绒山蝠小肠细胞超微结构的研究

应用光镜和电镜,观察了绒山蝠小肠组织和细胞超微结构,首次报道了该动物小肠上皮分布有纤毛细胞。这种纤毛细胞,在其它动物小肠上还未发现,可能是绒山蝠对特殊食物一种适应性结构。     

中华山蝠的研究进展及保护对策

中华山蝠(Ｎｙｃｔａｌｕｓｖｅｌｕｔｉｎｕｓ)(或称绒山蝠),属翼手目(Ｃｈｉｒｏｐｔｅｒａ),蝙蝠科(Ｖｅｓｐｅｒｔｉｌｉｏｎｉｄａｅ),山蝠属(Ｎｙｃｔａｌｕｓ),是我国特有的种类。广泛分布于中国南部,喜栖于建筑物的天花板、梁柱、瓦缝等处。有关中华山蝠的研究80年代才开始,迄今为止发表有关论文仅6篇。其中分类方面2篇,细胞遗传方面3篇,生态方面1篇,研究的深度及广度远远不够。中华山蝠捕食大量的蚊虫,为人类的健康作出了极大的贡献。然而,随着城市建设步伐的加快,大量旧的建筑物被装修或折迁,中华山蝠的栖息环境遭到极大的破坏,数…     

绒山蝠肝细胞电镜观察和乳酸脱氢酮同工酶的研究

本文用光镜和电镜观察了绒山蝠肝细胞的超微结构,用聚内烯酰胺凝胶电泳,对肝细胞ＬＤＨ同工酶进行了研究,肝细胞有丰富的线粒体,内质网,核糖体,发达的高尔基体,溶酶体等,在线粒体的周围有一层粗面内质网包绕,二者的密切关系,不仅在绒山蝠其他组织中,且在大部分哺乳动物细胞中均未观察到。该种肝细胞的ＬＤＨ同工酶以Ｍ型基为主,主要催化丙酮酸还原成乳酸。     

绒山蝠肝细胞电镜观察和乳酸脱氢酶同工酶的研究

本文用光镜和电镜观察了绒山蝠肝细胞的超微结构,用聚内烯酰胺凝胶电泳,对肝组织ＬＤＨ同工酶进行了研究。肝细胞有丰富的线粒体、内质网、核糖体,发达的高尔基体、溶酶体等。在线粒体的周围有一层粗面内质网包绕,二者的密切关系,不仅在绒山蝠其他组织中,且在大部分哺乳动物细胞中均未观察到。该种肝细胞的ＬＤＨ同工酶以Ｍ亚基为主,主要催化丙酮酸还原成乳酸。     

蝙蝠寄生吸虫中孔属一新种(复殖目:中孔科)

中国蝙蝠寄生吸虫的研究,国内仅见陈心陶(1954)曾有报告。我们于1987年2—3月,在杭州的绒菊头蝠(Rhinolopbus lanosus)与皮氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophus pearsonii)的小肠中采得一些标本,经鉴定为中孔科(Mesotritidae)中孔属(Mesotretes)的一新种东方中孔吸虫新种Mesotretes rientalisp.nov.(见图)。模式标本(正模1个,副模9个)保存在杭州师范学院生物系动物教研室,新种器官的量度均以mm为单位。寄主:绒菊头蝠Rhinolophus lanosus皮氏菊头蝠Rhinolophus pearsonii寄生部位:小肠分布地点:杭州种的描述:根据10个标本,结合活体观察。体呈柳叶形,1.91…     

三峡工程重庆库区民翼手类研究

1996年至1997年,通过对三峡工程重庆库区13个县（区）68个洞穴的考察和标本采集,结合历史资料记述,确认重庆库区共有翼手目动物4科26种。其中8种为重庆市新记录,分别是绒菊头蝠、皮菊头蝠、西南鼠耳蝠、水鼠耳蝠、尖耳鼠耳蝠、大足鼠耳蝠、长折翼蝠和皱唇蝠。研究发现冀手类更喜欢潮湿、低海拔、人类干扰少、洞深在50m以上、周围是农田－草灌的洞穴。     

折翼蝠冬眠期几项生理常数的测定及分析

折翼蝠(Miniopterus schreibersii chinensis Thomas)在皖南地区数量较多、分布较广,是哺乳类中具冬眠习性的异温动物。这种异温动物的生理生态研究,国内极少报道。我们于1981年10月至1982年5月对折翼蝠冬眠期的几项生理常数做了测定和分析,目的在于了解它们在冬眠期间的生理变化及其与外界环境因子之间的相互关系,从而进一步探讨异温动物冬眠期的代谢规律,为休眠的理论和动物资源的利用提供一点参考资料。     

