木兰科(Magnoliaceae)植物区系分析

通过详细分析现代木兰科 (Magnoliaceae)植物的分布以及讨论中国木兰科植物区系和世界木兰科植物区系的关系 ,认为中国是木兰科植物现代分布中心及多样化中心 ,同时也是原始类群的保存中心和分化中心 ,并据此推测中国可能是木兰科植物的发祥地。     

云南木兰科植物物种资源及其种质库的研究

1980～1993年期间,在对云南省木兰科植物调查中,发现云南省有木兰科植物11属120余种并较集中地分布于滇东南,滇西南和滇西北地区。为了保存、发展和利用木兰科植物资源,建立了三个种质库基地,在24 hm 2面积内,共保存10属129种,初步建立起木兰科种质库网络。     

中国木兰科植物爱威胁的状况及其保护措施

木兰科（Magnoliaceae)植物是原始的被子植物,中国是木兰科植物的起源中心,在地史上木兰科植物有过广泛分布,木兰科植物有重要经济作用。近年来,由于各地森林遭受强度破坏和碎化,许多种类的生存受到严重威胁。本文主要探讨中国木兰科植物的地理分布和区系性质,受威胁现状和保护措施,以及木兰科植物的开发利用等。     

云南部分木兰科植物染色体数目报道

木兰科是有花植物中最原始的科之一,有15属约250种。其中,我国有11属90多种。研究木兰科的染色体对植物的系统分类、植物进化及开花植物的起源有很重要的作用。但由于木兰科的染色体较小,细胞去壁较困难,所以对木兰科染色体的研究进行较缓慢。Whitaker (1933)首次对木兰属(Magnolia)进行细胞学研究发现,木兰科染色体基数为x=19。Janaki Ammal (1952)报道,在木兰科中,除木兰属外,     

木兰科的化石记录

通过整理和分析木兰科植物的化石记录发现：不论是植物大化石还是花粉,迄今为止在白垩纪以前地层中尚无可靠的记录,自白垩纪以来,木兰科的许多种广泛发生于北半球,如亚洲,欧洲及北美等地,但非洲和大洋洲至今尚未发现木兰科的化石记录。该科最早的化石记录为中国东北延吉地区早白垩世大拉子组的喙柱始木兰Archimagnolia rostrato-stylose Tao et Zhang. 根据现有化石记录,并结合木兰科现代植物的地理分布,推测：1）木兰科的起源时间不迟于早白垩世Aptian-Albian期;2）木兰科起源地点可能是东亚,后来经过欧洲进入北美,再从北美迁移到达南美洲;3）在地质历史时期,木兰属的出现比鹅掌楸属早,从而支持根据形态学与分子系统学研究得出的木兰属较鹅掌楸属原始的结论。     

福建木兰科植物资源及其观赏特性研究

系统调查表明,福建木兰科植物共有9属,35种,其中含笑属所占的种类最多,而福建整个木兰科植物以热带分布类型为主。福建省木兰科植物以中型革质叶为主,其花相多为单生,花期多在夏季,花色以白色系列为主,多数花具有香味,果期较多在秋季,果色相对较艳,以红色系为主。福建省木兰科植物多乔木,少灌木,具备多种园林绿化用途。     

木兰科植物的嫁接繁殖

本文对38种木兰科植物的嫁接繁殖进行了试验,全部嫁接成功,平均成活率为44．0％。不同属的木兰科植物之间有较大的亲和力,多数种可进行属间嫁接。嫁接时间和砧木选择是影响木兰科植物嫁接成活率的主要因素,嫁接方法对成活率也有一定的影响。木兰科植物的嫁接苗比实生苗具有更强的适应性和速生性。     

国产木兰科6属植物柱头表面形态比较

用扫描电镜对中国产木兰科单性木兰属、木兰属、木莲属、含笑属、拟单性木兰属和观光木属的42种植物柱头表面形态进行观察.结果表明,42种木兰科植物的柱头均为干柱头,包含单细胞乳突型和多细胞乳突型两类.单性木兰属和观光木属植物是单细胞乳突型;木莲属、含笑属和拟单性木兰属植物是多细胞乳突型;木兰属中木兰亚属植物两型均有,而玉兰亚属则均为多细胞乳突型.结合其他证据,本文支持单性木兰属、木莲属、含笑属、拟单性木兰属和观光木属的建立,并认为在系统学问题较复杂的木兰属中,玉兰亚属是一个相对独立的单系类群,将其独立成属也不无道理,而木兰亚属可能不是一个单系类群,还需要进一步的深入研究,积累更多的性状数据.     

