树干径流对梭梭"肥岛"和"盐岛"效应的作用机制

为探明荒漠灌木个体周围土壤养分和盐分的空间分布及其成因,以荒漠灌木梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron Bge.)为研究对象,对其周围土壤pH值,电导率,有机碳,全氮和有效磷的空间异质性以及树干径流的化学性质进行了研究。结果表明:树干周围出现显著的"肥岛"效应,且土壤有机碳,全氮和有效磷的"肥岛"作用范围发生在距主根大约20—40 cm以内。土壤pH值和电导率在主根周围25 cm以内的值却显著低于外围,而在离主根25 cm处出现了"盐岛",即在梭梭主根中心形成了一种高养分、低盐和低pH值的环境。树干径流和自然降雨化学性质的对比研究表明:除pH值和CO23-外,树干径流中其他化学离子的含量均显著高于自然降雨中的含量,说明这种高养分、低盐分的环境是由树干径流引起的,也就是树干径流带给土壤养分的同时将盐分带走。     

荒漠植物“肥岛”效应对土壤养分空间分布的影响

为探究古尔班通古特沙漠2种灌木不同空间位置“肥岛”效应,以该沙漠优势灌木——准噶尔无叶豆(Eremosparton songoricum)和沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)为研究对象,以灌木根部为中心按20(A)、60(B)、100(C)、140 cm(D)向外延伸设置样点,每个样点按3个土层深度(0相似文献   

玛纳斯河流域扇缘带不同植被类型下土壤物理性质

对生长在玛纳斯河流域扇缘带上的柽柳、盐穗木、白刺、猪毛菜4种植被类型下的土壤物理性质进行了研究.结果表明:在水平方向上,1m剖面内柽柳土壤pH值、全盐含量、土壤容重最小,分别为8.75、0.97g/kg和1.42g/cm3;土壤有机质、含水率、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度均最大,分别为9.04 g/kg、16.67％、45.57％和36.18％,表明柽柳能够显著降低土壤盐分,改善土壤结构.沿垂直剖面,4种植被类型在表层0-20 cm土壤盐分均达到最高,出现盐分“表聚”现象而形成“盐霜”;随着土层深度增加,含水率和土壤容重均呈显著性升高,土壤有机质、田间持水量、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度均呈显著性降低(P＜0.05).相关性分析显示,土壤有机质是引起其他土壤物理性质变化的主要原因.相比空裸地,4种植被覆盖类型1 m剖面内土壤有机质、总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度均呈显著性提高,土壤容重显著性降低,有机质分别提高了162.94％、82.94％、85.59％和27.94％,总孔隙度分别提高了44.90％、20.83％、36.06％和15.80％,毛管孔隙度分别提高了58.27％、30.71％、43.48％和25.72％,土壤容重分别降低了18.86％、10.86％、17.14％和7.43％,表明干旱荒漠区盐碱土上生长的不同盐生植物能够显著改善土壤质量.     

土壤速效养分空间变异的尺度效应

在GIS技术支持下,运用经典统计学和地统计学的方法,从经典统计分析、变异函数和Kriging插值图等方面探讨了禹城市耕地土壤速效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)在县级和镇级两个不同采样尺度下的空间变异特征.结果表明:在两个采样尺度下,AP、AK都服从对数正态分布,它们的变异系数范围为26.5%～36.6%,均属中等变异强度,随着采样尺度的缩小,土壤AP、AK的变异系数都增大.两个采样尺度下,土壤AP和AK均在一定范围内存在空间相关关系,县级采样尺度下土壤AP和AK的空间自相关距离较大,分别为9.0 km和26.5 km,镇级采样尺度下土壤AP和AK的空间自相关距离明显变小,分别为1.7 km和2.8 km.两个采样尺度下的土壤AP和AK受结构性因素和随机性因素的影响,表现出明显不同的分布规律.     

