长江中上游银[鱼句]线粒体DNA遗传多样性分析

银[鱼句]（Squalidus argentatus）是长江常见小型鱼类,分布广泛于干支流,资源量较大。本研究采用线粒体DNA（mtDNA）细胞色素b基因序列对长江中上游干流江津、荆州、监利、洪湖、黄石江段及支流赤水河、湘江等7个江段共217尾银[鱼句]样品的遗传结构和遗传多样性进行了分析。结果显示,银[鱼句]群体Cyt b基因序列分别检出了81个变异位点和97个单倍型,平均单倍型多样性（Hd）和核苷酸多样性（Pi）分别为0.966和0.008 6。分子方差分析（AMOVA）显示,长江中上游银[鱼句]群体存在显著遗传分化。群体间两两比较分析发现,赤水河群体与其他群体基因交流程度低,遗传分化显著,其他群体间没有显著遗传分化。中性检验结果不支持银 历史上发生过群体扩张。     

Genetic structure and differentiation of four populations of Afghan Pika (Ochotona rufescens) in Iran based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene

The population genetics of the Afghan Pika (Ochotona rufescens) was studied in Northern Khorasan Province, Iran. For prediction of the genetic differentiation of four populations, the DNA of mitochondrial cytochrome b of 32 individuals from four areas was sequenced and a Bayesian analysis based on the HKY model was constructed. In total, 15 polymorphic sites, 1125 conserved sites (98.7%) and 14 different haplotypes were found. The phylogenetic tree resulting from the Bayesian analysis and network analysis showed that all samples were clustered in two major groups and the haplotypes of the four populations did not separate geographically. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that a large majority of the genetic variance was due to the variance within populations. The results of fixation indices showed significant genetic structure among populations in both methods. The pairwise F_st revealed that two northern populations have a significant genetic differentiation from two southern populations, but no significance pairwise F_st value was demonstrated between the closed populations. Nei's genetic distances between closed populations were not significant, while significant values occurred between distant populations. It seems that there is not a major discontinuity between populations of Afghan Pika based on cyt-b mitochondrial gene. However, phylogenetic analysis did not separate populations and a large majority of the genetic variance was found within populations. However, AMOVA analysis showed a significant level of genetic structure among populations (p?<?0.001) and between groups (p?<?0.5). It seems that these results suggest shallow genetic differentiation between populations of different geographic groups.     

Genetic and allelopathic differences between populations of daisy fleabane Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. (Asteraceae) from disturbed and stable habitats

The interactions between invasive plants and their habitats may vary at different phases of the invasion process and depend on the phenotypic plasticity or local adaptations of each species. In this study, we investigated whether habitat changes during the invasion process are related to variations in the physiological traits (allelopathic properties) and genetic differentiation of daisy fleabane (Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers.). E. annuus is a winter annual invasive species that originated in North America and is now distributed throughout Europe. Genetic and genotypic diversity analyses were performed for 37 populations of E. annuus based on inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) polymorphisms. In total, 684 plants were analyzed; 342 were from stable habitats and 342 were from disturbed habitats. The genetic differences among the populations from the different habitats were studied using a Bayesian cluster analysis and an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and by calculating the genetic and genotypic diversity parameters. A germination test using the juglone index was employed to examine the potential allelopathic properties of the plants from the different habitats. Bayesian cluster analysis, AMOVA and allelopathic effects evaluation revealed differences in the allelopathic potential and genetic structure of the E. annuus populations from the disturbed and stable habitats. This differentiation of populations could be associated with founder effects or with different selection pressures among habitats.     

Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers in the Omono type of ninespine stickleback,genus Pungitius

We isolated and characterized 25 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the Omono type of ninespine stickleback, genus Pungitius, an endangered species in streams including agricultural canals in Japan. The number of observed alleles per locus ranged from two to 15 within 32 individuals each collected from three populations in the Omono River, and the values of observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.031 to 0.906 and from 0.031 to 0.856, respectively. All loci conformed to the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Genetic linkage disequilibrium analysis between all pairs of the loci showed no significant departure from the null hypothesis between any of the loci.     