中国木兰科11属40种植物的核形态研究

为了探讨木兰科属间系统学关系和一些种的分类学地位,对中国木兰科11属40种进行了核形态研究。所研究的20种木莲属植物都为二倍体,表明木莲属植物主要是在二倍体水平上进化的,不同的种类具有各自的遗传组成,细微的染色体结构变异可能导致种间形态发生了明显的变化。木兰属的染色体数目具多样性,表明属内存在着不同倍性水平上的进化,说明木兰属分布广泛、形态复杂多样有其细胞学基础。细胞学证据支持木莲属应为独立的属,不宜于归并到木兰属。已观察的含笑属都为二倍体,而木兰属玉兰亚属的大多数种类为多倍体。我们认为维持现有的含笑属的分类地位和范围是恰当的,不支持将含笑属和玉兰亚属合并为一属。拟单性木兰属都是多倍体。木兰科植物形态特征重叠,性状呈网状进化,细胞学证据在探讨一些大属属下种的分类地位时具有一定价值,但论及整个科的分类系统和属间亲缘关系时,作用比较微弱。本文在细胞学基础上,结合形态和地理分布,重点对木莲属一些种类的分类地位进行了讨论。     

江西木兰科植物区系地理分析

对江西木兰科植物7属23种的地理分布和区系特征进行了分析。属的分布区类型可划分为：热带亚洲分布、东亚一北美间断分布和中国特有分布。种的分布区类型可划分为：热带亚洲分布、东亚分布和中国特有分布。江西木兰科植物可划分为赣北、赣西北、赣西南、赣南、赣东南、赣东北共6个分布区。该区系以亚热带成分为主,具有种类丰富、区系成分复杂、多型性突出、特有现象较显著和与周边省份联系较密切等特点,属木兰科植物现代分布中心边缘分化比较强烈的区域之一。     

木兰科（Magnoliaceae）的起源、进化和地理分布

木兰科为亚洲－美洲间断分布科,全世界有１５属,２４６种,主要分布于亚洲东南部的热带、亚热带地区,从喜马拉雅至日本,向南达新几内亚及新不列颠;少数种类分布于北美东南部、中美至南美巴西．中国有１１属,约９９种．木兰科的现代分布中心在东亚－东南亚地区．根据木兰科的化石记录、系统发育和现代分布,推测其起源时间为早白垩纪,甚至更早．起源地可能在中国的西南地区,并由此向外辐射,向东经日本、俄罗斯远东地区经白令陆桥进入北美;向西经西亚、欧洲,通过格陵兰进入北美,然后到达南美;向南经印度支那、马来西亚,直至新几内亚．东亚－北美间断分布的形成是受第四纪冰期的影响;南美的木兰科是从北美迁移而来．     

木兰科（Magnoliaceae）的起源、进化和地理分布

木兰科为亚洲－美洲间断分布科,全世界有１５属,２４６种,主要分布于亚洲东南部的热带、亚热带地区,从喜马拉雅至日本,向南达新几内亚及新不列颠;少数种类分布于北美东南部、中美至南美巴西．中国有１１属,约９９种．木兰科的现代分布中心在东亚－东南亚地区．根据木兰科的化石记录、系统发育和现代分布,推测其起源时间为早白垩纪,甚至更早．起源地可能在中国的西南地区,并由此向外辐射,向东经日本、俄罗斯远东地区经白令陆桥进入北美;向西经西亚、欧洲,通过格陵兰进入北美,然后到达南美;向南经印度支那、马来西亚,直至新几内亚．东亚－北美间断分布的形成是受第四纪冰期的影响;南美的木兰科是从北美迁移而来．     

