有一列蛋白核。细胞内的大部分空间被大液泡占据,中央悬着一个细胞核,通过原生质丝与细胞周围的原生质相联系。在光镜下观察时,细胞核常难于寻找,并易与蛋白核混淆,蛋白核上的淀粉鞘也不能分辨。将水绵用下述方法处理并制成永久装片,即可解决此问题,也可在深秋至早春,采不到正常的水绵营养体时,完成实验教学。1　取材最好选择生长于清澈、水流缓慢的沟渠中呈绿色的水绵群体;此时,营养生长旺盛,藻…     

鞘毛藻属和陆生植物的起源

鞘毛藻属(Coleochaete)系绿藻门丝藻目鞘毛藻科(Coleochaetaceae)中的植物。鞘毛藻属中被描述的种有十多个。它们大多作为附生植物生活在清洁的淡水湖、塘等水域的浅岸带。鞘毛藻属的主要特征有:藻体为分枝的丝状体、或假薄壁组织体、或薄壁组织盘,藻体上都有具鞘的刺毛(这种刺毛可能具有抵抗     

两种胶毛藻科植物的培养研究

对胶毛藻科植物优美胶毛藻[Chaetophora elegans(Roth)Agardh]和羽枝竹枝藻[Draparnaldia plumosa(Vauch) Agardh]进行了室内培养,对它们自游动孢子萌发到成熟丝状体形成等生活史各阶段都进行了详细观察,并做了活体显微镜照相记录。结果显示:(1)优美胶毛藻的游动孢子较小,直径为9~11μm,顶端具4条等长鞭毛,自母细胞释放后,游动孢子固定在基质上萌发,萌发类型为直立式,顶端细胞发育为直立系统,其直立系统为二叉状分枝,无明显主枝,侧枝发达,分枝顶端细胞渐尖或毛状,各级分枝细胞大小基本相同,圆柱形,宽约为6~8μm,长约为10~12μm。基细胞发育为匍匐系统,首先产生匍匐枝,由它产生假根。随生长,直立系统下部的细胞产生次生假根,成熟的优美胶毛藻外观近球形,与野生胶毛藻的形态相似。(2)羽枝竹枝藻游动孢子产生于母细胞,游动孢子体积较大,直径约为30μm左右,顶端具4条等长鞭毛。游动孢子从母细胞内释放后,固定在基质上萌发,萌发类型亦为直立式,顶端细胞发育为直立系统,其直立系统为分枝丝状体,主枝粗壮,细胞圆柱形,长约为50~60μm,宽约为48~50μm,内有多个蛋白核;侧枝细胞为长圆形,长约为40~50μm,宽约为17~19μm,分枝顶端的细胞尖细或为毛状。基细胞发育为假根和匍匐枝。当藻体成熟时,直立系统下部的细胞产生次生假根。     

发菜的显微及亚显微结构的观察

通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜的观察、了解到一条发菜原植体大约由数十万计的念珠状细胞所组成,其藻丝多为单链,但也发现有分枝现象。整个原植体包被着厚薄不均的胶质鞘,外观粗糙,沟稜状起伏,且多裂隙。念珠状细胞为典型的原核细胞。细胞壁有三层结构,中央为色浅的核质区,四周为细胞质区其中散布着大量膜层薄而散乱的类囊体,膜上附有大量 rRNA 和藻胆体颗粒。还发现有膜层密集形如指纹的小类囊体。在细胞质中还分布着结构颗粒,多角体、聚磷酸体等嗜锇物质结构.一般细胞都具有分裂能力,方式多为横缢,先是细胞壁逐渐向中央扩展,最后将母细胞分成两个子细胞.从异形胞的结构特征来看,主要功能是渡过恶劣环境以保存物种。     