基于线粒体16S rRNA基因的舟山群岛碧蛾蜡蝉种群遗传多样性分析

【目的】揭示岛屿隔离效应对舟山群岛及邻近大陆碧蛾蜡蝉Geisha distinctissima种群遗传多样性的影响。【方法】依据本研究获取的舟山群岛(11个岛屿)及邻近大陆15个种群共247头碧蛾蜡蝉样本的16S rRNA基因序列,对该地区种群进行遗传多样性评估;采用贝叶斯推断法构建系统发育树并绘制单倍型网络图,以解析种群间的遗传结构;通过中性检验、错配分布分析和贝叶斯天空线(Bayesian skyline plot, BSP)分析,探讨该地区碧蛾蜡蝉的种群历史动态。【结果】贝叶斯系统树及单倍型网络图均没有解析出舟山群岛碧蛾蜡蝉种群明显的遗传结构。且分子方差分析发现,遗传变异主要集中在种群内部(种群内变异占68.26%),种群间没有明显的遗传分化,显示了该地区碧蛾蜡蝉种群遗传多样性的均质化。不同种群间的单倍型多态性和核苷酸多态性与大陆-岛屿距离及岛屿隔离时间不相关。中性检验分析检测到Tajima’s D和Fu’s Fs均呈显著的负值,且错配分布分析呈现出典型的单峰,表明该地区碧蛾蜡蝉种群发生了近期的种群扩张事件。BSP分析表明,这种扩张事件发生在大约0.5～3.5千年前。【结论】岛屿...     

Remarkable genetic divergence of Gymnodiptychus dybowskii between south and north of Tianshan Mountain in northwest China

Gymnodiptychus dybowskii is endemic to Xinjiang, China and has been locally listed as protected animals. To investigate its genetic diversity and structure, specimens were collected from six localities in Yili River system and Kaidu River. Fragments of 1092bp Cyt b gene were sequenced for 116 individuals. A total of 21 haplotypes were found in all samples, and no haplotype was shared between Yili River system and Kaidu River population. Sequence comparisons revealed 123 variable sites, with eight singleton sites and 115 parsimony informative sites. For all the populations examined, the haplotype diversity (h) was 0.8298 ± 0.0226, nucleotide diversity (π) was 0.2521 ± 0.1202, and average number of pairwise nucleotide differences (k) was 275.3369 ± 118.5660. AMOVA analysis showed that the differences were significant for total populations except for Yili River system populations. The pairwise F_st values revealed same conclusion with AMOVA analysis: Kaidu River population was divergent from Yili River system populations. The genetic distance between two groups was 0.108 and the divergence time was estimated at 5.4–6.6 Ma, the uplift of Tianshan Mountain might have separated them and resulted in the genetic differentiation. The neutrality test and mismatch analysis indicated that both two groups of G. dybowskii had went through population expansion, the expansion time of Yili River system and Kaidu River population was estimated at 0.5859–0.7146 Ma and 0.5151–0.6282 Ma, respectively. The climate changes of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau might have influenced the demographic history of G. dybowskii.     