模拟氮沉降对荆条灌木“肥岛”土壤养分的影响

氮沉降的增加,可能会对土壤养分造成更为显著的影响,目前关于大气氮沉降对植物"肥岛"效应中土壤养分的影响鲜有报道。于河南省太行山南麓地区,以NH_4NO_3为供施氮源,按土层深度采集土样,以模拟氮沉降方法(3个水平,无氮CK、低氮2g N m~(-2)a~(-1)处理、中氮12g N m~(-2)a~(-1)处理和高氮24g N m~(-2)a~(-1)处理),分析了氮沉降对太行山荆条灌木(Vitex negundo L.var.)"肥岛"土壤中有机质、全氮和速效磷含量的影响。结果表明:灌木"肥岛"中全氮和速效磷含量,总体表现出随氮沉降量增长而增加的趋势;氮沉降显著增加了土壤表层有机质、氮、磷的含量;高氮沉降与CK相比引起的各土层间养分差异更显著;随着氮沉降水平的增加,冠幅内外和土层间养分差异增大,土壤养分的增长率随之加大;氮沉降在一定程度内加剧了"肥岛"的富集效应,且氮沉降量越大,这种富集效应越显著。这些研究结果可为研究灌木"肥岛"对外源氮的响应机制及保育作用提供参考。     

盐穗木HcDmc1基因的克隆和表达分析

根据盐穗木盐胁迫下响应的转录组测序结果,克隆获得盐穗木DNA损伤修复基因的cDNA序列,其开放阅读框1 035bp,编码344个氨基酸,命名为HcDmc1。保守结构域分析显示,该基因编码的蛋白具有RecA蛋白家族典型的保守结构域;统进化树分析显示HcDmc1为独立的分支;亚细胞定位于细胞质,为无信号肽、不跨膜的稳定亲水性蛋白。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,盐穗木在100mmol/L NaCl胁迫7d后,同化枝中HcDmc1基因表达迅速上调并达到最大值,约为对照组的6.58倍;在700mmol/L NaCl胁迫14d后根中HcDmc1基因表达最高,约为对照的1.79倍。研究表明,HcDmc1基因表达受盐胁迫诱导。     

盐胁迫下盐穗木差异表达基因的转录组信息分析

盐穗木是一种理想的耐盐模式植物,本文利用生物信息学方法分析盐穗木在盐胁迫下差异表达基因的转录组,为盐穗木耐盐机理及耐盐关键基因的储备提供理论依据。基于盐穗木在盐胁迫（600 mM NaCl）下差异表达的转录组数据,以代谢通路中基因表达数量最多的7条通路和与胁迫刺激响应相关的共8条通路为主要研究内容,筛选出上调和下调表达差异显著的unigene,将其与NCBI数据库中所有物种相关基因进行Blastx比对,筛选出通路中上调和下调差异表达最显著的unigene,同时对差异表达活跃的unigene进行分类汇总。共得到23组差异表达活跃的基因类群,分别是乙烯响应因子、WRKY转录因子、Myb转录因子、bZIP转录因子、葡聚糖酶、6-磷酸脱氢酶、醛脱氢酶、柠檬酸合成酶、蛋白激酶等,推测这些类群的基因在盐穗木耐盐机制中发挥重要作用。     

短期盐胁迫下盐穗木的转录组分析

盐穗木（Halostachys caspica）是荒漠盐碱地广泛分布的盐生植物,具有极强的耐盐性。为揭示盐胁迫下盐穗木基因组层面的基因表达变化特性,通过对300和500mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫3h的盐穗木同化枝进行了转录组测序。有效序列组装共得到153298条平均长度为643bp的unigenes,进行GO和KEGG功能聚类,分别获得47个GO功能小类和118个KEGG通路。差异表达基因分析显示,短期低盐（300mmol·L^-1）响应基因有4432个,高盐（500mmol·L^-1）响应基因有2580个,两个胁迫的共差异基因有1245个,主要富集在细胞过程、代谢过程和响应刺激等类别中。从短期盐胁迫下盐穗木转录组筛选出渗透调节和活性氧清除的相关基因,大多为上调基因。说明盐穗木能够通过促进渗透调节和增强活性氧清除提高短期的盐胁迫适应能力。     