安徽的菊头蝠

菊头蝠属于翼手目菊头蝠科,本科和蹄蝠科HIPPOSIDERIDAE的脸部均具复杂的鼻叶(皮肤叶)。有人将它们分列为亚科,隶属于菊头蝠科内。本文仍按Miller(1907)等人意见各单列为一科。本科仅具一属,约69种,国内有14种。我省已知9种,主要分布于皖南地区,马铁菊头蝠及角菊头蝠等少数种类延伸至江淮及皖西。它们的鼻叶主要分为马蹄叶、鞍状叶和顶叶三个部分(见图),鼻叶的特点是种的一个重要分类依据。齿式为:1、1、2、3/2、1、2、3=32枚。图鼻叶示意图(左:角菊头蝠中:绒菊头蝠右:鲁氏菊头蝠)种的检索表(括号内系分布地区)1.鞍状叶与连接突间具凹…     

安徽的蹄蝠和鼠耳蝠

蹄蝠(Hipposideros)已知有47种(Honacki1982),主要分布于非洲、南亚、澳洲北部等热带及亚热带地区。非洲的H.commersoni是小蝙蝠亚目中最大的种类(重180克、前臂长达110毫米)。马来半岛和新加坡的H.ridleyi,1978年被IUCN列为濒危蝠种。我国有4种蹄蝠,安徽省已知两种,多见于沿江及皖南地区。一、大蹄蝠H.armiger swinhoei Peters(5月,泾县、东至)9♂♂,10♀♀。常数十或数百只群居。同栖者有普氏蹄蝠、中菊头蝠、皮氏菊头蝠、鲁氏菊头蝠、中华鼠耳蝠、毛腿鼠耳蝠、绒鼠耳蝠和折翼蝠等。雄蝠阴茎长约10毫米,冬季睾丸约7×4-8×5毫米。5月…     

四川七种蝙蝠的核型

本报道了四川地区7种蝙蝠的核型。菊头蝠科2种,即角菊头蝠(Rhinolophus comutus)的核型为2n=62,FN=60;栗黄菊头蝠(R．ssinicus)的核型为2n=36,FN=60。蹄蝠科1种,即大蹄蝠(H．armiger)的核型为2n=32,FN=60。蝙蝠科3种,即伏翼(Pipistrellus abramns)的核型为2n=26,FN=44;南蝠(Iaio)的核型为2n=50,FN=48;山蝠(Nyctalus velutinus)的核型为2n=36,FN=50。犬吻蝠科的皱唇蝠(Tadarida teniotis)的核型为2n=48,FN=62。南蝠的核型为首次报道,但栗黄菊头蝠的核型2n=36与安徽张维道报道相同,而与印度和斯里兰卡同种R．rouxii的核型2n=56迥异。分布在中国的栗黄菊头蝠R．sinicus应为独立种而不是R．rouxii的中国亚种。另5种蝙蝠的核型与前人研究结论基本一致。     

Reproduction of the male eastern pipistrelle, Pipistrellus subflavus, in the north-eastern United States

The major reproductive events in the male eastern pipistrelle, are similar to those of other hibernating vespertilionids. The eastern pipistrelle stores epididymal spermatozoa throughout hibernation, a time when the testes are involuted but accessory gland activity is maintained. However, this species differs from others in that epididymal and testicular spermatozoa persist longer and the weights of the accessory glands are not strongly differentiated between winter and spring/summer. It is suggested that the reproductive period is extended in this species as a function of a more prolonged period of hibernation, resulting in only a brief period of sexual quiescence in mid-summer. The eastern pipistrelle (Pipistrellus subflavus) resembles the canyon bat (P. hesperus) in that some testicular spermatozoa persist during winter. Many aspects of the reproductive anatomy and chronology of these two species are similar; however, eastern pipistrelles apparently lack a seminal vesicle and possess a distinctly different baculum.     

Prolonged survival of the Graafian follicle and fertilization in the Japanese greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum nippon

After the mating season of the Japanese greater horseshoe bat in mid- or late October, only the right ovary maintained a single Graafian follicle throughout hibernation until early April. During this time the ovum was in prophase of meiosis I (resting stage) with many large lipid droplets as a nutrient source. In synchrony with stigma formation, there was resumption of meiotic activity, separation of the cumulus oophorus from the granulosa layer and dispersion of the follicle cells just before ovulation in spring. The block to polyspermy seemed to reside in the zona pellucida, because no spermatozoa could be detected in the perivitelline space of the 6 fertilized ova examined, although a second spermatozoon was recognized in the zona pellucida of 3 ova.     