基于Cyt b基因的雅鲁藏布江下游墨脱江段及察隅河墨脱裂腹鱼的遗传多样性及种群历史动态分析

以线粒体Cyt b基因为分子标记, 对雅鲁藏布江下游墨脱江段及察隅河的墨脱裂腹鱼进行遗传多样性及种群历史动态分析。结果显示, 167尾墨脱裂腹鱼样本共检测到21个单倍型, 呈现较高的单倍型多样性(h=0.768)和较低的核苷酸多样性(π=0.00167)。基于单倍型构建的分子系统发育树及Network网络关系图表明, 所有来自墨脱江段及察隅河的单倍型不能按照地理分布各自聚类, 而是相互混杂聚在一起。不同地理种群间的遗传分化指数(F_ST)为–0.014—0.771, 其中金珠藏布(JZZB)与其他种群呈现出高度分化(F_ST: 0.372—0.771)。分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示当JZZB种群为一组, 剩余6个种群为一组时, 组间遗传差异最大, 表明JZZB种群与其他种群具有显著分化。相反, 虽然察隅河与墨脱江段的地理距离较远, 但是察隅河与墨脱江段其他种群之间(除了JZZB)的F_ST为0.093—0.169, 仅显示中等分化水平, 表明察隅河种群与雅鲁藏布江种群尚有少量的基因交流。中性检验、错配分析及BSP (Bayesian skyline plot)分析显示, 雅鲁藏布江下游墨脱江段及察隅河的墨脱裂腹鱼种群在末次间冰期(0—0.137 Ma)发生过种群扩张现象。     

Genetic divergence among geographical populations of the migratory locust in China

The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to examine genetic divergence and interrelations of 11 geographical populations of the migratory locust in China, and the role of spatial separation in the population differentiations. AMOVA analysis of genetic variations in all the populations indicated greater within- (79.55%) than among-population variability (20.45%), and that there were significant differentiations among the populations; 11 populations were divided into four regional groups, with significantly greater variability within (82.99%) than among the groups (17.01%), and there existed apparent regional differentiations. Paired comparisons showed significantly greater variability within-than between-groups, indicating significant differentiations between populations of different regional groups. Of all the pairwise comparisons, Hainan and Tibetan groups displayed the greatest differentiation, with the difference between the two groups being seven folds of that between populations within the groups; the least differentiations were exhibited between the groups of Hainan, Xinjiang, and Inner Mongolia, with the differences between groups being only half of the differences between populations within the groups. Mantel tests of the genetic and spatial distances showed that the two matrices were significantly correlated (p<0.01), indicating that the geographical isolation played an important role in the differentiations of the geographical populations of the migratory locusts. Cluster analysis divided all populations into four major groups: Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia group, the Great Plains of North China (the Yellow River and Huai River Plains) group, Hainan group, and Tibet group. Principal component analysis (PCA) supported the division of populations based on the cluster analysis. However, analysis of individuals clustered the locusts into five populations: Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia, Hami in Xinjiang, the Great Plains of North China, Hainan, and Tibet. The locust populations in eastern China displayed apparently continous and gradient variations; as such authors consider that there were no necessity and valid reasons for further division of subspecies. The subspecific status for the main geographical populations of the migratory locusts in China was discussed.     

Genetic divergence among geographical populations of the migratory locust in China

The migratory locust, Locusta migratoria L., which is distributed widely in the East Hemisphere, has long been regarded as the most important agricultural pest and a model insect. Its distribution ranges from thetropic and the subtropical zone, to the temperate zone, and to the cold-temperate zone. Because of the wide geographical distribution and adaptations, many geo- graphical populations of the migratory locust dis- played apparent variation in morphology, life history, physiology, and ot…     

中国北鳅谱系地理学分析

北鳅(Lefua costata)为冷水性鱼类,分布于淮河以北,分析遗传结构能够反映其适应环境变迁的响应.基于线粒体D-loop区211条序列分析了我国北鳅的谱系地理学和遗传多样性,样本采自9条水系共18个样点.单倍型分析显示共计55个单倍型,呈高单倍型多样性(h=0.9304)和高核苷酸多样性(π=0.0087).单...     