鹅观草属的几个新组合

本文报道了禾本科鹅观草属的三个种级新组合和四个变种级新组合。即大丛鹅观草Roegneria magnicaespis (D.F.Cui)L.B.Cai;新疆鹅观草Roegneria sinkiangensis(D.F.Cui)L.B.Cai;阿尔泰鹅观草Roegneria altaica(D.F.Cui)L.B.Cai;短芒鹅观草Roegneria glaberrima var.breviarista (D.F.Cui)L.B.Cai;林缘鹅观草Roegneria mutabilis var.nemoralis (D.F.Cui)L.B.Cai;多花鹅观草Roegneria abolinii var.pluriflora (D.F.Cui)L.B.Cai和曲芒鹅观草Roegneria tschimganica var.glabrispicula (D.F.Cui)L.B.Cai。     

姜科植物地理

本文讨论了姜科的分类系统、起源、进化和地理分布．姜科为一还热带分布科,按Ｂｕｒｔｔ［８］的系统分２亚科４族．全世界有５２属,约１３７７种,其中姜亚科含４８属,１２６８种．主要分布于热带亚洲．其现代分布中心在印度－马来西亚。闭鞘姜亚科含４属,１０９种,主要分布于热带美洲及非洲。本文在化石资料及现代分布资料的基础上,讨论了姜科的早期分化时间、地点及现代分布格局形成。化石记录表明．欧洲、北美及印度的白垩纪、早第三纪均发现过姜科的化石,据此姜科植物的起源时间应不晚于早白垩纪。姜亚科的早期分化中心推论在劳亚古陆的南部．欧洲和北美没有现代姜科的分布是因为第三纪冰期的影响．而亚洲热带地区现代姜科植物繁盛是因为气候适宜．且相对稳定所致．南美的姜亚科种类应是由非洲传人．而大洋洲的姜亚科种类则是由马来西亚传入．闭鞘姜亚科的早期分化中心推论在西冈瓦纳古陆．亚洲及大洋洲的闭鞘姜亚科的种类应是随印度板块飘向亚洲时传入。中国姜科植物有２２属．２０９种（占全世界属的４２％．种的１５％）．主要分布于马来西亚亚区（占全国属的９０％）．其次为中国喜马拉雅亚区（占全国属的６８％）。最少为中国－日本亚区（占全国属的４５％）。统计数字表明．马来西亚     

Inferring the biogeographic origins of inter‐continental disjunct endemics using a Bayes‐DIVA approach

The arcto‐Tertiary relictual flora is comprised of many genera that occur non‐contiguously in the temperate zones of eastern Asia, Europe, eastern North America, and western North America. Within each distributional area, species are typically endemic and may thus be widely separated from closely related species within the other areas. It is widely accepted that this common pattern of distribution resulted from of the fragmentation of a once more‐continuous arcto‐Tertiary forest. The historical biogeographic events leading to the present‐day disjunction have often been investigated using a phylogenetic approach. Limitations to these previous studies have included phylogenetic uncertainty and uncertainty in ancestral range reconstructions. However, the recently described Bayes‐DIVA method handles both types of uncertainty. Thus, we used Bayes‐DIVA analysis to reconstruct the stem lineage distributions for 185 endemic lineages from 23 disjunct genera representing 17 vascular plant families. In particular, we asked whether endemic lineages within each of the four distributional areas more often evolved from (1) widespread ancestors, (2) ancestors dispersed from other areas, or (3) endemic ancestors. We also considered which of these three biogeographic mechanisms may best explain the origins of arcto‐Tertiary disjunct endemics in the neotropics. Our results show that eastern Asian endemics more often evolved from endemic ancestors compared to endemics in Europe and eastern and western North America. Present‐day endemic lineages in the latter areas more often arose from widespread ancestors. Our results also provide anecdotal evidence for the importance of dispersal in the biogeographic origins of arcto‐Tertiary species endemic in the neotropics.     

