土著从枝菌根真菌(AMF)与不同形态氮对紫色土间作大豆生长及氮利用的影响

在紫色土上,探究接种土著AMF(indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi)及不同形态氮肥施用对间作大豆Glycine max生长及氮利用的影响,为提高间作大豆对土壤不同形态氮素的吸收与利用,减少土壤无机氮残留提供理论依据。采用盆栽试验,设2种种植方式(大豆单作和玉米/大豆间作),不同丛枝菌根真菌处理[不接种(NM)、接种土著AMF]和3个氮处理[不施氮(N0)、施无机氮(ION120)、施有机氮(ON120)],以期揭示土著AMF和不同形态氮施用对间作大豆生长及氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:与N0相比,施ION120和ON120处理显著增加了土壤无机氮的累积量。NM条件下,无论何种施氮处理的间作土壤NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N含量均低于单作,其中当接种土著AMF时,与单作相比,间作对减少土壤无机氮的积累能力得到进一步加强。无论单作或是间作,相同菌根处理下,ION120和ON120处理的大豆地上部和根系生物量,大豆地上部和根系氮含量及大豆地上部和根系氮吸收量均不同程度地高于N0处理,其中间作-土著AMF条件下,ION120处理的根系生物量、根系氮含量及氮吸收量均显著高于ON120处理。间作-ION120条件下,土著AMF处理的大豆地上部氮含量、吸收量及根系氮含量、氮吸收量较NM处理分别提高了9.8%、69.8%和8.1%、54.8%,四者差异均达到显著水平。除根系氮吸收量外,地上部氮含量、氮吸收量及根系氮含量均在间作-土著AMF-ION120处理下显著提高,间作与土著AMF互作优势明显。间作-土著AMF条件下,ION120和ON120处理的大豆根系氮吸收效率高于N0处理,分别提高了2%和6%。总体来看,土著AMF与ION120氮肥施用对促进间作大豆生长与提高氮素利用率尤为明显,可望减少土壤氮素残留而减轻氮素流失的风险。     

不同填闲模式对黄瓜根际土壤酶活性及细菌群落的影响

以温室连作3年黄瓜土壤为研究对象,以黄瓜为主栽作物,以青葱、小麦、油菜为不同季节填闲作物设置盆栽试验,采用常规化学方法、PCR-DGGE及qPCR技术,研究不同填闲模式对黄瓜土壤酶活性及细菌群落的影响.结果表明: 随着种植茬次的增加,填闲小麦处理的土壤脲酶、中性磷酸酶及转化酶活性均显著高于填闲青葱和油菜处理,同时油菜处理显著高于青葱处理;不同填闲模式间黄瓜根际土壤细菌群落结构不同,冬季填闲青葱和夏季填闲小麦处理维持了相对较高的多样性指数.qPCR检测结果表明: 随着种植茬次的增加,小麦处理的土壤细菌数量显著高于青葱和油菜处理.综上,不同填闲模式对土壤酶活性和细菌群落均产生一定影响,改变了土壤环境,其中夏季填闲小麦能保持相对较高的土壤酶活性、土壤细菌群落结构多样性及细菌数量.
     

氮和土著AMF对黄瓜间作土壤酶活性及氮利用的影响

设施土壤氮（N）肥的大量不合理施用和高残留是导致作物硝态N含量超标和农业面源污染的主要因素之一。研究土著丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）与间作体系强化蔬菜对不同形态N的利用并结合土壤酶活性的反馈作用,可为设施土壤N素的高效利用和降低土壤N残留提供依据。本研究采用盆栽试验,设置黄瓜单作和黄瓜//大豆间作种植模式,不同AMF处理[不接种（NM）、接种土著AMF]和不同形态N处理[不施N（N0）、有机N（谷氨酰胺120mg/kg,ON120）、无机N（碳酸氢铵120mg/kg,ION120）],探讨了设施条件下施用不同形态N、接种土著AMF与间作大豆对黄瓜根围土壤酶活性及氮利用的影响。结果表明,与NM相比,接种土著AMF使设施黄瓜地上部、根系生物量及植株N吸收量均有不同程度的增加,根围土壤NH₄ ⁺-N、NO₃ ^--N含量呈现降低趋势。同一N处理-土著AMF条件下,间作大豆处理下的黄瓜根系菌根侵染率显著高于单作处理;间作大豆也使黄瓜植株地上部、根系生物量及N吸收量显著增加,同时显著降低了根围土壤铵态N含量。此外,间作-土著AMF条件下,ON120和ION120处理的黄瓜根围土壤脲酶活性较N0处理分别提高了30%和14%,蛋白酶和硝酸还原酶活性也呈现出相同趋势。可见,所有复合处理中,以间作体系接种土著AMF与施用适量有机N的组合明显促进了设施黄瓜生长和N素利用率。     