Genetic diversity of Narcissus tortifolius,an endangered endemic species from Southeastern Spain

In this work, we analyzed inter-simple sequence repeat markers from 10 populations (298 individuals) spanning the whole distribution range of the endemic Narcissus tortifolius. We assessed genetic variation levels and distribution by estimates of genetic diversity, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), principal coordinates and Bayesian methods. N. tortifolius showed moderate genetic diversity at intrapopulation level and low genetic differentiation of populations. In general, Almerian populations showed slightly higher levels of genetic diversity than Murcian populations. Our results indicate that habitat fragmentation has not caused genetic depauperation in N. tortifolius but did reveal moderate genetic differentiation. Indeed, principal coordinate analysis and Mantel test revealed a slight tendency to separate populations into two groups (Murcian vs. Almerian). A recent isolation event of populations, together with the perennial nature of this species could be the main reasons for this low to moderate differentiation. Our findings could be used to establish management guidelines for the conservation of this rare species.     

我国沿海缢蛏群体遗传结构的mtDNA-COⅠ分析

采集了我国沿海共计9个缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)地理群体的197个样本,分别是北部组群的3个群体:辽宁省庄河群体(ZH),天津市汉沽群体(HG),山东省海阳群体(HY);中部组群的3个群体:江苏省盐城群体(YC),上海市崇明县东滩群体(DT)和堡镇群体(BZ);以及南部组群的3个群体:浙江省宁波群体(NB),浙江省台州群体(TZ)以及福建省宁德群体(ND)。利用线粒体COⅠ标记分析了9个群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化。结果表明,在共计197个个体中检测到125个单倍型和96个变异位点,核苷酸多样性指数位于2.1764～7.4970之间,其中中部组群的群体遗传多样性指数最高。AMOVA分析结果显示,组间遗传变异量占总变异的80.27%,18.74%来自于群体内,只有0.99%来自于组内群体间。群体间遗传分化系数位于0.0219～0.8706之间,不同群体间具有一定的遗传分化,尤其是中部群体与其他群体间遗传分化值达到了0.8以上,为极高度分化。遗传距离和聚类结果显示,北部3群体和南部3群体首先聚在一起,之后与中部3群体聚类。     

RAPD variation within and among natural populations of outcrossing willow-leaved foxglove (Digitalis obscura L.)

 Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to assess levels and patterns of genetic diversity in Digitalis obscura L. (Scrophulariaceae), an outcrossing cardenolide-producing medicinal plant species. A total of 50 plants from six natural populations on the Iberian Peninsula were analysed by six arbitrarily chosen decamer primers resulting in 96 highly reproducible RAPD bands. To avoid bias in parameter estimation, analyses of population genetic structure were restricted to bands (35 of 96) whose observed frequencies were less than 1–3/n in each population. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) with distances among individuals corrected for the dominant nature of RAPDs (genotypic analysis) showed that most of the variation (84.8%) occurred among individuals within populations, which is expected for an outcrossing organism. Of the remaining variance, 9.7% was attributed to differences between regions, and 5.5% for differences among populations within regions. Estimates of the Wright, Weir and Cockerham and Lynch and Milligan F_ST from null-allele frequencies corroborated AMOVA partitioning and provided significant evidence for population differentiation in D. obscura. A non-parametric test for the homogeneity of molecular variance (HOMOVA) also showed significant differences in the amount of genetic variability present in the six populations. UPGMA cluster analyses, based on Apostol genetic distance, revealed grouping of some geographically proximate populations. Nevertheless, a Mantel test did not give a significant correlation between geographic and genetic distances. This is the first report of the partitioning of genetic variability within and between populations of D. obscura and provides important baseline data for optimising sampling strategies and for conserving the genetic resources of this medicinal species. Received: 7 September 1998 / Accepted: 28 November 1998     

Genetic diversity of common carp from two largest Chinese lakes and the Yangtze River revealed by microsatellite markers