极端耐盐植物盐穗木编码未知多肽基因HcUKPP的克隆与表达

采用RACE技术从新疆极端耐盐植物盐穗木中克隆获得1个耐盐相关的转录子,命名为HcUKPP (unknown polypeptide, UKPP),其cDNA全长为569 bp,含有1个243 bp 的完整可阅读框,预测其编码1条含80个氨基酸的多肽,分子质量为8 671.6,等电点pI为7.71实时定量PCR结果显示,该基因在600 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下呈现表达上调趋势．结果提示,HcUKPP可能是耐盐相关基因. 目前该基因在NCBI 核苷酸及蛋白数据库中未发现其相似序列,文献中也未见报道．     

盐穗木过氧化氢酶基因的克隆与功能分析

利用同源基因克隆法,从新疆荒漠盐碱地多年生灌木盐穗木(Halostachys caspica)中克隆获得盐穗木过氧化氢酶基因(HcCAT1)。序列分析表明,HcCAT1基因开放阅读框为1 479 bp,编码492个氨基酸,推测编码蛋白质的分子量为56.7 kD,等电点为6.84。基因序列比对发现,HcCAT1与多种植物过氧化氢酶基因具有较高的同源性。半定量RT-PCR结果表明,HcCAT1基因受盐胁迫而上调表达。将构建的重组质粒pET32a-HcCAT1转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),以IPTG诱导重组蛋白His-HcCAT1的表达;SDS-PAGE和Western印迹检测显示,重组蛋白的分子量大小为77.7 kD,其大小与推测的大小一致;在低温诱导下以可溶性形式表达,且表现出一定的过氧化氢酶活性。盐胁迫实验结果显示,在添加400 mmol/L NaCl、400 mmol/L KCl以及300 mmol/L甘露醇的LB培养基中,重组质粒转化菌的生长情况和生长速率明显优于对照,表明HcCAT1可明显提高大肠杆菌的耐盐性。该研究结果将有助于从抗氧化角度认识盐生植物盐穗木的耐盐分子机理。     

Cytotoxic triterpenoid saponins acylated with monoterpenic acids from fruits of Gleditsia caspica Desf.

Four bisdesmosidic triterpenoid saponins named caspicaosides A-D, were isolated from the fruits of Gleditsia caspica Desf. Their structures were determined by NMR spectroscopy including HOHAHA, ¹H-¹H COSY, ROE, HMQC, HMBC experiments and HRFAB-MS as well as acid hydrolysis. The four 3,28-O-bisdesmosidic triterpenoid saponins comprised echinocystic acid as the aglycone and common oligosaccharide moieties at C3 and C28. The saccharide moiety at C-3 was identified as β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl while that at C-28 was determined as β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-]β-d-glucopyranosyl. The pentasaccharide moiety linked to C-28 was acylated with monoterpenic acid and or monoterpene-arabinoside moieties at C-2 or C-2 and C-3 of the terminal rhamnose unit. The isolated saponins were assayed for their in vitro cytotoxicities against the three human tumor cell lines HepG2, A549 and HT29 using MTT method. The results showed that caspicaosides B and C bearing two and three monoterpene units, respectively, exhibited significant cytotoxic activities against the used cell lines with IC₅₀ values 1.5-6.5 μM. Caspicaosides A and D with one monoterpene unit exhibited significant cytotoxic activities on HepG2 cell line with IC₅₀ values equal to 4.5 and 5.4 μM, respectively, and IC₅₀ values >10 μM against the other two cell lines. The number of monoterpene units seems to play a main role in determining the activity.     

生草栽培对山核桃林地土壤养分及微生物多样性的影响

高强度经营导致山核桃林地土壤性质改变,设置了白三叶、黑麦草、油菜、紫云英、自然杂草和清耕(对照)6个处理,以3次重复,随机排列的2年田间试验,研究了不同生草栽培对山核桃林地土壤养分和微生物多样性的影响。结果表明:与清耕相比,生草栽培均能改善土壤养分状况,除全钾外,白三叶和紫云英处理较其他处理能显著提高土壤养分含量,其余几个处理间差异不明显;生草栽培显著提高了土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量,白三叶、黑麦草、紫云英、油菜和自然杂草处理分别较清耕提高了169.6%、159.7%、144.1%、138.6%和58.6%,差异达显著水平(P0.05)。6种不同处理的土壤微生物活性(AWCD)、微生物Shannon指数和均匀度指数均存在明显差异。不同处理的土壤AWCD为白三叶紫云英油菜自然杂草黑麦草清耕;白三叶处理的土壤微生物Shannon指数高于其他处理;白三叶、紫云英和油菜处理的土壤微生物均匀度指数显著高于其他处理。相关性分析表明,土壤微生物活性、微生物Shannon指数和均匀度指数两两之间均达到极显著差异(P0.01),三者与土壤各养分指标之间未达显著差异,但表现为正相关关系。白三叶、紫云英和油菜对改善土壤微生物特性效果较好。     