旱地小麦不同栽培条件对土壤硝态氮残留的影响

在陕西渭北旱塬进行了2a田间试验,研究不同栽培模式、施氮量和小麦种植密度对旱地硝态氮残留的影响。结果表明,种植小麦2a后0~200 cm土壤剖面中残留硝态氮58.6~283.9 kg/hm2,数量可观,短期内在渭北旱塬深厚的土壤中不会对地下水造成威胁,但夏季休闲期间容易下迁至作物无法吸收的土壤深度。与常规无覆盖模式相比,地膜覆盖和垄沟种植显著提高了作物对氮素的吸收,但同时也增加了土壤0~200 cm的硝态氮残留,这与地膜覆盖导致有机氮矿化增加有关;秸秆覆盖对作物氮素吸收和硝态氮残留均没有明显影响。施氮量低于120 kg/hm2时,各种栽培模式土壤剖面残留硝态氮的分布差异较小,只有地膜覆盖和垄沟种植处理在土壤表层有少量硝态氮累积;施氮量为240 kg/hm2时,无覆盖和秸秆覆盖土壤60~120 cm深度都有明显累积峰,地膜覆盖和垄沟种植土壤残留硝态氮则在60 cm以上土层累积较多。小麦种植密度也影响了各种栽培模式土壤硝态氮及其分布特点。垄沟种植条件下,从土壤表层到200 cm的深层,垄上土壤残留硝态氮均显著高于沟内土壤;上层差异最大,随着土壤深度的增加其差异逐渐降低;随着施氮量的增加,这种差异显著增大;随小麦种植密度的增加则显著降低。随着施氮量增加,小麦吸氮量和土壤中残留硝态氮量均显著提高;施氮增加的残留硝态氮占施氮量的0.3%~44.6%。垄沟种植模式施氮增加的残留硝态氮最多,地膜覆盖处理次之,垄沟种植处理垄上土壤增加量远远高于沟内土壤。施氮量提高1倍,增加的残留硝态氮量平均提高了3倍多。提高小麦种植密度,施氮增加的残留硝态氮平均减小13.2 kg/hm2。由于种植密度增加显著提高了小麦对氮素的吸收,因此硝态氮残留有降低的趋势。其中,秸秆覆盖模式80~140 cm土层降低显著;地膜覆盖条件下高密与低密残留硝态氮的差异主要在深层;垄沟模式中,低密度种植硝态氮残留量在整个土壤剖面都高于高密度处理;而无覆盖条件下,残留硝态氮则随种植密度的提高呈增加趋势。     

种植密度和施氮水平对小麦吸收利用土壤氮素的影响

2011-2013小麦季,在大田条件下设置2个氮肥水平(180和240kgN· hm-2)和3个种植密度(135、270和405万·hm-2),并将15N-尿素分别标记在20、60和100 cm土层处,研究种植密度-施氮互作对小麦吸收、利用土壤氮素及硝态氮残留量的影响.结果表明:种植密度从135万·hm-2增加至405万·hm-2,小麦在20、60和100 cm土层的15N吸收量分别增加1.86、2.28和2.51 kg·hm-2,地上部氮素积累量和吸收效率分别提高12.6％和12.6％,氮素利用效率降低5.4％;施氮量由240 kg N·hm-2降至180 kg N·hm-2,小麦在20、60 cm土层的15N吸收量分别降低4.11和1.21 kg·hm-2,在100 cm土层的15N吸收量增加1.02 kg·hm-2,地上部氮素积累量平均降低13.5％,氮素吸收效率和利用效率分别提高9.4％和12.2％.施氮180kg N·hm-2+种植密度为405万·hm-2处理与施氮240 kg N·hm-2+种植密度为270或405万·hm-2处理相比,其籽粒产量无显著差异,深层土壤氮素的吸收量显著提高,氮素吸收效率和利用效率分别提高13.4％和11.9％,O～ 200 cm土层的硝态氮积累量及100～ 200 cm土层硝态氮分布比例降低.在适当降低氮肥用量条件下,通过增加种植密度可以促进小麦吸收深层土壤氮素,减少土壤氮素残留,并保持较高的产量水平.     