Six polymorphic microsatellites (eight loci) were used to study the genetic diversity and population structure of common carp from Dongting Lake (DTC), Poyang Lake (PYC), and the Yangtze River (YZC) in China. The gene diversity was high among populations with values close to 1. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 11, and the average number of alleles among 3 populations ranged from 6.5 to 7.9. The mean observed (H _O) and expected (H _E) heterozygosity ranged from 0.4888 to 0.5162 and from 0.7679 to 0.7708, respectively. Significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium expectation were found at majority of the loci and in all three populations in which heterozygote deficits were apparent. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that the percent of variance among populations and within populations were 3.03 and 96.97, respectively. The Fst values between populations indicated that there were significant genetic differentiations for the common carp populations from the Yangtze River and two largest Chinese freshwater lakes. The factors that may result in genetic divergence and significant reduction of the observed heterozygosity were discussed.     

Mitochondrial DNA Diversity of the Asian Moon Scallop, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Amusium pleuronectes</Emphasis> (Pectinidae), in Thailand

Sequence variation of the mitochondrial DNA 16S rRNA region of the Asian moon scallop, Amusium pleuronectes, was surveyed in seven populations along the coast of Thailand. A total of 16 unique haplotypes were detected among 174 individuals with a total 27 variable sites out of 534 bp sequenced. The mitochondrial haplotypes grouped into two distinct arrays (estimated to differ by about 2.62% to 2.99% nucleotide divergence) that characterized samples collected from the Gulf of Thailand versus the Andaman Sea. Low levels of intrapopulation variation were observed, while in contrast, significant divergence was observed between populations from the Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea. Results of AMOVA reveal a high F _ST value (0.765) and showed that the majority of the total genetic variance (76.03%) occurred among groups (i.e., Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand) and little among populations within the group (0.52%) and within populations (23.45%). The genetic differentiation between the populations recorded in the present study is similar to that observed in a variety of marine species in the Indo-Pacific. The implications of the findings for management of A. pleuronectes genetic resources in Thailand are discussed.     

Population genetic dynamics of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in anthropogenic altered habitats

In industrialized and/or agriculturally used landscapes, inhabiting species are exposed to a variety of anthropogenic changes in their environments. Genetic diversity may be reduced if populations encounter founder events, bottlenecks, or isolation. Conversely, genetic diversity may increase if populations adapt to changes in selective regimes in newly created habitats. With the present study, genetic variability of 918 sticklebacks from 43 samplings (21.3 ± 3.8 per sample) at 36 locations from cultivated landscapes in Northwest Germany was analyzed at nine neutral microsatellite loci. To test if differentiation is influenced by habitat alterations, sticklebacks were collected from ancient running waters and adjacent artificial stagnant waters, from brooks with salt water inflow of anthropogenic and natural origin and adjacent freshwater sites. Overall population structure was dominated by isolation by distance (IBD), which was significant across all populations, and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 10.6% of the variation was explained by river catchment area. Populations in anthropogenic modified habitats deviated from the general IBD structure and in the AMOVA, grouping by habitat type running/stagnant water explained 4.9% of variation and 1.4% of the variation was explained by salt-/freshwater habitat. Sticklebacks in salt-polluted water systems seem to exhibit elevated migratory activity between fresh- and saltwater habitats, reducing IBD. In other situations, populations showed distinct signs of genetic isolation, which in some locations was attributed to mechanical migration barriers, but in others to potential anthropogenic induced bottleneck or founder effects. The present study shows that anthropogenic habitat alterations may have diverse effects on the population genetic structure of inhabiting species. Depending on the type of habitat change, increased genetic differentiation, diversification, or isolation are possible consequences.     