Reproduction of the canyon bat, Pipistrellus hesperus, in southwestern United States.

The reproductive biology of the bat Pipistrellus hesperus was investigated histologically using animals obtained from nature at monthly intervals throughout the year. The female shows proestrous morphological changes in late summer and autumn, which continue until early spring. Insemination is probably effected several times during proestrous, since both sexes are intermittently active throughout this period (August--April). Permanent arousal from torpor and return to normal metabolism in the spring results in ovulation. Both ovaries are functional and both uterine horns may be utilized. P. hesperus is monestrous; two young per bat is usual. The male spermatogenic cycle is initiated in late June and the first sperm are available for ejaculation in September. Some sperm remain in the seminiferous tubules until early March. The epididymides also serve in sperm storage with the caput emptied by late February and the cauda in April. Leydig cells are largely nonsecretory from March through July, a few are secretory in August and most are secretory in September and October. Active cells gradually decline in number until few are secretory in late March. Accessory sex glands are functionally cyclic: they are small from April through August, hypertrophy in September, and gradually involute to the resting stage through March, to achieve total involution in April. The penis, similar in structure to that of other vespertilionids, is thought specialized to insure effective insemination.     

Seasonal variation of cardiovascular function in the marmot, Marmota flaviventris

Monthly measurements of heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and cardiac output were made on active and hibernating marmots from the time of emergence from hibernation through the next hibernation period. From these measurements cardiac index, stroke index, and total peripheral resistance were calculated on the basis of estimated lean body mass. Heart rate was low after emergence (132 +/- 9.5 beats (B)/min), peaked in August (160 +/- 9.3 B/min), and then fell slightly in September and October. During hibernation heart rate fell to 9 +/- 1.1 B/min. Mean arterial pressure, which was low in early spring (101 +/- 6.9 mm Hg), rose to a peak value in June (131 +/- 7.7 mm Hg) and remained essentially unchanged until hibernation when it fell to 52 +/- 4.0 mm Hg. Cardiac index (61 +/- 4.9 ml/kg min) in March rose to a peak in May (83 +/- 8.5 ml/kg min) and fell linearly until October. There was an additional drop in cardiac index during hibernation (7.6 +/- 0.9 ml/kg min). Total peripheral resistance increased linearly from the time of emergence until October. Most of this change was due to the decrease in cardiac index. Stroke index showed no significant changes in the prehibernation period, but increased by 55% during hibernation. Maintenance of arterial pressure in the months preceding hibernation in the face of diminishing cardiac index indicate that alterations in vasomotor tone or shifts in patterns of blood flow occurred prior to the hibernation period.     

Winter diet analysis in Rhinolophus euryale (Chiroptera)

We investigated the winter food of Mediterranean horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus euryale) in four winter cave roosts in southern Slovakia and northern Hungary and investigated the relationship between food and ambient temperature. The bats were active during the whole winter period and they produced excrement throughout the entire hibernation period, even when outside temperatures dropped below zero. The guano was in two forms, containing (1) prey items and (2) non-prey items. The identifiable items belonged to lepidopteran species, but only one was identified, on the basis of the genital fragments, the moth Colotois pennaria, which was the main prey species in autumn and early winter. Our results shed light on the extraordinarily high level of activity in this bat species during winter hibernation, which in temperate regions is a strategy that enables bats to survive when prey is reduced or absent. In R. euryale, the torpor in the course of hibernation is not continuous and our results help to explain how energy losses caused by bat movements are covered.     

Liver and kidney structure and iron content in romanian brown bears (Ursus arctos) before and after hibernation

The annual cycle of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in the Carpathian Mountains (Romania) consists of an active period from April to November, and an inactive period (hibernation) of approximately 4-5 months between November and March. During hibernation, the brown bears sleep continually and do not feed or drink water. Analyses of liver and kidney of male brown bears showed that liver iron content was 3 times higher in bears at the end of hibernation than at the end of the active period. A possible trend towards a decrease in iron content was noted for the kidney. The presence of iron in the liver was confirmed by the presence of the Perls-positive granules in the cytoplasm of Kupffer cells, in other non-parenchymal cells and also in some hepatocytes. The hepatic veins of the bear liver samples obtained in early spring showed narrower lumens with pleated walls, compared to the normal outline of the hepatic veins in the liver from the bears sampled during autumn. Also in the early spring bears, the renal glomeruli were partially fibrosed. Renal glomerular fibrosis was sometimes observed in samples from the prehibernation period. The tissue iron values from the livers and kidneys of brown bears in early spring or autumn might provide useful data on iron metabolism under conditions of hibernation and accompanying starvation.     