不同水氮条件下灌溉方式对玉米干物质量和氮钾利用的影响

由于作物需水随生育期的变化,分根区交替灌溉(AI)的节水效果也会随生育期而发生变化,探明不同生育期分根区交替灌溉对玉米生长和水分养分利用的影响,以期为分根区交替灌溉的实施和充分发挥其节水节肥效果奠定理论基础。通过盆栽试验,在2种灌水水平(正常灌水和轻度缺水)和2种有机无机氮比例(100%无机氮和70%无机氮+30%有机氮)下,以常规灌溉(CI)为对照,分别研究苗期—灌浆初期、苗期—拔节期以及拔节期—抽雄期进行AI对玉米干物质量、氮钾含量和吸收量以及土壤碱解氮和速效钾含量的影响。结果表明,在轻度缺水和有机无机氮肥配施下,与CI相比,拔节期—抽雄期分根区交替灌溉玉米地上部和总干物质量分别增加29.6%和27.4%,地上部和总N吸收量增加50.7%和50.4%。与单施无机氮肥相比,有机无机氮肥配施会在不同程度上增加地上部和总N吸收量,但是一般降低土壤碱解氮和速效钾含量,这说明在轻度缺水和有机无机N肥配施下,拔节期—抽雄期进行分根区交替灌溉提高玉米总干物质量和N吸收量。     

施用纳米碳对烤烟氮素吸收和利用的影响

为明确纳米碳在提高烤烟氮素吸收利用方面的效果,在盆栽条件下,研究了纳米碳不同用量对烤烟根系生长发育、干物质积累和氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,在常规肥料中添加纳米碳能够促进烤烟根系生长发育,明显提高烟株根系活力和单株根系生物量,增加植株干物质积累量。施用纳米碳增加了烤烟植株成熟期各器官氮素含量和积累量,而未明显影响氮素在植株不同器官的分配。施用纳米碳不仅增加了植株对肥料氮的吸收量,还增加了对土壤氮的吸收量,这与其促进烤烟根系生长发育、提高根系吸收能力有密切关系。纳米碳无论做基肥还是做追肥,均显著提高了氮肥利用率,提高幅度分别达到14.44%和9.62%,有效降低了氮素土壤残留和损失。     

枣粮间作生态系统土壤氮空间分布特性

基于枣粮间作复合生态系统内部异质性,通过在不同位置采样测定,探讨了枣粮间作系统内土壤氮素空间分布特性.结果表明:(1)枣粮间作生态系统中,在小麦收获期和玉米收获期两个时期,土壤全氮和硝态氮含量均存在明显的垂直和水平两个方向空间变异性.而土壤铵态氮含量极低且没有明显的空间变异;(2)与全氮相比,枣粮间作系统中硝态氮空间变异性更强,且随着时间变化其空间分布特性有明显变化;(3)氮素施用量对土壤全氮和硝态氮空间变异有正向作用,而植株对氮的吸收利用可以降低土壤氮素分布空间差异程度.各因子对土壤全氮空间变异影响强弱顺序为氮吸收量＞氮素施用量＞土壤含水量;对土壤硝态氮空间变异影响强弱顺序为氮素施用量＞土壤全氮含量＞氮素吸收量＞土壤含水量.     

土壤硝态氮时空变异与土壤氮素表观盈亏研究Ⅰ.冬小麦

不同氮肥用量下对冬小麦生育期间土壤硝态氮时空变化特征及土壤氮素表观盈亏量的研究结果表明,氮肥用量不同,硝态氮分布特征有差异,并且随着冬小麦的生长,其变化也不同。在冬小麦快速生长阶段,作物吸收可在一定深度的土层出现硝态氮亏缺区。由于灌溉的影响,土壤表层硝态氮向深层淋洗严重,即使在低氮肥水平,土壤深层仍可观察到硝态氮含量升高现象,存在淋出2m土体的可能性。并且氮肥用量越高,土壤硝态氮含量越高,硝酸盐向深层淋洗也越严重,淋出2m土体的可能性和也相应增大;在冬小麦生长前期（播种－拔节）,即使在不施氮肥处理也有土壤氮素的表观盈余,随着施肥量的增加,在拔节－扬花也出现了土壤氮素表观盈余,而扬花后各个氮肥处理均出现土壤氮素的表观亏缺,氮肥用量越高,小麦一生中土壤表观氮盈余量越大,1m土体内平均最大盈余量达199.8kgN/hm^2。研究表明,土壤氮损失是盈余氮素的一个主要去向,而硝态氮淋洗是冬小麦生育期间土壤氮素损失的一个重要的途径。     