几种藻类蛋白核的超微结构研究

应用电镜及免疫电镜技术对莱茵藻、小球藻、条浒苔和紫菜等藻类的叶绿体蛋白核的超微结构及主要组成成分进行了观察和研究。结果显示：不同藻类的蛋白核结构不同,显示了藻类蛋白核的多样性。蛋白核为球形或椭圆形,由蛋白质组成。莱茵藻、小球藻和条浒苔的蛋白核外围被淀粉鞘所包围,而紫菜的蛋白核外围无淀粉鞘而直接被叶绿体的类囊体所包围。淀粉鞘由淀粉组成,淀粉鞘的厚薄与藻体藻龄及增养状态有关系。在蛋白核中央,一般都具有由类囊体形成的孔道,使蛋白核与外界联系,小球藻和条浒苔蛋白核具有1条纵向孔道,而莱茵藻和紫菜为多条孔道。金相免疫技术检测结果显示Rubisco和Rubisco活化酶均在蛋白核及淀粉鞘区域中定位,表明蛋白核具有光合作用功能．     

浒苔(Enteromorpha prolifera)藻体发育的显微观察

通过显微镜观察以及石蜡切片法观察了浒苔属浒苔藻体的发育过程,阐述了浒苔从孢子释放到形成成熟藻体这一发育过程的显微特征。结果表明:浒苔孢子由成熟体细胞分化发育而成,每个成熟体细胞可形成10～30个孢子;孢子首先分裂为2细胞结构,2细胞具有明显的极性,基细胞发育成为假根,顶端细胞不断进行横分裂形成丝状体;丝状体顶端以下细胞通过纵分裂形成管状叶状体,顶端细胞始终保持横分裂;纵分裂分为切向分裂与径向分裂,切向分裂增加管状叶状体管周细胞数从而使管体增大,径向分裂形成管外壁突起细胞,最终发育为分枝;管状叶状体管腔内部有绒毛状的突起及糖蛋白成分的网架结构;当管状叶状体管周细胞达到30～50h,管腔内部突起消失,网架结构收缩拉紧,管壁细胞贴近形成片状叶状体;整个浒苔藻体始终保持极性发育。     

带形蜈蚣藻盘丝体孢子的形成及温度和光照强度对其放散的影响

在实验室条件下, 首次发现了带形蜈蚣藻(Grateloupia turuturu)盘状体产生的丝状体能够形成孢子, 暂命名为“盘丝体孢子”。研究详细观察了该盘丝体孢子的形成过程, 并探讨了不同温度6、12、16、20、24和30℃及不同光照强度10、30、45、60、90和120 μmol/(m2·s)对盘丝体孢子放散的影响。结果表明: (1) 带形蜈蚣藻雌配子体的囊果释放果孢子, 果孢子发育形成盘状体, 盘状体经过诱导再生出单列细胞的丝状体, 丝状体形成多室孢子囊, 并放散出大量盘丝体孢子; (2) 温度和光照强度均对丝状体中盘丝体孢子的放散产生显著影响。在温度为16℃、光照强度为60 μmol/(m2·s)时盘丝体孢子放散量有最大值; (3) 在温度低于12℃或高于24℃时, 盘丝体孢子的放散受到影响, 数量明显减少; (4) 在光照强度低于30 μmol/(m2·s)或高于90 μmol/(m2·s)时, 盘丝体孢子的放散明显受到抑制。研究结果补充了带形蜈蚣藻无性繁殖过程, 为其种质保存、人工育苗及养殖提供更为丰富的理论依据, 为探讨带形蜈蚣藻的起源与演化提供新思路。     

新月藻的细胞构造和繁殖

新月藻(Closterium)属于绿藻门,接合藻目、鼓藻科。已记录的超过300种,生活在各种淡水水体中。多数种细胞新月形、略弯曲或显著弯曲,从中央向两端逐渐变细,横切面呈圆形。细胞壁平滑或有纵向的线纹,无色或因铁盐沉淀呈淡褐色。细胞中部无收缢,有一枚细胞核。核的两侧为半细胞(二个),每个半细胞内各有一轴生的柱状色素体,具纵行脊片。蛋白核数个,在色素体上排列成行或散生。细胞两端各有一液泡,内含能做布朗运动的石膏结晶(图1)     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.