青藏高原不同海拔藏药独一味转录组分析

为了研究独一味(Phlomoides rotata)在不同海拔生境下基因表达差异及响应机制,本研究基于NR、 GO和KEGG等数据库进行差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs)的注释,以及功能富集分析,获得独一味的DEGs,以及关联的代谢通路,并对注释获得的药用基因进行系统发育分析。结果显示,不同海拔独一味的DEGs,主要富集到植物激素信号转导、氨基酸的生物合成、萜类等次生代谢生物合成途径。其中,有4个基因在低温胁迫响应中起关键作用;鉴定出3个P5βR基因,其中2个基因编码环烯醚萜合成途径中的关键酶。系统发育结果显示,P5βR基因亚家族聚为两个分支(P5βR clusterⅠ和P5βR clusterⅡ)。本研究在转录组水平上发现独一味主要通过多种代谢途径,以及关键基因的调控表达来适应青藏高原高海拔生境。本研究为独一味不同海拔适应机制及独一味耐寒育种提供了数据支撑,为P5βR基因亚家族和环烯醚萜类生物合成的研究奠定基础。     

宁乡猪皮下脂肪与肌内脂肪组织转录组差异分析

为了比较分析宁乡猪皮下脂肪(subcutaneous fat,SAF)和肌内脂肪(intramuscular fat,IMF)组织脂肪沉积的分子机制,本文利用RNA-seq技术鉴定和分析宁乡猪SAF和IMF组织中差异基因表达谱。选取6头250日龄健康状况良好、种内个体体重相近(约85 kg)的雄性宁乡猪为实验材料,采集SAF与IMF组织样品。通过对两个脂肪组织转录组测序并进行GO(Gene Ontology)功能注释及KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)信号通路富集分析,得到与脂肪沉积和脂质代谢相关的差异基因。为验证测序数据结果的可靠性,本研究随机选取6个差异基因进行qRT-PCR验证。结果表明,宁乡猪SAF和IMF组织中有2406个基因差异表达,其中1422个基因表达上调,984个基因表达下调。通过GO功能注释分析发现,差异表达基因主要通过参与类固醇生物合成、不饱和脂肪酸的生物合成、甘油磷脂代谢及自噬途径等与脂质代谢相关途径,调控宁乡猪SAF和IMF的沉积。KEGG通路富集结果显示,差异基因主要富集在脂质结合、脂肪酸代谢过程、甘油...     

西方蜜蜂工蜂蛹中期响应低温胁迫的差异表达基因分析

【目的】本研究旨在分析西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera工蜂蛹中期可能存在的低温应对机制以及低温对中期蛹发育的不利影响。 【方法】对西方蜜蜂工蜂8 d封盖子进行低温(20℃)处理96 h(T),以未经低温胁迫的8 d封盖子为对照(CK),通过转录组测序(RNA-seq)并筛选差异基因(differentiallyexpressed genes, DEGs);对DEGs进行GO分类和KEGG通路分析。利用RT-qPCR对随机选取的5个DEGs的表达量进行验证。【结果】西方蜜蜂8 d封盖子低温(20℃)胁迫96 h的DEGs有1 101个;GO分类发现DEGs富集数最多的条目为代谢过程(142个DEGs)和细胞过程(142个DEGs),其次是结合(131个DEGs),催化活性(120个DEGs)和单有机体过程(118个DEGs);KEGG通路分析结果显示,DEGs显著富集于与氧化损伤密切相关的过氧化物酶体通路、D-谷氨酰胺代谢通路、D-谷氨酸代谢通路和谷胱甘肽代谢通路;此外,与激素调控相关的昆虫激素代谢通路、mTOR信号通路和FOXO信号通路上也有DEGs显著富集。随机挑选的5个DEGs的RNA-Seq与RT-qPCR结果一致。【结论】本研究发现低温状态下西方蜜蜂中期蛹主要通过体内激素调控发育进程,使其减速或停止发育以应对低温;低温通过影响其抗氧化酶表达量进而可能积累氧化损伤,从而对羽化后蜜蜂产生影响。本研究结果有助于理解发育阶段温度生态幅狭窄的昆虫对于低温的应对机制及低温对其的不利影响。     