覆盖旱作方式和施氮水平对稻-麦轮作体系生产力和氮素利用的影响

在成都平原通过 3a的田间试验研究了水稻覆盖 (地膜和麦秸 )旱作和施氮水平对稻麦轮作体系生产力和氮素利用的影响。结果表明 :在施氮量为水稻季 15 0 kg/hm2 ,小麦季 12 0 kg/hm2 的条件下 ,覆盖旱作和传统淹水体系均能达到较高的产量水平。再增加施氮量对产量的影响不大 ,但使氮盈余急剧增加。不施氮或低量施氮会造成作物产量的显著下降和土壤氮素亏缺。水稻覆膜旱作对稻麦轮作的系统生产力 (水稻 小麦 )没有显著影响 ;但水稻覆麦秸旱作条件下系统的生产力有降低的趋势 ,主要由于水稻覆麦秸旱作条件下 ,水稻产量下降 ,而麦秸覆盖在小麦季的后效作用不足以弥补水稻产量的下降程度。水稻、小麦的氮素吸收表现出与作物产量类似的规律。水稻季土壤很难累积无机氮 ,而且与施肥和覆盖旱作与否没有关系。小麦季土壤中积累了较多的无机氮 ,而且随施氮水平的增加而明显增加     

Screening legume green manures as nitrogen sources to succeeding non-legume crops

Legumes managed as green manures provide a good alternative to the use of commercial N-fertilizer for non-legume crop production. A laboratory procedure based on the aerobic incubation (35 °C) of soil samples taken from plots with legumes incorporated was proposed for predicting the N supplying potential of legumes to succeeding non-legume crops. This procedure was evaluated by comparing the amount of inorganic N determined in the soil samples after incubation with N content of aboveground dry matter of maize or with inorganic N found in the soil of an adjacent fallow plot. The soil samples (0.00 to 0.15 m and 0.15 to 0.30 m) were obtained from two field experiments conducted in similar soils of the Cerrado Region of central Brazil during 1984–85 and 1986–87. Although incubation results were affected by the different pretreatments, soil samples prepared and incubated as soon as possible after being taken from the field gave the best correlations. The most convenient incubation procedure was the one-week aerobic incubation of samples previously oven dried at 50°C. The results obtained by this procedure were significantly correlated with N content in aboveground dry matter of maize and with the inorganic N accumulated in an adjacent fallow plot.     

The fate of 15N added to high Arctic tundra to mimic increased inputs of atmospheric nitrogen released from a melting snowpack

Increases in the long‐range aerial transport of reactive N species from low to high latitudes will lead to increased accumulation in the Arctic snowpack, followed by release during the early summer thaw. We followed the release of simulated snowpack N, and its subsequent fate over three growing seasons, on two contrasting high Arctic tundra types on Spitsbergen (79°N). Applications of ¹⁵N (99 atom%) at 0.1 and 0.5 g N m^?2 were made immediately after snowmelt in 2001 as either Na¹⁵NO₃ or ¹⁵NH₄Cl. These applications are approximately 1 × and 5 × the yearly atmospheric deposition rates. The vegetation at the principal experimental site was dominated by bryophytes and Salix polaris while at the second site, vegetation included bryophytes, graminoids and lichens. Audits of the applied ¹⁵N were undertaken, over two or three growing seasons, by determining the amounts of labeled N in the soil (0–3 and 3–10 cm), soil microbial biomass and different vegetation fractions. Initial partitioning of the ¹⁵N at the first sampling time showed that ～60% of the applied ¹⁵N was recovered in soil, litter and plants, regardless of N form or application rate, indicating that rapid immobilization into organic forms had occurred at both sites. Substantial incorporation of the ¹⁵N was found in the microbial biomass in the humus layer and in the bryophyte and lichen fractions. After initial partitioning there appeared to be little change in the total ¹⁵N recovered over the following two or three seasons in each of the sampled fractions, indicating highly conservative N retention. The most obvious transfer of ¹⁵N, following assimilation, was from the microbial biomass into stable forms of humus, with an apparent half‐life of just over 1 year. At the principal site the microbial biomass and vascular plants were found to immobilize the greatest proportion of ¹⁵N compared with their total N concentration. In the more diverse tundra of the second site, lichen species and graminoids competed effectively for ¹⁵NH₄‐N and ¹⁵NO₃‐N, respectively. Results suggest that Arctic tundra habitats have a considerable capacity to immobilize additional inorganic N released from the snow pack. However, with 40% of the applied ¹⁵N apparently lost there is potential for N enrichment in the surrounding fjordal systems during the spring thaw.     