西江颗粒直链藻种群生态特征

西江肇庆段是珠江干流汇入珠三角河网水域的咽喉通道,结合长期定点连续采样和空间季节性调查,重点对2009年西江干流肇庆段的颗粒直链藻(Aulacoseira granulata)的种群生态学特征进行系统分析。结果显示:全年中,颗粒直链藻在总种群中所占百分比均值为25.37%,与总种群丰度存在极显著正相关关系,这表明颗粒直链藻是西江浮游植物群落的重要优势种。调查期间发现了颗粒直链藻的4种形态,包括原变种(var.granulata)、极狭变种(var.angustissima)、弯曲变种(var.curvata)和极狭变种螺旋变型(var.angustissima f.spiralis)。其中,原变种占有绝对优势地位,其相对百分组成的年均值为91.47%,推测为原变种的形态结构比其它3种形态更容易适应外界环境变化,进而形成优势群体。颗粒直链藻总密度的周年变化呈现明显的双峰型,两个峰值分别出现在8月和11月,主要得益于适宜的水温、相对稳定的水体和较高的营养盐水平,这些均有助于颗粒直链藻的生长繁殖。第一个高峰之前,颗粒直链藻总密度未出现明显的波动,这很可能是由于水体径流量增大导致的稀释作用和频繁降雨导致的水体剧烈波动对颗粒直链藻增长的负作用掩盖了水温上升所带来的益处。从空间分布来看,颗粒直链藻总丰度的最大值一般出现在S1、S5和S6站点,这与营养盐最大值的空间分布格局是一致的。     

黄河三角洲柽柳植株周围土壤盐分离子的分布

为探讨柽柳的盐分富集效应及其对不同盐分离子分布的影响,以黄河三角洲盐碱地柽柳为研究对象,分析了离植株不同距离不同土层中的盐分离子组成、含量、离子比及不同离子之间的相关性。研究结果表明:各土层阳离子中Na~+含量最高,其次是Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+),K~(+)最低,Cl~(-)在阴离子中的含量最高,SO_4~(2-)次之,HCO_3~-最低,而未检测到CO_3~(2-)。在柽柳植株周围,尤其是表层土壤中,离植株越近盐分含量越高,显示出柽柳对盐分的富集效应,其中对不同阳离子的富集程度表现为K~+Na~+Mg~(2+)Ca~(2+),而对阴离子的富集程度表现为HCO_3~-Cl~-SO_4~(2-)。冠层下凋落物中盐分的释放和树干径流可能是导致盐分在柽柳植株周围水平方向上存在差异的主要原因。土壤总可溶性盐含量随着土层的加深而升高。阳离子和阴离子向下迁移程度分别表现为Na~+Mg~(2+)Ca~(2+)K+和Cl~-SO_4~(2-)≈HCO_3~-,因而随土层加深而升高的Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和Cl~-,显示出底聚特征,而K+、SO_4~(2-)和HCO_3~-含量则随着土层的加深而降低,具有表聚特征。降水淋溶、盐分离子迁移速率的差别和各土层中不同生物量根系对盐分吸收的差异可能是造成盐分在垂直方向上含量变化的主要因素。     

Spatial variability of soil nutrients and microbiological properties after the establishment of leguminous shrub Caragana microphylla Lam. plantation on sand dune in the Horqin Sandy Land of Northeast China