On the geographical distribution of the Juglandaceae

The present paper aims to discuss the geog raphical distribution of the Juglandaceae on the basis of unity of the phylogeny and the process of dispersal in the plants. The paper is divided into the following three parts: 1. The systematic positions and the distribution patterns of nine living genera in the family Juglandaceae (namely, Engelhardia, Oreomunnea, Alfaroa, Pterocarya, Cyclocarya, Juglans, Carya, Annamocarya and Platycarya) are briefly discussed. The evolutional relationships between the different genera of the Juglandaceae are elucidated. The fossil distribution and the geological date of the plant groups are reviewed. Through the analysis for the geographical distribution of the Juglandaceous genera, the distribution patterns may be divided as follows: A. The tropical distribution pattern a. The genera of tropical Asia distribution: Engelhardia, Annamocarya. b. The genera of tropical Central America distribution: Oreomunnea, Alfaroa. B. The temperate distribution pattern c. The genus of disjunct distribution between Western Asia and Eastern Asia: Pterocarya. d. The genus of disjunct distribution between Eurasia and America: Juglans. e. The genus of disjunct distribution between Eastern Asia and North America: Carya. f. The genera whose distribution is confined to Eastern Asia: Cyclocarya, Platycarya. 2. The distribution of species According to Takhtajan’s view point of phytochoria, the number of species in every region are counted. It has shown clearily that the Eastern Asian Region and the Cotinental South-east Asian Region are most abundant in number of genera and species. Of the 71 living species, 53 are regional endemic elements, namely 74.6% of the total species. The author is of the opinion that most endemic species in Eurasia are of old endemic nature and in America of new endimic nature. There are now 7 genera and 28 species in China, whose south-western and central parts are most abundant in species, with Province Yunnan being richest in genera and species. 3. Discussions of the distribution patterns of the Juglandaceae A. The centre of floristic region B. The centre of floristic regions is determined by the following two principles: a. A large number of species concentrate in a district, namely the centre of the majority; b. Species of a district can reflect the main stages of the systematic evolution of the Juglandaceae, namely the centre of diversity. It has shown clearly that the southern part of Eastern Asian region and the northern part of Continental South-east Asian Region (i.c. Southern China and Northern Indo-China) are the main distribution centre of the Juglandaceae, while the southern part of Sonora Region and Caribbean Region (i.c. South-western U.S.A., Mexico and Central America) are the secondary distribution centre. As far as fossil records goes, it has shown that in Tertiary period the Juglandaceae were widely distributed in northern Eurasia and North America, growing not only in Europe and the Caucasus but also as far as in Greenland and Alaska. It may be considered that the Juglandaceae might be originated from Laurasia. According to the analysis of distribution pattern for living primitive genus, for example, Engelhardia, South-western China and Northern Indo-China may be the birthplace of the most primitive Juglandaceous plants. It also can be seen that the primitive genera and the primitive sections of every genus in the Juglandaceae have mostly distributed in the tropics or subtropics. At the same time, according to the analysis of morphological characters, such as naked buds in the primitive taxa of this family, it is considered that this character has relationship with the living conditions of their ancestors. All the evidence seems to show that the Juglandaceae are of forest origin in the tropical mountains having seasonal drying period. B. The time of the origin The geological times of fossil records are analyzed. It is concluded that the origin of the Juglandaceae dates back at least as early as the Cretaceous period. C. The routes of despersal After the emergence of the Juglandaceous plant on earth, it had first developed and dispersed in Southern China and Indo-China. Under conditions of the stable temperature and humidity in North Hemisphere during the period of its origin and development, the Juglandaceous plants had rapidly developed and distributed in Eurasia and dispersed to North America by two routes: Europe-Greenland-North America route and Asia-Bering Land-bridge-North America route. From Central America it later reached South America. D. The formaation of the modern distribution pattern and reasons for this formation. According to the fossil records, the formation of two disjunct areas was not due to the origin of synchronous development, nor to the parallel evolution in the two continents of Eurasia and America, nor can it be interpreted as due to result of transmissive function. The modern distribution pattern has developed as a result of the tectonic movement and of the climatic change after the Tertiary period. Because of the continental drift, the Eurasian Continent was separated from the North American Continent, it had formed a disjunction between Eurasia and North America. Especially, under the glaciation during the Late Tertiary and Quaternary Periods, the continents in Eurasia and North America were covered by ice sheet with the exception of “plant refuges”, most plants in the area were destroyed, but the southern part of Eastern Asia remained practically intact and most of the plants including the Juglandaceae were preserved from destruction by ice and thence became a main centre of survival in the North Hemisphere, likewise, there is another centre of survival in the same latitude in North America and Central America. E. Finally, the probable evolutionary relationships of the genera of the Juglanda-ceae is presented by the dendrogram in the text.     