Disentangling species and functional group richness effects on soil N cycling in a grassland ecosystem

Species richness (SR) and functional group richness (FGR) are often confounded in both observational and experimental field studies of biodiversity and ecosystem function. This precludes discernment of their separate influences on ecosystem processes, including nitrogen (N) cycling, and how those influences might be moderated by global change factors. In a 17‐year field study of grassland species, we used two full factorial experiments to independently vary SR (one or four species, with FGR = 1) and FGR (1–4 groups, with SR = 4) to assess SR and FGR effects on ecosystem N cycling and its response to elevated carbon dioxide (CO₂) and N addition. We hypothesized that increased plant diversity (either SR or FGR) and elevated CO₂ would enhance plant N pools because of greater plant N uptake, but decrease soil N cycling rates because of greater soil carbon inputs and microbial N immobilization. In partial support of these hypotheses, increasing SR or FGR (holding the other constant) enhanced total plant N pools and decreased soil nitrate pools, largely through higher root biomass, and increasing FGR strongly reduced mineralization rates, because of lower root N concentrations. In contrast, increasing SR (holding FGR constant and despite increasing total plant C and N pools) did not alter root N concentrations or net N mineralization rates. Elevated CO₂ had minimal effects on plant and soil N metrics and their responses to plant diversity, whereas enriched N increased plant and soil N pools, but not soil N fluxes. These results show that functional diversity had additional effects on both plant N pools and rates of soil N cycling that were independent of those of species richness.     

Enhanced foliar 15N enrichment with increasing nitrogen addition rates: Role of plant species and nitrogen compounds

Determining the abundance of N isotope (δ¹⁵N) in natural environments is a simple but powerful method for providing integrated information on the N cycling dynamics and status in an ecosystem under exogenous N inputs. However, whether the input of different N compounds could differently impact plant growth and their ¹⁵N signatures remains unclear. Here, the response of ¹⁵N signatures and growth of three dominant plants (Leymus chinensis, Carex duriuscula, and Thermopsis lanceolata) to the addition of three N compounds (NH₄HCO₃, urea, and NH₄NO₃) at multiple N addition rates were assessed in a meadow steppe in Inner Mongolia. The three plants showed different initial foliar δ¹⁵N values because of differences in their N acquisition strategies. Particularly, T. lanceolata (N₂-fixing species) showed significantly lower ¹⁵N signatures than L. chinensis (associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi [AMF]) and C. duriuscula (associated with AMF). Moreover, the foliar δ¹⁵N of all three species increased with increasing N addition rates, with a sharp increase above an N addition rate of ~10 g N m⁻² year⁻¹. Foliar δ¹⁵N values were significantly higher when NH₄HCO₃ and urea were added than when NH₄NO₃ was added, suggesting that adding weakly acidifying N compounds could result in a more open N cycle. Overall, our results imply that assessing the N transformation processes in the context of increasing global N deposition necessitates the consideration of N deposition rates, forms of the deposited N compounds, and N utilization strategies of the co-existing plant species in the ecosystem.     