低氧胁迫下唇?及杂交F1代肝脏转录组学分析

为探讨低氧胁迫对唇?Hemibarbus labeo和杂交?基因表达水平的影响，基于Illumina HiSeq高通量测序平台，对低氧条件下唇?和杂交?肝脏组织进行转录组测序并开展生物信息学分析。结果显示，唇?和杂交?分别产生了126 646 494个和130 613 321个clean reads，组装后共获得了48 027个unigenes，分别在NR、SwissProt、GO、COG、KOG、eggNOG4.5、KEGG数据库中获得32 253个注释；低氧胁迫时，分别有3 589个和3 177个差异表达基因（DEGs）上调，4 075个和5 473个下调；GO功能富集分析发现，DEGs与细胞结合、催化活性和代谢进程密切相关，KEGG通路富集分析发现，DEGs富集在一些与代谢和细胞生长增殖、分化、凋亡相关的信号通路中。研究结果为深入开展唇?和杂交?溶解氧胁迫的调控机制和养殖育种提供了参考。     

草地贪夜蛾雄性成虫和5龄幼虫的转录组比较分析

【目的】草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda是一种新近入侵我国的重要害虫。本研究旨在对草地贪夜蛾雄性成虫和5龄幼虫两个不同发育阶段的转录组进行比较分析。【方法】利用高通量测序技术对草地贪夜蛾雄性成虫和5龄幼虫进行转录组测序和数据组装,并对转录组数据进行功能注释和比较分析。【结果】经de novo组装共获得209 002条转录本,平均长度为687.55 bp,N50为982 bp。共有46 198条(57.43%) unigene在至少一个数据库中获得功能注释,其中1 713条(2.13%) unigene在所有数据库中均能获得注释。在GO数据库中获得205 269条unigene的注释,主要包括68个功能分类;在KEGG数据库中共有3 408条unigene得到注释,涉及277个代谢通路。共鉴定到424个嗅觉相关的基因,并且在雄性成虫和5龄幼虫之间的表达存在差异。通过比较转录组分析,在雄性成虫中鉴定到9 162个上调和6 399个下调差异表达基因(DEGs);功能富集分析发现在上调DEGs中涉及信息素以及信号转导的代谢通路显著富集,而下调DEGs中涉及解毒相关的通路显著富集。【结论】这些转录组数据为探究草地贪夜蛾的生长发育、嗅觉相关功能基因以及候选分子靶标提供资源信息。     

不同鲜食品质橄榄果实转录组测序及酚类代谢途径相关调控基因挖掘

【目的】果实酚类物质类别、含量是与橄榄营养及风味密切相关的重要品质性状,探究橄榄酚类物质生物合成的分子调控机制。【方法】以总酚含量差异显著的橄榄（低酚/高酚）为试材,分别取花后80-160 d的果实进行转录组分析,对莽草酸-水解单宁/苯丙烷-类黄酮生物合成通路差异基因进行表征,并对差异表达基因进行WGCNA分析,从中挖掘与酚类代谢途径相关的转录因子。【结果】转录组测序共获得296 314条Unigene,其中73%的Unigene被注释到数据库;4个品种（系）橄榄成熟果共鉴定到1 628个差异表达基因（DEGs）,KEGG分析显示,DEGs在酚类代谢途径的“类黄酮生物合成”通路上显著富集;进一步对果实成熟过程莽草酸-水解单宁/苯丙烷-类黄酮生物合成途径的DEGs进行表征,结合WGCNA分析中每个模块与性状的R2和P值,筛选到4个关键模块,根据模块内基因的调控关系利用MCC拓扑分析法以度值≥1挖掘模块内关键转录因子,挖掘到137个转录因子Unigene与30个酚类合成结构基因Unigene共表达,转录因子Unigene功能注释来自35个基因家族,最多的为锌指蛋白（C2C2、C3H、C2H...     

基于转录组的八角挥发油合成相关基因挖掘与分析

为更好地挖掘八角(Illicium verum)挥发油合成相关基因，该文对挥发油性状差异显著的优良无性系桂角69号及普通品种砧01号叶片进行了转录组测序及组装注释，并对差异表达基因进行了GO分类和KEGG通路分析。结果表明：(1)转录本经组装后获得84 182条序列，使用NR、NT、Swiss-Prot、KEGG、KOG、GO和Pfam数据库进行序列比对，共注释了59 161条序列，筛选出30 572个差异表达基因。与砧01号相比，桂角69号叶片中上调基因有15 025个，下调基因有15 547个。(2)GO分类结果显示共有20 287个差异基因被注释。KEGG分析结果表明，有21 600个差异基因被注释到133条KEGG通路上，其中挥发油合成相关的单萜生物合成通路、萜类骨架生物合成通路、苯丙素合成通路中的芳樟醇合酶、月桂烯合酶、香叶基香叶基焦磷酸合酶、肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶、咖啡酸3-O-甲基转移酶、肉桂醇脱氢酶等关键酶基因呈差异表达。(3)转录因子分析发现差异表达基因分布于31个转录因子家族，其中MYB家族序列数量最多。该文利用转录组测序技术分析八角优良无性系与普通品种叶片的差异基因及...     