On the Distribution and Origin of Salix in the World

1. The distribution of Salix species among the continents. There are about 526 species of Salix in the world, most of which are distributed in the Northern Hemisphere with only a few species in the Southern Hemisphere. In Asia, there are about 375 species, making up 71.29 percent of the total in the world, including 328 endemics; in Europe, about 114 species, 21.67 percent with 73 endemics; in North America, about 91 species, 17.3 percent with 71 endemics; in Africa, about 8 species, 1.5 percent, with 6 endemics. Only one species occurs in South America. Asia, Europe and North America have 8 species in common (excluding 4 cultivated species). There are 34 common species between Asia and Europe, 14 both between Europe and North America and between Asia and North America, 2 between Asia and Africa. Acording to the Continental Drift Theory, the natural circumstances which promoted speciation and protected newly originated and old species were created by the orogenic movement of the Himalayas in the middle and late Tertiary. Besides, the air temperature was a little higher in Asia than in Europe and North America (except its west part) and the dominant glaciers were mountainous in Asia during the glacial epoch in the Quaternary Period. Then willows of Europe moved southwards to Asia. During the interglacial period they moved in opposite direction. Such a to-and-fro willow migration between Asia and Europe and between and North America occurred so often that it resulted in the diversity of willow species in Asia. Those species of willows common among the continents belong to the Arctic flora. 2. The multistaminal willows are of the primitive group in Salix. Asia has 28 species of multistaminal willows, but Europe has only one which is also found in Asia. These 28 species are divided into two groups, “northern type” and “southern type”, according to morphology of the ovary. The boundary between the two forms in distribution is at 40°N. The multistaminal willows from south Asia, Africa and South America are very similar to each other and may have mutually communicated between these continents in the Middle or Late Cretaceous Period. The southern type willows in south Asia are similar to the North American multistaminal willows but a few species. The Asian southern type willows spreaded all over the continents of Europe, Asia and North America through the communication between them before the Quaternany Period. Nevertheless, it is possible that the willows growing in North America immigranted through the middle America from South America. The Asian northern type multistaminal willows may have originated during the ice period. The multistaminal willows are more closed to populars in features of sexual organs. They are more primitive than the willows with 1-3 stamens and the most primitive ones in the genus. 3. The center of origin and development of willows Based on the above discussion it is reasonable to say that the region between 20°-40°N in East Asia is the center of the origin and differentiation of multistaminal willows. It covers Southern and Southwestern China and northern Indo-China Pennisula.     

Species richness in plant genera disjunct between temperate eastern Asia and North America

The species richness of 109 amphi-Pacific disjunct genera was examined in eastern Asia and North America. Although the entire flora of eastern Asia contains approximately one-third more species than that of North America, the difference in species richness among disjunct taxa is less. When woody and herbaceous genera are considered separately, the former exhibit a strong diversity bias favouring eastern Asia whereas there is no significant difference in diversity between continents among herbaceous genera. This result is not due to habitat differences between woody and herbaceous genera, because the disjunct herbs inhabit primarily moist forests and woodlands. This result is also not related to relative phylogenetic advancement, even though older major lineages of plants tend to have a predominance of woody taxa. Woody genera are distributed in lower latitudes than herbaceous genera on both continents, and both woody and herbaceous genera are distributed in lower latitudes in eastern Asia than in North America. The North American temperate flora is primarily a relict of a flora form 7 more widespread throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Contemporary patterns of diversity suggest that the effects of climate changes in the late Tertiary were less severe in eastern Asia and promoted diversification, but were more severe in North America and may have caused widespread extinction. The difference in the effect of climate change on diversity in herbaceous and woody lineages reflects the different ecological relationships of species having these contrasting life forms. Clearly, the contemporary floras of eastern Asia and North America bear the imprint of history and emphasize the important interface between ecological relationships and evolutionary responses.