The objective of this study is to determine the spatial variability of nutrients, microbial biomass, and enzyme activities of soil due to the establishment of shrub plantation on moving sandy dunes, as part of an effort to understand the microenvironmental factors that control the soil microbiological properties. Caragana microphylla Lam., an indigenous leguminous shrub, is the dominant plant species used to control desertification in the semi-arid Horqin Sandy Land of Northeast China. In a 26-year-old C. microphylla plantation, soil samples were collected from three soil depths (0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, and 10-20 cm), three slope positions (windward slope, top slope, and leeward slope), and two microsites (under shrubs and between shrubs). The results showed significant differences in soil EC, nutrient content (except for total K), microbial biomass C and N, and the activities of dehydrogenase, urease, and protease at different slopes, soil depths, and microsites. Significant differences in pH at different microsites and slopes, soil moisture and polyphenol oxidase activity at different soil depths and slopes, and activities of phosphomonoesterase and nitrate reductase at different soil depths were also observed. The soil nutrient contents and microbiological activities were greater in the surface soil layer and decreased with the increase of soil depth. Soil organic C, total N, total P, available P and K, microbial biomass C and N, and the activities of enzymes tested (except for protease) under shrubs were higher than those in between shrubs. Furthermore, significant correlations among soil organic C, microbial biomass C and N, the activities of phosphomonoesterase, dehydrogenase, urease, protease, and nitrate reductase were observed, and correlations were also found among EC, total N, total P, available P and K, enzyme (except for polyphenol oxidase) activities, and microbial biomass C and N contents. These results suggest that microenvironmental factors (slope, soil depth and microsite) have significant influences on the spatial distribution of soil nutrients and microbiological properties when the C. microphylla sand-fixing plantation is established in the moving sand dunes in the Horqin Sandy Land.     

Description of Idiomarina insulisalsae sp. nov., isolated from the soil of a sea salt evaporation pond,proposal to transfer the species of the genus Pseudidiomarina to the genus Idiomarina and emended description of the genus Idiomarina

A halophilic, aerobic Gram-negative bacterium, designated strain CVS-6^T, was isolated from a sea salt evaporation pond on the Island of Sal in the Cape Verde Archipelago. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed a clear affiliation of the organism with members of the family Idiomarinaceae. Sequence similarities between CVS-6^T and the type strains of the species of the genera Pseudidiomarina and Idiomarina ranged from 93.7% to 96.9%. The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone 8 (Q-8). The major cellular fatty acids were 15:0 iso (21.8%), 17:0 iso (12.5%), 17:1 iso ω9c (10.7%), and 16:1 ω7c (10.6%). The DNA G+C content was 51.6 mol%. The species represented by strain CVS-6^T could be distinguished from the species of the genera Pseudidiomarina and Idiomarina; however, it was not possible to distinguish both genera from each other using the phenotypic or chemotaxonomic characteristics examined. Consequently, we propose that the species classified in the genus Pseudidiomarina should be transferred to the genus Idiomarina. We also propose that, on the basis of physiological and biochemical characteristics, strain CVS-6^T (=LMG 23123=CIP 108836) represents a new species which we name Idiomarina insulisalsae.     

枸杞岛铜藻垂直分布格局及成因分析

以枸杞岛铜藻垂直分布特征为基础,并通过现场实验分析了环境因子(沉积物、暴波强度(wave exposure)、光照强度)对铜藻幼苗阶段垂直分布及生长的影响。结果表明:铜藻的主要繁殖群体集中分布在潮间带低潮区121—240 cm的水深范围内,水深大于480 cm没有发现成藻植株;光照对铜藻的生长起重要作用,低光照强度可能不会导致铜藻的大量死亡,但明显抑制了铜藻的生长,248μmol m-2s-1的光照强度为铜藻快速生长提供了有利条件,而并没有导致铜藻幼苗大量死亡;低暴波强度虽降低了铜藻被移除的风险,但为沉积物和附生生物在铜藻附着基上的积累创造了条件,进而影响了铜藻早期定居阶段的存活;随着水深的增加,沉积物在附着基上的沉积水平显著增多(P0.01),沉积物长时间的覆盖导致了铜藻幼苗大量死亡。因此说,沉积物可能是影响铜藻垂直分布格局的主要因子。