Differentiation between populations of Japanese grenadier anchovy (Coilia nasus) in Northwestern Pacific based on ISSR markers: Implications for biogeography

Northwestern Pacific provides unique scenarios for studying the roles of geography and ecology in driving population divergence and speciation. To elucidate the phylogeographic pattern of Coilia nasus in Northwestern Pacific, we examined ninety individuals from five localities along the coastal regions of China and the Ariake Bay of Japan by using seven ISSR markers. Analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that genetic differentiation among groups is relatively high (F_CT = 0.1904; P = 0.000). Bayesian analysis of ISSR data also revealed significant population structuring between Chinese and Japanese locations. Phylogenetic reconstructions show reciprocal monophyly in populations between China and the Ariake Bay of Japan. We conclude that the present-day phylogeographic pattern is the result of genetic isolation between Japanese and Chinese populations in the Northwestern Pacific following the glacial retreat, and that life-history traits and ecology may play a pivotal role in shaping the realized geographical distribution pattern of this species.     

陕西省异色瓢虫种群遗传结构及其多样性

异色瓢虫是一种重要的天敌昆虫,广泛应用于农业生物防治中.本研究以线粒体COII基因作为分子标记,对陕西省分布的异色瓢虫不同地理种群的遗传结构及遗传多样性进行分析,并探讨不同种群间的遗传分化程度及基因交流水平.结果表明: 在21个种群529头异色瓢虫供试样本的COII序列中,共检测到15种单倍型(Hap1～Hap15),其中Hap1和Hap2所占比例最高,分别占总群体的34.4%和37.6%.总群体单倍型多样性指数为0.732,各种群内单倍型多样性范围在0.652～0.786.种群间总基因流为10.13,总群体遗传分化指数为0.024,说明种群间整体遗传分化程度较低.陕西异色瓢虫种群在进化上呈现中性模型,群体大小保持相对稳定,种群间的遗传分化主要来自种群内部.基于Nei遗传距离构建的种群系统发育树,陕南区域种群与陕北和关中区域种群分化明显.种群间遗传分化与地理距离之间存在一定的相关性,并且区域种群的遗传结构与遗传多样性也表现出一定的地理分布模式,推测秦岭的阻隔及南北气候的差异,使陕北、关中与陕南种群间的基因交流存在阻力,导致南北种群间遗传结构和遗传多样性存在差异.     

Microsatellite and morphometric variation in Drosophila gouveai: the relative importance of historical and current factors in shaping the genetic population structure

Drosophila gouveai is a cactus-breeding species with a naturally fragmented distribution in central-western and southeastern Brazil. In this study, a neutral genetic marker (microsatellite DNA) and a quantitative trait (wing morphology) were used to investigate the population structure of eight populations of D. gouveai . Quantitative analysis was done using a morphometric approach and multivariate analysis of 17 wing parameters. Drosophila gouveai showed a large degree of genetic population differentiation ( F _ST = 0.245). A molecular analysis of variance showed that the population structure was attributable mainly to genetic differences among the population groups, which were correlated with regional groupings. A Bayesian cluster analysis also identified the same regional groupings as contributing to the population structure. Assignment tests revealed that the current gene flow was very restricted. The divergence in wing morphology among populations was also high, and revealed a geographical pattern that conformed to a latitudinal cline. In contrast to current factors such as migration-drift equilibrium, these results indicated that the genetic population structure of D. gouveai was shaped predominantly by historical factors.     

Genetic diversity analysis and transferability of cereal EST-SSR markers to orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.)

The diversity and genetic relationships among 74 orchardgrass accessions were analyzed using cereal EST-SSRs and orchardgrass SSR markers in order to estimate genetic variability and compare the level of diversity. In total, 190 polymorphic bands were detected with an average of 6.3 alleles per SSR loci. The average polymorphic rate (P) for the species was 84.63%, suggesting a high degree of genetic diversity. The molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) showed that the proportion of variance explained by within- and among-geographical groups diversity was74.87% and 25.13%, respectively. The distinct geographical divergence of orchardgrass was revealed between Americas and Oceania. The ecogeographical conditions such as climate and soil, genetic drift and mating system could be the crucial factors for genetic divergence. Furthermore, the study also indicated that northern Africa, Europe and temperate Asia might be the diversity differentiation center of orchardgrass. The result will facilitate the breeding program and germplasm collection and conservation.