Terrestrial nitrogen cycle simulation with a dynamic global vegetation model

A global scale Dynamic Nitrogen scheme (DyN) has been developed and incorporated into the Lund–Posdam–Jena (LPJ) dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM). The DyN is a comprehensive process‐based model of the cycling of N through and within terrestrial ecosystems, with fully interactive coupling to vegetation and C dynamics. The model represents the uptake, allocation and turnover of N in plants, and soil N transformations including mineralization, N₂ fixation, nitrification and denitrification, NH₃ volatilization, N leaching, and N₂, N₂O and NO production and emission. Modelled global patterns of site‐scale nitrogen fluxes and reservoirs are highly correlated to observations reported from different biomes. The simulation of site‐scale net primary production and soil carbon content was improved relative to the original LPJ, which lacked an interactive N cycle, especially in the temporal and boreal regions. Annual N uptake by global natural vegetation was simulated as 1.084 Pg N yr⁻¹, with lowest values <1 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹ (polar desert) and highest values in the range 24–36.5 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹ (tropical forests). Simulated global patterns of annual N uptake are consistent with previous model results by Melillo et al. The model estimates global total nitrogen storage potentials in vegetation (5.3 Pg N), litter (4.6 Pg N) and soil (≥67 Pg as organic N and 0.94 Pg as inorganic N). Simulated global patterns of soil N storage are consistent with the analysis by Post et al. although total simulated N storage is less. Deserts were simulated to store 460 Tg N (up to 0.262 kg N m⁻²) as NO₃⁻, contributing 80% of the global total NO₃⁻ inventory of 580 Tg N. This model result is in agreement with the findings of a large NO₃⁻ pool beneath deserts. Globally, inorganic soil N is a small reservoir, comprising only 1.6% of the global soil N content to 1.5 m soil depth, but the ratio has a very high spatial variability and in hot desert regions, inorganic NO₃⁻ is estimated to be the dominant form of stored N in the soil.     

稻鸭、稻鱼共作生态系统土壤可溶性有机N的动态和损失

通过田间试验研究了稻鸭、稻鱼共作生态系统土壤可溶性有机N(SON)的动态和损失,及其与土壤微生物量N和水稻吸N量的相关性.结果表明,(1)土壤SON是稻田土壤主要的可溶性N,其中处理CK,RD和RF土壤SON库分别为121.16, 109 30 和113.71 kg/hm2,高于土壤无机N库.(2)土壤SON与土壤可溶性无机N显著正相关(p<0.01);在水稻生育期间,土壤SON含量随水稻的生长而逐渐降低;同时由于鸭和鱼的存在,处理RD和RF土壤SON含量显著低于处理CK;土壤SON与水稻累积吸N量呈显著负相关(p<0.01),表明水稻生长强烈影响着土壤SON.(3)在水稻生长前期,渗漏水各形态N含量最大;溶解性有机N(DON)是稻田渗漏水N素的主要形态;同时,统计分析显示,相对于处理CK,RF土壤SON的下渗淋失量显著降低,RD土壤SON的下渗淋失量则略为降低.(4)水稻生育期间,土壤微生物量N不断地变化着,此外,由于鸭和鱼的存在,相对与处理CK,处理RD和RF土壤显著的提高了土壤MBN.同时,由于水稻吸收和N的淋失,土壤微生物量N与土壤SON不相关.总之,在水稻生长期间,土壤可溶性有机N受水稻吸N、微生物吸N与分解和N淋失的共同作用.     

Legumes regulate grassland soil N cycling and its response to variation in species diversity and N supply but not CO2

Legumes are an important component of plant diversity that modulate nitrogen (N) cycling in many terrestrial ecosystems. Limited knowledge of legume effects on soil N cycling and its response to global change factors and plant diversity hinders a general understanding of whether and how legumes broadly regulate the response of soil N availability to those factors. In a 17‐year study of perennial grassland species grown under ambient and elevated (+180 ppm) CO₂ and ambient and enriched (+4 g N m^?2 year^?1) N environments, we compared pure legume plots with plots dominated by or including other herbaceous functional groups (and containing one or four species) to assess the effect of legumes on N cycling (net N mineralization rate and inorganic N pools). We also examined the effects of numbers of legume species (from zero to four) in four‐species mixed plots on soil N cycling. We hypothesized that legumes would increase N mineralization rates most in those treatments with the greatest diversity and the greatest relative limitation by and competition for N. Results partially supported these hypotheses. Plots with greater dominance by legumes had greater soil nitrate concentrations and mineralization rates. Higher species richness significantly increased the impact of legumes on soil N metrics, with 349% and 505% higher mineralization rates and nitrate concentrations in four‐species plots containing legumes compared to legume‐free four‐species plots, in contrast to 185% and 129% greater values, respectively, in pure legume than nonlegume monoculture plots. N‐fertilized plots had greater legume effects on soil nitrate, but lower legume effects on net N mineralization. In contrast, neither elevated CO₂ nor its interaction with legumes affected net N mineralization. These results indicate that legumes markedly influence the response of soil N cycling to some, but not all, global change drivers.     