胁迫意大利蜜蜂幼虫肠道的球囊菌的转录组分析

【目的】本研究旨在通过趋势分析对胁迫意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica(简称意蜂)幼虫肠道的球囊菌Ascosphaera apis的差异表达基因(DEGs)进行转录组分析。【方法】将纯化的球囊菌孢子配制为1×107孢子/m L的饲料饲喂意蜂3日龄幼虫,利用Illumina Hi Seq 2500平台对球囊菌胁迫的意蜂幼虫肠道c DNA进行测序,将过滤得到的有效读段(clean reads)映射(mapping)到核糖体数据库及意蜂参考基因组,最后将未映射上的reads映射到本课题组组装并注释的球囊菌参考转录组。利用STEM软件对DEGs进行趋势分析。利用WEGO软件对显著表达模式中的DEGs进行GO富集分析。利用Blastall对显著表达模式中的DEGs进行KEGG代谢通路富集分析。最后,通过对随机选取的6个DEGs进行RT-q PCR分析,对RNA-seq数据进行验证。【结果】球囊菌胁迫意蜂幼虫肠道样品的Illumina测序共得到球囊菌的25 454 076条原始读段(raw reads),经过滤得到24 909 820条clean reads,Q30均在93.46%以上。趋势分析结果显示,19 893个DEGs聚类为8个表达模式,其中有12 151个DEGs聚类为3个表现为显著上调趋势的表达模式。GO富集分析结果显示,表现上调趋势的DEGs富集在40个GO term,富集基因数最多的为细胞进程(cellular process)(2 601 unigenes),其次为代谢进程(metabolic process)(2 553 unigenes)和细胞(cell)(2 522unigenes)。KEGG代谢通路富集分析结果显示,上调趋势中的DEGs富集在119个代谢通路上,其中富集基因数最多的是核糖体(ribosome)(213 unigenes),其次为氨基酸生物合成(biosynthesis of amino acids)(154 unigenes)和内质网蛋白加工(protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum)(130unigenes)。共有48个DEGs富集在MAPK信号通路上,聚类分析结果显示,这些DEGs随着胁迫时间的延长表达水平逐渐增强。RT-q PCR结果显示,6个DEGs的表达水平变化趋势与RNA-seq数据一致,证明了本研究中的转录组数据真实可靠。【结论】本研究为在分子水平揭示球囊菌的致病机理提供了重要信息,也为阐释球囊菌胁迫意蜂幼虫过程中的病原-宿主互作机制奠定了基础。     

基于转录组测序的宁夏枸杞不同品种果实活性成分合成差异表达基因分析

为探究不同品种宁夏枸杞果实活性成分生物合成相关基因的表达水平,筛选关键差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes,DEGs),揭示宁夏枸杞品种间活性成分含量差异的分子机制,本研究采用Illumina NovaSeq 6000高通量测序技术,对宁夏枸杞‘宁杞1号’和‘宁杞7号’青果期、转色期及成熟期果实进行转录组测序,比较2个品种果实不同发育期相关基因表达谱的变化。结果显示:转录组测序共获得811818178条clean reads,有121.76 Gb有效数据。‘宁杞1号’和‘宁杞7号’在青果期、转色期和成熟期差异表达基因分别有2827、2552和2311个;分别有2153、2050和1825个差异基因在基因本体论(gene ontology,GO)、京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)富集分析和同源蛋白簇(clusters of orthologous groups of proteins,KOG)分析等6个数据库中被成功注释。青果期、转色期和成熟期果实的差异表达基因,在GO数据库分别有1307、865和624个被富集到生物学过程、细胞组分及分子功能3个部分中;KEGG通路富集结果均集中在代谢途径、次生代谢物生物合成和植物-病原互作过程;在KOG数据库,3个发育期分别注释了1775、1751和1541个差异表达基因。对注释的基因进行PubMed数据库检索,在青果期、转色期和成熟期分别筛选到与枸杞活性成分合成相关的差异表达基因18、26和24个,这些基因主要参与类胡萝卜素、类黄酮、萜类、生物碱和维生素等代谢途径。选取7个差异表达基因进行RT-qPCR验证,结果与转录组测序数据表达趋势一致。本研究从转录水平为不同品种宁夏枸杞活性成分含量差异提供了初步证据,为进一步挖掘枸杞活性成分生物合成的关键基因及解析其表达调控机制提供了研究基础。     