不同播期冬小麦株型构建及其生育特征

针对黄淮平原中部冬小麦区秋季旱涝频发导致小麦播种推迟的现状,设计冬小麦10月15日(适期播种)、10月30日(中晚期播种)、11月15日(晚期播种)、11月30日(超晚期播种)、2月15日(早春播种)和3月1日(春播)6个播期,研究不同播期冬小麦株型构建及生长发育特征.结果表明： 随着冬小麦播期的推迟,其生长发育进程加快,早春播种和春播与适期播种相比生育期缩短115~130 d;10月30日(中晚期播种)之后的5个播期与适期播种相比株高降低,成穗数和有效小穗数减少;迟播小麦的叶位下移,冠层空间降低,叶面积减少;收获指数随播种期推迟由0.46(适期播种)提高到0.53(春播);冬小麦产量随播种期推迟显著下降,减产幅度最高达43.6%;冬小麦春季播种未经过冬季和早春阶段的自然低温处理,无春化过程依然可形成产量.     

Annual variations in plasma sex steroid-binding protein and testosterone concentrations in the adult male little brown bat: relation to the asynchronous recrudescence of the testis and accessory reproductive organs

The annual reproductive cycle of the male little brown bat, in contrast to seasonal reproductive patterns of other mammals, is differentiated by an asynchronous recrudescence of the testis and the accessory reproductive glands. Spermatogenesis occurs during the summer, whereas fully stimulated accessory organs, stored epididymal spermatozoa, and sexual behavior are expressed later during a mating period that extends, albeit interrupted by hibernation, from late summer until early spring. To investigate whether changes in high affinity androgen-binding activity in the circulation are related to the delayed renewal of the accessory organs, plasma sex steroid-binding protein (SBP) and total testosterone (T) levels were measured throughout the year. From these data and determinations of association constants for T binding to SBP and albumin at both hibernating (4 degrees C) and active (40 degrees C) temperatures, estimates of the unbound ("free") and albumin-bound T fractions were made and correlated with changes in the accessory reproductive organs. Plasma SBP concentrations (mean +/- SEM) exhibited wide seasonal fluctuations: they were baseline in May (10 +/- 2 nM) following spring arousal, increased dramatically in June (184 +/- 24 nM), and reached peak levels in early July (262 +/- 29 nM), where they remained until August. In late August they began to fall (104 +/- 23 nM) and then returned to baseline during the hibernation period (October-April). Although total T levels were also elevated in June, it appeared that the unbound ("free") and the unbound plus albumin-bound T fractions did not increase until late July. Since the accessory gland weights did not begin to increase until late July as well, it was concluded that increases in the unbound and albumin-bound T fractions may be an important factor in the recrudescence of the accessories and that increased SBP activity in early summer may play a role in the regression and delayed renewal of these organs. However, what factor(s) maintain the accessory glands, epididymal spermatozoa, and sexual behavior during the breeding and hibernation periods when all T fractions were low are, as yet, undetermined.     

Seasonal variation in use of winter roosts by five bat species in south-east Finland

We studied seasonal variation in the use of winter roosts by five bat species (Eptesicus nilssonii, Myotis brandtii/mystacinus, Myotis daubentonii and Plecotus auritus) in south-east Finland during the winters of 2003/2004 and 2004/2005. At the beginning of the bat hibernation season all species used higher temperatures and humidity than by the season’s end. Hibernacula were at their coldest in mid-hibernation season and became warmer towards the end of the season. However, no species hibernated in warmer locations at the end of the season than in mid-season. Results suggest that bats tend to use different strategies throughout the hibernation season, minimizing the cost of hibernation early in the season by hibernating in warmer locations and minimizing energy expenditure later in the season by hibernating in colder locations. M. brandtii/mystacinus were found in locations with stable temperature and humidity, moving to increasingly stable conditions (chambers, crevices, clusters, ceiling) towards spring. All other species hibernated in more variable microclimates throughout the hibernation season.