CARD-FISH研究食细菌线虫对氨氧化细菌（AOB）数量的影响

土壤动物与微生物的取食与反馈之间的关系是土壤生态学研究的核心内容之一。通过接种原位的食细菌线虫和微生物群落模拟土壤真实环境,采用CARD-FISH方法来观察食细菌线虫的不同取食密度下,氨氧化细菌(ammonia oxidizing bacteria)数量的动态变化,以揭示土壤食细菌线虫对AOB数量的影响及AOB的反馈强度。结果表明:与单独接种细菌的处理(SB)相比,接种食细菌线虫显著地增加了土壤中AOB的数量,3个不同线虫接种密度处理中AOB数量表现为接种20条g-1干土的处理(SBN20)接种10条g-1干土的处理(SBN10)接种40条g-1干土的处理(SBN40)。由于过度取食,SBN40处理中AOB的数量在培养了14d后低于SB处理,且在第28天时显著低于SB处理。接种食细菌线虫显著增加了土壤中NH4+-N和NO3-N的含量,表明食细菌线虫促进了N的矿化和硝化作用。矿化作用增强使得硝化作用的底物NH4+-N显著增加可能是AOB数量显著增多的重要原因之一。     

寒温带针叶林土壤CH4吸收对模拟大气氮沉降增加的初期响应

N沉降作为驱动因子会改变森林土壤－大气界面CH4净交换通量和方向。然而,对引起北方森林土壤CH4吸收发生转变的大气N沉降临界负荷及其响应机制知之甚少。为此,本研究以我国大兴安岭北方寒温带针叶林土壤作为研究对象,参照大兴安岭站实际大气N沉降通量,构建了低剂量、多形态和高频率的大气N沉降模拟增加控制实验,研究了2010年6-10月生长季土壤CH4吸收通量及其驱动因子对增N的初期响应。研究表明：整个生长季,大兴安岭寒温带针叶林土壤作为大气CH4净汇,CH4平均吸收通量为51.5?4.70 ugm-2h-1,主要受0-10cm土壤水分驱动。短期内,0-10cm矿质土壤NH4 -N含量对增N响应敏感;0-10cm矿质土壤NO3--N含量则受NO3--N输入影响较为明显。相反,0-10cm矿质土壤pH对增N的响应不敏感。总体上,低剂量的N输入对大兴安岭寒温带针叶林生长季土壤－大气界面CH4净交换通量影响不显著,而不排除NO3--N 输入尤其是低N处理情形所呈现出促进土壤CH4氧化的趋势。大兴安岭寒温带针叶林土壤CH4吸收对增N的响应敏感程度可能和土壤CH4活性氧化区域,土壤NH4 -N、NO3--N含量空间分布格局和相对比例有关。未来长期低水平的大气N沉降是否会改变大兴安岭北方森林土壤氧化大气CH4趋势,有待研究。     

Rhizospheric NO affects N uptake and metabolism in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings depending on soil N availability and N source

We investigated the interaction of rhizospheric nitric oxide (NO) concentration (i.e. low, ambient or high) and soil nitrogen (N) availability (i.e. low or high) with organic and inorganic N uptake by fine roots of Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings by ¹⁵N feeding experiments under controlled conditions. N metabolites in fine roots were analysed to link N uptake to N nutrition. NO affected N uptake depending on N source and soil N availability. The suppression of nitrate uptake in the presence of ammonium and glutamine was overruled by high NO. The effects of NO on N uptake with increasing N availability showed different patterns: (1) increasing N uptake regardless of NO concentration (i.e. ammonium); (2) increasing N uptake only with high NO concentration (i.e. nitrate and arginine); and (3) decreasing N uptake (i.e. glutamine). At low N availability and high NO nitrate accumulated in the roots indicating insufficient substrates for nitrate reduction or its storage in root vacuoles. Individual amino acid concentrations were negatively affected with increasing NO (i.e. asparagine and glutamine with low N availability, serine and proline with high N availability). In conclusion, this study provides first evidence that NO affects N uptake and metabolism in a conifer.