三叶木通转录组分析及三萜皂苷生物合成途径关键酶基因的发掘

为了解三叶木通(Akebia trifoliata(Thunb.)Koidz.)的三萜皂苷合成途径及其关键酶,本研究对其花、叶、根、茎进行转录组测序,组装获得了57.25 Gb数据,含140 859个unigenes,序列平均长度为1350 bp。KEGG代谢通路富集结果显示,517个unigenes参与三萜皂苷合成相关的3条代谢途径,其中415个unigenes编码三萜皂苷生物合成途径的19个关键酶。对三萜皂苷生物合成过程中的关键酶角鲨烯环氧酶(SE)进行序列分析和同源建模,发现其具有保守的底物结合结构域。将三叶木通茎与花、叶、根的基因表达水平进行比较,发现茎与根相比较其上调基因数目最多,其中295个差异表达基因(DEGs)与三萜皂苷生物合成途径相关。     

Y-chromosome Data and Tribal Affiliations of Allenopithecus and Miopithecus

The phylogeny of Old World monkeys has remained unresolved in part because of a lack of resolution in the Cercopithecinae. Competing morphological hypotheses have had Allen's swamp monkey (Allenopithecus nigroviridis) and the talapoins (Miopithecus spp.) as basal branches of either the tribe Cercopithecini or the tribe Papionini. Previous molecular analyses have not adequately addressed the issue. To better understand the evolutionary history of these primates, we sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis 3.1 kb of 2 loci (TSPY and SRY) from the non-recombining portion of the Y-chromosome. Individuals from the genera Allenopithecus, Miopithecus, Erythrocebus, Chlorocebus, and Cercopithecus were surveyed and their sequences compared with those previously published for the Papionini and Colobinae. The results suggest Allenopithecus and Miopithecus are more closely related to the Cercopithecini than Papionini. Our data also support the hypothesis that within the Cercopithecini, Erythrocebus and Chlorocebus share a close evolutionary relationship, distinct from the other members of the tribe.     

Nystatin and killer toxin sensitivity of free and immobilizedSaccharomyces cerevisiae

The inhibitory effect of nystatin and killer toxin on the growth of free and covalently-immobilizedSaccharomyces cerevisiae cells was studied. The resistance of immobilized cells to both agents was accompanied by increased amounts of phospholipids and sterols. The possible relationship between these changes in the membrane composition and the transduction of a signal across the cytoplasmic membrane is discussed.     

The hernandez and fernandez genes of Drosophila specify eye and antenna

The formation of different structures in Drosophila depends on the combined activities of selector genes and signaling pathways. For instance, the antenna requires the selector gene homothorax, which distinguishes between the leg and the antenna and can specify distal antenna if expressed ectopically. Similarly, the eye is formed by a group of "eye-specifying" genes, among them eyeless, which can direct eye development ectopically. We report here the characterization of the hernandez and fernandez genes, expressed in the antennal and eye primordia of the eye-antenna imaginal disc. The predicted proteins encoded by these two genes have 27% common amino acids and include a Pipsqueak domain. Reduced expression of either hernandez or fernandez mildly affects antenna and eye development, while the inactivation of both genes partially transforms distal antenna into leg. Ectopic expression of either of the two genes results in two different phenotypes: it can form distal antenna, activating genes like homothorax, spineless, and spalt, and it can promote eye development and activates eyeless. Reciprocally, eyeless can induce hernandez and fernandez expression, and homothorax and spineless can activate both hernandez and fernandez when ectopically expressed. The formation of eye by these genes seems to require Notch signaling, since the induction of ectopic eyes and the activation of eyeless by the hernandez gene are suppressed when the Notch function is compromised. Our results show that the hernandez and fernandez genes are required for antennal and eye development and are also able to specify eye or antenna ectopically.     

Theoretical Study of Antagonists and Inhibitors of Mammalian Adenosine Deaminase: I. Adenosine and Its Aza- and Deazaanalogues

Aza- and deazaanalogues of adenosine, including their 1-protonated forms (except for that of 1-deazaadenosine), were studied by computer computation to find a relationship between their molecular structures and substrate properties for the mammalian adenosine deaminase. The atomic charge distribution and maps of the electrostatic potential around their van der Waals molecular surface were calculated for these compounds using the ab initio STO-3G method. The conformational studies are carried out by the MM⁺ method of molecular mechanics. The mechanism that determines the substrate selectivity of mammalian adenosine deaminase is discussed.     

Pericarp structure and phylogeny of theLamiaceae-Verbenaceae-complex

Pericarp structure was investigated in 158 species of the familiesLamiaceae andVerbenaceae. Data from 221 out of 262 genera ofLamiaceae s.l. and a few ofVerbenaceae s.str. were collected in a table. A cladistic analysis was performed on the basis of pericarp characters only. The abandonment of subfam.Pogostemonoideae as a taxonomic unit is considered. Examples of groups given additional support by similarities in pericarp characters are: (1) the gynobasic-styled labiates (subfamiliesPogostemonoideae, Lamioideae, Nepetoideae); (2) aLamioideae-Pogostemonoideae-group; (3)Nepetoideae; (4) aWestringia-Hemigenia-Hemiandra-Microcorys group (in subfam.Chloranthoideae); (5) aLepechinia-Chaunostoma-group (inNepetoideae); (6) aPrunella-Cleonia-group (inNepetoideae).     

Molecular identification and differentiation of Brevibacterium species and strains

Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction enzyme analysis (ARDRA), pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and ribotyping were used to differentiate among 24 strains of Brevibacterium linens, Brevibacterium casei and Brevibacterium epidermidis obtained from type culture collections or isolated from various smear ripened cheeses. ARDRA was applied to the 16S rDNA. B. linens was shown to be a quite heterogenic group with 2 to at least 4 copies of rrn operons per strain with aberrant nucleotide sequences. AccI gave genus specific restriction patterns and was used to separate Brevibacterium from Corynebacterium species. The expected species specificity of TaqI applied to B. linens type culture strains, but not to all strains isolated from cheese. By AvaI restriction, B. casei and B. linens were differentiated from B. epidermidis and the orange pigmented Arthrobacter casei, a new species of coryneform bacteria; by XmnI restriction, B. linens and B. epidermidis were differentiated from B. casei. One of 4 B. linens genotypes could not be distinguished from B. casei by this method. Here, the typical orange B. linens pigments were used for classification, which was confirmed by partial sequencing of the 16S rDNA.     

Origin and development of Tool-making behavior in Africa and Asia

Around two-and-a-half million years ago, some hominid populations in Africa began to modify stones and bones in a manner that can be recognized by prehistorians as artifacts, and, by definition, produced the earliest identifiable archaeological record. It is likely that earlier hominid groups also may have had relatively rich tool-using behavioral repertoires similar to that seen in modern chimpanzees (McGrew, 1992), such tools may have been made of perishable materials or minimally modified and thus difficult to identify. This review will focus on the earliest archaeological traces and the spread of hominids out of Africa and into Eurasia.     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Synthesis and Pharmacological Activity of Betulin Dinicotinate

The assignment of NMR resonances of lupane triterpenoids was refined by the example of 3O,28O-dinicotinoylbetulin, obtained by acylation of betulin. Hepatoprotective, antiulcer, antiinflammatory, reparative, and anti-HIV activities were found for the compound. In addition, it was demonstrated to have immunomodulatory activity, for the first time detected among lupane triterpenoids.     

Development and function of Pisolithus and Scleroderma ectomycorrhizas formed in vivo with Allocasuarina,Casuarina and Eucalyptus

The effect of inoculating seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis, Allocasuarina littoralis and Casuarina equisetifolia with two isolates of Pisolithus and two isolates of Scleroderma from under eucalypts was examined in a glasshouse trial. Ectomycorrhizas formed extensively on Eucalyptus (23–46% fine roots ectomycorrhizal) and Allocasuarina (18–51% fine roots ectomycorrhizal). On Casuarina, the fungi were either unable to colonize the rhizosphere (one isolate of Pisolithus), or sheathed roots, resembling ectomycorrhizas, formed on 1–2% of the fine roots. Colonization of roots by one isolate of Scleroderma resulted in the death of Casuarina seedlings. Inoculation with fungi increased shoot dry weight by up to a factor of 32 (Eucalyptus), 4 (Allocasuarina) and 3 (Casuarina). Ectomycorrhizas formed in associations with Eucalyptus and Allocasuarina had fully differentiated mantles and Hartig nets in which the host and fungal cells were linked by an extensive fibrillar matrix. Sheathed roots in Casuarina lacked a Hartig net, and the epidermis showed a hypersensitive reaction resulting in wall thickening and cell death. The sheaths are described as mantles since the density and arrangement of the hyphae in the sheaths was similar to that in mantles of the eucalypt ectomycorrhizas. The intercellular carbohydrate matrix was not produced in the Casuarina mantle in association with Pisolithus, hence the mantle was not cemented to the root. These structures differ from poorly compatible associations described previously for Pisolithus and Eucalyptus. The anatomical data indicate that ectomycorrhizal assessment based on surface morphological features may be misleading in ecological studies because compatible and incompatible associations may not be distinguishable.